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Internet Search Engines May Be Influencing Elections

sciencehabit writes: Thomas Epstein, a research psychologist at the American Institute for Behavioral Research in Vista, California, has found that the higher a politician ranks on a page of Internet search results, the more likely you are to vote for them — 80% more likely in some cases. The story also suggests that the folks at Google may already be influencing elections. "Google's algorithm has been determining the outcome of close elections around the world," says Epstein. As predicted, subjects spent far more time reading Web pages near the top of the list (abstract). But what surprised researchers was the difference those rankings made: Biased search results increased the number of undecided voters choosing the favored candidate by 48% compared with a control group that saw an equal mix of both candidates throughout the list.

67 comments

  1. And gaining friends? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Then that would be okay.

    1. Re:And gaining friends? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I, too, read it as:
      Internet Search Engines May Be Influencing Erections

      (Many punters would just pack it up if they lost access to Google Image Search.)

    2. Re:And gaining friends? by niftymitch · · Score: 1

      Then that would be okay.

      No it would not...
      But hey let us VOTE on it!

      --
      Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn't. Mark Twain.
    3. Re:And gaining friends? by smallfries · · Score: 1

      You failed: if you had made first post with "correlation does not imply causation" you would win 1000 internets.

      --
      Slashdot: where don knuth is an idiot because he cant grasp the awesome power of php
  2. No-information voters by Fwipp · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The researchers saw the most pronounced effects, as you'd expect, when their study included candidates that the subjects had no prior knowledge on. In their first study, they asked Californians about 2010 candidates for PM of Australia.

    In their followup, they again note that it's only really effective on people who don't know what's going on (and aren't likely voters anyway): "Divorcees, Republicans, and subjects who reported low familiarity with the candidates were among the easiest groups to influence, whereas participants who were better informed, married, or reported an annual household income between $40,000 and $50,000 were harder to sway. Moderate Republicans were the most susceptible of any group: The manipulated search results increased the number of undecided voters who said they would choose the favored candidate by 80%."

    When they tried a third study in India, about Indian elections, that impressive 80% figure dropped to only 12% (of undecided voters).

    1. Re:No-information voters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Republicans were the most susceptible of any group

      Well, that proves what I've been thinking for years...

    2. Re:No-information voters by steelfood · · Score: 1, Interesting

      Maybe the more notable result of the study is that those who consider themselves moderate Republicans are easier to manipulate via selective informing. It explains the success of Fox News anyway.

      --
      "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be."
    3. Re:No-information voters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In their followup, they again note that it's only really effective on people who don't know what's going on...

      You've just described the vast majority of American voters in any election.

    4. Re:No-information voters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Divorcees? A household income between 40k and 50k? Did they just throw things against the wall until a few passed a p-test?

    5. Re: No-information voters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That moderate Republicans are prepared to make decisions based on information they have, as opposed to preconceived notions? If you ask people to choose among candidates they don't know, and then manipulate the information sources that are available to them, what in the world would make you think that their opinions should remain random?

    6. Re:No-information voters by Calsar · · Score: 2

      Or maybe the moderate Republicans are more open minded about who to vote for and aren't set on any one candidate.

    7. Re: No-information voters by Rockoon · · Score: 3, Informative

      If you ask people to choose among candidates they don't know, and then manipulate the information sources that are available to them, what in the world would make you think that their opinions should remain random?

      Clearly the world of Democrats, who apparently wouldnt change their opinion about candidates they were originally uninformed about, regardless of what information you then gave them.

      --
      "His name was James Damore."
    8. Re:No-information voters by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      So, in other words, it will affect mostly those that have no clue about the election at hand?

      Then yes. It will seriously affect pretty much any election on this planet.

      Quite frankly, do you think you could go out on the street today, or take a mall so you have a nice, impressive sample to work from, and ask random people about the agendas various candidates stand for? Provided they heard about the candidates, that is.

      It might be easier in the US where you only have to remember two candidates. But even there I'd wager that most people you'd interview don't have the slightest idea just what the candidates really differ in. Outside the absolutely irrelevant feel-good topics like guns, abortion, marriage or maybe drug consumption.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    9. Re:No-information voters by Anguirel · · Score: 2

      As much as I enjoy a cheap shot at Fox News, it's more likely that Moderate Republicans haven't had a candidate they really like in years, so they need to evaluate all of them and switch between candidates constantly to find someone vaguely close to what they want.

      --
      ~Anguirel (lit. Living Star-Iron)
      QA: The art of telling someone that their baby is ugly without getting punched.
    10. Re: No-information voters by mrchaotica · · Score: 1

      No, that moderate Republicans don't actively seek out information or think critically and instead believe whoever shouts the loudest.

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

    11. Re:No-information voters by sir1real · · Score: 2

      This study is seriously flawed. The most glaring problem is the faulty premise. It assumes that undecided voters with no knowledge of the candidates will suddenly decide they care and then, as their first and only recourse, go to Google and search for something generic along the lines of 'presidential candidates.'

    12. Re:No-information voters by William+Robinson · · Score: 1

      In India, voters decide whom to vote based on many criterions, such as who is giving away freebies, who is paying me money, who belongs to my cast, who belongs to my religion, who is talking about giving children of my community a special reservation in school colleges and jobs,who helped me in corruption, who is going to help me to get away with those inefficiency and bribe charges etc.

      You see, Internet and Search Engines do not play big role here.

    13. Re:No-information voters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Maybe the more notable result of the study is that those who consider themselves moderate Republicans are easier to manipulate via selective informing."

      Nope, it's far from merely moderate republicans. Manipulation entails an understanding of what it means to be political. The vast majority of the electorate votes against it's own interests.

      See what science has discovered about human reason:

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYmi0DLzBdQ

    14. Re:No-information voters by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      Care? No, they just don't want to look like uninformed voting sheeple, so they go online, type in the first thing that has something to do with the election at hand and consider themselves "informed" because they now know someone to vote for.

      I would by no means rule out that this has a serious impact on voter behaviour. People don't want to invest time into something like this, they just want to feel like they could make an informed decision, they don't want to actually be able to make one.

      You can easily test this yourself. Take a topic that your listener has no information about. Feed him one sided information geared to make him think your way. Watch him agree with you and even campaign for your side without even asking whether there is a diverging point of view.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    15. Re:No-information voters by nukenerd · · Score: 1

      Care? No, they j......... consider themselves "informed" because they now know someone to vote for. I would by no means rule out that this has a serious impact on voter behaviour.

      That's funny, because the more I know about any particular politician, and hear them speak, the less I like them. I would be more likely to vote for the one at the bottom of the Google hits. In fact I don't usually vote for any of the bastards.

      You can easily test this yourself. Take a topic that your listener has no information about. Feed him one sided information .... Watch him agree with you

      Not me, I would tend to react against the speaker. I am reacting against your opinion here for example. I do not see that happen very often among people I know either. Most people I know have the opposite fault - being contrary for the sake of it. But I'm prepared to believe I'm not typical.

  3. Well then. by hey! · · Score: 2

    Donald Trump it is.

    --
    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    1. Re:Well then. by GNious · · Score: 1

      ...that gave me a black result-page.

    2. Re:Well then. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      From your link, I got Obama, followed by Clinton.

    3. Re:Well then. by MrL0G1C · · Score: 2

      Funny how Google returns different for different people isn't it.

      Here's my logged out result:
      http://i30.photobucket.com/alb...

      But When logged in, Hilary Clinton gets bolded several times:
      http://i30.photobucket.com/alb...

      --
      Waterfox - a Firefox fork with legacy extension support, security updates and better privacy by default.
  4. First... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    First "Correlation is not causation" post!

    1. Re:First... by Marginal+Coward · · Score: 1

      First "Correlation is not causation" post!

      Righteo. Specifically, assuming Google's PageRank algorithm is at work, a more "popular" candidate presumably would get linked more. So, is the popularity creating the links, or are the links producing the popularity?

      As someone whose websites have experienced link spamming (by misguided bots that weren't smart enough to realize that my sites aren't popular enough to bother with), I can imagine a future political scandal in which some politician - or more likely a bright-eyed-and-bushy-tailed aide - gets caught hiring a bot farm for this very purpose. For those who would like to play: maybe Hilliary Clinton's former email administrator could get that set up for you. (Chris Christie, are you listening?)

    2. Re:First... by AthanasiusKircher · · Score: 1

      First "Correlation is not causation" post!

      Righteo. Specifically, assuming Google's PageRank algorithm is at work, a more "popular" candidate presumably would get linked more. So, is the popularity creating the links, or are the links producing the popularity?

      But it's not just "creating" popularity -- it's SUSTAINING it. If something is linked a lot, those links don't die overnight -- but election dynamics change. Do search engine link rankings change fast enough to keep up? Or do they end up reinforcing the status quo?

      It's the reason I stopped using Google back in 2012. I had heard about the filter bubble effects, but I saw it firsthand. Some people may remember the Ron Paul fiascos in some of the Republican primaries back in 2012. I wasn't really a Ron Paul supporter, but I got interested in the story. So, I'd periodically Google "Ron Paul" or whatever to see what new things might have happened or commentary might be out there.

      After a few weeks, I suddenly started to see Ron Paul links show up higher in my search results. Google News would start showing me a lot of Ron Paul headlines, even if I just browsed the Google News homepage (without any search terms at all). I compared my results with a friend and saw that my hits and link rankings were being tailored to what Google thought must be "what I want to see."

      I didn't want my news skewed in that way, but Google "helpfully" tried to appease me (without asking and without a transparent way to control it).

      So, the effects on elections won't just be swaying voters toward more popular candidates. With "personalization" and "history-based" rankings, search engines can become a sort of personal feedback loop for political views... what you're interested in becomes reinforced.

      To me, that process is perhaps even more dangerous in elections than random ranking effects in search engines. It leads to polarization and extremism. It leads to people always seeing "what they want to see" and not having to confront conflicting perspectives on issues and candidates who don't agree with them. That generally isn't a good path to nuanced political discussion.

  5. Politicians learn SEO by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    News at 11.

  6. they said that about radio, posters, bumper sticke by swschrad · · Score: 1

    and door knocks, too. and the answer is, heck yes, they damn well better influence elections, we're spending a tubload of money for it.

    something else that influences elections... if you see a candidate that is batwing insane babbling total bullshit, remember that. don't vote for them.

    there, now I'm evil, too. bwa-ha-haaaa, vote for tweedeldum.

    --
    if this is supposed to be a new economy, how come they still want my old fashioned money?
  7. Of course... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Everything counts like it's a Total War. More and more the "everything" is going to replace the traditional marketing methods. After all the internet is a marketing tool most of all.

    Also, that's why Jeb Bush is going to win the primaries and the others are going to look like minced meat when it's over.

  8. Or maybe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    the most popular politicians will be the most searched and discussed??? uhhhh

  9. And this is bad? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The summary, and article, imply that if google is manipulating results intentionally this is bad. But let's consider for a moment that these are undecided voters so ignorant that they are easily and greatly influenced by a single google search. Is it really any better to let these people "decide for themselves" than say, just letting google decide for them?

    1. Re:And this is bad? by AuMatar · · Score: 1

      Yes. Letting them decide for themselves ends in a random decision worst case, canceling each other out. Letting Google decide for them basically gives Google their votes- which is enough to tip a close election. That's way too much power to give 1 company. Giving it to the media at least spread it out among a dozen.

      Now if you want to argue that they shouldn't vote at all in that case, you have a good argument.

      --
      I still have more fans than freaks. WTF is wrong with you people?
    2. Re:And this is bad? by currently_awake · · Score: 1

      The reason American elections usually go to the candidate with the most money is you need to win the bidding war for the media. The current trend is for people to replace the media with AI that selects their entertainment and news and filters out everything else. Currently that AI is owned by Google, but that will change.

  10. Cause or effect? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Page rank ranks a site based on how many sites links to it. If A candidate is popular, there will likely be a lot written about him/her.

    I need to see some effort to control for effects like these, before believing Google page rank is affecting election results.

    1. Re:Cause or effect? by nukenerd · · Score: 1

      Page rank ranks a site based on how many sites links to it. If A candidate is popular, there will likely be a lot written about him/her.

      There is a lot written about the politician who's name began with H and who died in 1945 (avoiding Godwin). So he is popular?

  11. Not true in Canada by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    People hate Harper but he'd be in the first page of results.

    That's how much he's despised.

  12. The nerve! by chrispdx · · Score: 2

    "Internet Search Engines May Be Influencing Elections". It's the media's job to influence elections!

  13. Re:they said that about radio, posters, bumper sti by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    and door knocks, too. and the answer is, heck yes, they damn well better influence elections, we're spending a tubload of money for it.

    something else that influences elections... if you see a candidate that is batwing insane babbling total bullshit, remember that. don't vote for them.

    there, now I'm evil, too. bwa-ha-haaaa, vote for tweedeldum.

    Now I'm voting for Trump, just to spite you.

  14. BS by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This is nothing but pseudo science propaganda...

    Unless they actually walked into the polling booth with the people they don't know that they even VOTED.

    How do they even know they changed their mind based on search ranking and not by the FAKE WEBSITES they setup?!

    But hey, it sez Republicans is stupid (Even though they did half their studies in Australia) so slashdot luvs it.

  15. It is still better than the alternative by 140Mandak262Jamuna · · Score: 3, Insightful

    These low information voters usually stay out and do not vote at all. Or they vote based on inertia, "we always vote for DMK or BJP or CPI-M".If they take the trouble do a minimal google search before voting it is a step in the right direction. Do not make the perfect the enemy of the good. They may have a long way to go. But at least they have started the process.

    --
    sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
    1. Re:It is still better than the alternative by martas · · Score: 1

      How is voting based on Google search rankings better than not voting at all? In fact I'd interpret this research as an argument against mandatory voting...

    2. Re:It is still better than the alternative by 140Mandak262Jamuna · · Score: 3, Interesting

      The greatest enemy for democracy is not totalitarianism or communism or any thisism or thatism. It is apathy. The moment someone takes the trouble to look something up before voting it is good. Once they start some of them would eventually start using more reliable information. In that respect it is a good beginning. It is not perfect. It is barely better than random voting or inertia voting or not voting. But it is a good start, that is all I am saying.

      --
      sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
  16. New President by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The goatse guy?

    1. Re:New President by Opportunist · · Score: 1

      Wouldn't be the biggest asshole of the more recent past.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
  17. Or The Reverse by medv4380 · · Score: 1

    It's also likely that their ranking is higher because people are searching for those candidates more. A simple case of reverse causation.

  18. Tail wagging dog. by lq_x_pl · · Score: 1

    That is all.

    --
    An internal system operation returned the error "The operation completed successfully.".
  19. Correlation != Causation by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    yep

    1. Re:Correlation != Causation by wonkey_monkey · · Score: 1

      Biased search results increased the number of undecided voters choosing the favored candidate by 48% compared with a control group that saw an equal mix of both candidates throughout the list.

      Causation == causation.

      --
      systemd is Roko's Basilisk.
  20. If You Don't Know, Don't Vote by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If you are an imbecile who has no idea who to vote for and may be influenced by whatever you can read on the internet, then, for the sake of your country, DON'T VOTE. You are incompetent to take part in democracy. Period.

  21. Mod parent up. by khasim · · Score: 1

    From TFA:

    "What weâ(TM)re talking about here is a means of mind control on a massive scale that there is no precedent for in human history." That may sound hyperbolic, but Robert Epstein says itâ(TM)s not an exaggeration.

    Except that it is an exaggeration.

    What they didnâ(TM)t know was that the search engine had been rigged to display the results in an order biased toward one candidate or the other. For example, in the most extreme scenario, a subject would see 15 webpages with information about Gillardâ(TM)s platform and objectives followed by 15 similar results for Abbott.

    So if someone searched for material on Abbott ... it would show sites for Gillard?

    Like if you did a search for how to do something in Linux ... but all you got back were Microsoft pages.

    I'd dump that browser. Is that an option? If not, then your "research" is flawed.

    Very few subjects noticed they were being manipulated, but those who did were actually more likely to vote in line with the biased results. "We expect the search engine to be making wise choices," Epstein says. "What theyâ(TM)re saying is, 'Well yes, I see the bias and thatâ(TM)s telling me ⦠the search engine is doing its job.'"

    More likely that they didn't care enough to void your "research".

    But merely changing which candidate appeared higher in the results still increased the number of undecided Indian voters who would vote for that candidate by 12% or more compared with controls.

    So someone who cannot be bothered to do any research on the people who are actually running is 12% more likely to vote the way a computer suggests s/he should?

    How about another experiment where something positive is compared to something negative? How would you go about manipulating the search results to that "kick me in the face" is chosen over "give me ice cream"?

    Undecided voters are undecided because:
    a. there isn't any real difference between politicians.
    b. THEY DO NOT CARE WHO WINS.

    Give them a reason to care and see if the results are the same.

    1. Re:Mod parent up. by Cederic · · Score: 1

      Undecided voters are undecided because:
      a. there isn't any real difference between politicians.
      b. THEY DO NOT CARE WHO WINS.

      Nonsense. Do you want military spending and illegal wars or do you want nationalised healthcare? Tough choice if you don't want either but the two primary candidates both promote one.

      In the UK it's far more nuanced, as there will be 4-8 candidates, with heavily overlapping views and policies.

      It's very possible to care deeply and still be undecided.

    2. Re:Mod parent up. by thinkwaitfast · · Score: 1

      with heavily overlapping views and policies.

      With such a broad spectrum of humanity and many elections being decided by 49.999 to 50.001 victories.

  22. All hat, no cowboy by QuietLagoon · · Score: 1

    ...Biased search results increased the number of undecided voters choosing the favored candidate by 48% compared with a control group that saw an equal mix of both candidates throughout the list....

    The article seems to paint the search engines as some sort of evil, brain-washing entity. Beware, the search engines can make you vote the way they want you to vote!

    .
    Yet the article offers no evidence that the search engines are intentionally skewing their results. Indeed, the article actually does say, "Presumably Google isn’t intentionally tweaking its algorithms to favor certain presidential candidates, but Epstein says it would extremely difficult to tell if it were."

    So it looks like yet another researcher in search (no pun intended) of headlines.

    1. Re:All hat, no cowboy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      So it looks like yet another researcher in search (no pun intended) of headlines.

      It might look like that to you, but as someone who does science research I can tell you, it is the reporter trying to sex things up. It can be really hard to not say something they can take out of context and sensationalize. Then after the reporter is done, the editor writes the title. Usually the editor only skims the article and so you often end up with a title that is factually wrong and contradicts facts in the actual article. But sure, blame the researcher. Being anti-science is hip these days.

    2. Re:All hat, no cowboy by QuietLagoon · · Score: 1

      It might look like that to you, but as someone who does science research I can tell you, it is the reporter trying to sex things up.

      I sit corrected. thx.

    3. Re:All hat, no cowboy by currently_awake · · Score: 1

      Some politicians are more friendly to Google than others, they have a vested interest in "helping" the friendly ones.

  23. Was on ABC News this morning! by wikthemighty · · Score: 1

    Good Morning America spent like 10 minutes discussing that Donald Trump was the most searched for of the GOP candidates, like that is news in itself.

    Thus begins the downward spiral, feeding in on itself...

    --
    "There are people who do not love their fellow human being, and I _hate_ people like that!" - Tom Lehrer
  24. I believe it by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    https://encrypted.google.com/search?q=news&tbs=li:1

    I'm in Europe but even then, the search above gives me Fox News as first line, then Google News.

  25. Reverse effect and caus by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    There might be a correlation, but did they get their cause and effect the wrong way around?

    If people are more likely to vote for someone, they are more popular and would be likely to get more traffic and a higher Google ranking.

  26. don't want to be saying that about now by ihtoit · · Score: 1

    in Britain the higher a politician ranks on a search engine the more likely it is because s/he is somehow involved or implicated in allegations of serious child abuse.

    Do you want a paedophile running the country?

    (apparently there has been at least one (Edward Heath)).

    --
    Political debates have me rolling my eyes so much I think I got optical whiplash. I should sue. - Foamy The Squirrel
    1. Re:don't want to be saying that about now by Foobar+of+Borg · · Score: 1

      in Britain the higher a politician ranks on a search engine the more likely it is because s/he is somehow involved or implicated in allegations of serious child abuse.

      Do you want a paedophile running the country?

      (apparently there has been at least one (Edward Heath)).

      You mean they aren't all paedophiles?

    2. Re:don't want to be saying that about now by ihtoit · · Score: 1

      I wouldn't know, but the general assumption is tending toward the "yes, they're all filthy bastards" going by the disclosures by the mainstream press. There are now SEVEN police forces in Britain investigating Heath (funny how they only go after the dead ones - Clarke doesn't count at the moment because the first person who made a public accusation against him was himself immediately persecuted by the Crown simply because Clarke is a fucking Queen's Counsel. Things SHOULD change now there are more accusations being levelled at Clarke by other people, and more coming out every day which is forcing the police to actually DO SOME INVESTIGATING). Good news on this front, a magistrate has ruled (7 August) that Lord Janner WILL face trial for child abuse and he WILL be compelled to testify.

      --
      Political debates have me rolling my eyes so much I think I got optical whiplash. I should sue. - Foamy The Squirrel
  27. FOX NEWS by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Fox News pulled a fast one on yesterday's Republican Debate. You had to be a cable TV subscriber to watch it. Skynews.com had a live stream going on YouTube with almost 90,000 viewers and no lag... then out of nowhere YouTube killed it suddenly - citing a copyright complaint by Fox News.

    Never forget when a company are dickheads like that, especially when fair coverage is the right thing to do.

    Sure, I get the elections are all a sham anyway. I know the electoral college when combine with pre-media-screened candidates ends up with a show election. But to even ineffectively try to block the entirety of the world from viewing debates between presidential candidates of the foremost superpower country in the world... fuck you 100,000,000,000,000 times.

    It isn't like Fox News had some great reputation to protect. Of course the public is aware of government media. That shit was over the top BS yesterday.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_%28United_States%29
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_election
    http://www.factcheck.org/2008/03/presidents-winning-without-popular-vote/

    And during the debate, it was said by the Fox News pundits at least once that "since it will likely be Hillary Clinton you are running against" ...
    Does that sound appropriate? A debate held by Faux News that is only available live to cable subscribers... wherein the people asking the questions try to influence the sheep by dropping Democratic nominee "hints" ?

    Fox News can not be un-shit ever again. Fox guarding the hen house. Watch Hen House News for less bias.

    http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2489044,00.asp

  28. What are they searching for? by destinyland · · Score: 1

    If a candidate is popular, articles will be written about them, and their SEO will increase. (Yes, this may further increase their popularity, but they were already popular.) If anything, their original popularity is driving their Google rank *and* their likelihood of winning the election. I think the researcher takes two "effects," and says one is actually causing the other.

    This study is really only interesting for its focus on "undecided voters," but in many electorates this is a really small sliver of the general electorate, so it's hard to say what exactly is swaying them. I mean, are people really Googling "Who should I vote for?", and then just reading the first few articles and deciding "Okay, this first one sounds good.,,"

  29. Bass Ackwards conclusion much? by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

    Thomas Epstein, a research psychologist at the American Institute for Behavioral Research in Vista, California, might make a great Janitor but completely lacks the ability to understand cause and effect.

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  30. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc by kenh · · Score: 1

    So the argument is that a politicians placement in google search results influences election results.

    I think it's quaint that the authors imagine that American voters are curious enough to look up politicians online in order to inform their vote yet too lazy to read past the first few entries in Google.

    "Post proc, ergo propter hoc"

    The top results in Google are the stories flying around social media, and the stories flying around social media are the only stories most Americans are exposed to.

    --
    Ken