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France's Oldest Nuclear Plant To Close This Year (phys.org)

mdsolar writes: France is to close down its oldest nuclear power plant, at the center of a row with neighboring Germany and Switzerland, by the end of this year, a green minister said Sunday. "The timeline is one the president has repeated to me several times, it's 2016," said Emmanuelle Cosse, who was named to President Francois Hollande's cabinet last month, referring to the Fessenheim plant. Cosse was speaking to French media after a row sparked Friday when Germany demanded that France close down Fessenheim following reports that a 2014 incident there was worse than earlier portrayed. France's Nuclear Safety Agency said that safety at the plant was "overall satisfactory" but that the government's energy policy "could lead to different choices" regarding the facility, which is near the German and Swiss borders. It said there was "no need" to shut the plant from a nuclear safety point of view. France has promised to cut reliance on nuclear energy from more than 75 percent to 50 percent by shutting 24 reactors by 2025, while stepping up reliance on renewable energy.

193 comments

  1. Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    I hope they don't replace it with 50 km^2 of solar panels...

    1. Re:Nukes rule by prefec2 · · Score: 4, Informative

      They will not build a new one. First, Germany is super annoyed that they withheld information on an accident in the plant, as Germany would directly suffer from the consequences if the plant goes Fukushima. Second, EDF tries to build a new nuclear plant in the UK (Hinkley Point C). Their government is totally behind it. Unfortunately, the EDF finance director resigned as he sees the plant to be a economic disaster (the union also think it is stupid and will cost jobs) http://www.theguardian.com/env...

      Therefore, it is not very plausible that they will build a new reactor anywhere.

    2. Re:Nukes rule by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 3, Insightful

      If we're looking ahead by more than ten years, it is by no means clear that an EDF-built nuclear plant would generate cheaper electricity than a 2025-market PV installation in southern parts of France. So an economic argument makes perfect sense here.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    3. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Except that here we're not talking about future scenarios, but actual present (and past) data that confirm that nuclear generation has been decreasing for several years. Enjoy oblivion.

    4. Re:Nukes rule by AlterEager · · Score: 2

      They will not build a new one.[...]

      Therefore, it is not very plausible that they will build a new reactor anywhere.

      Uh, they are already building a new one. Fessenhiem can be closed because it will be replaced by Flamanville.

    5. Re:Nukes rule by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 2

      I hope they don't replace it with 50 km^2 of solar panels...

      They'll depend more on coal, like Germany, spend a bunch of money but make only minimal net progress on CO2 reduction.

    6. Re:Nukes rule by Wycliffe · · Score: 0

      Except that here we're not talking about future scenarios, but actual present (and past) data that confirm that nuclear generation has been decreasing for several years. Enjoy oblivion.

      You can't look at declining data and say it will continue to decline without looking at what is causing the decline. If the fish population is declining in a lake because of overfishing and people stop fishing in that lake then the fish population will likely not continue to decline. Likewise with nuclear. Nuclear is in decline because of a variety of issues of which only some are related to the technology itself. If we start to get serious about carbon dioxide emissions then nuclear could quickly turn the other direction as it's the only major non-carbon baseload we currently have.

    7. Re:Nukes rule by prefec2 · · Score: 2

      Oh indeed they are building one. Initial cost estimates were 3.3 billion € and are now 8.5 billion €. Also it should have been completed in 2012, 2016 and no 2017. After several anomalies in the material and construction, they are at 10.5 billion € and assume finishing in 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

      From a German point of view, the risk of this new plant a smaller than from Fessenheim, as Flamanville is located at the Channel. Anyway, it does not looks like they will really be able to finish it. And when they are able to do so, it will never produce cheap enough energy.

    8. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If we start to get serious about carbon dioxide emissions then nuclear could quickly turn the other direction as it's the only major non-carbon baseload we currently have.

      Desperate excuse. The Kyoto protocol is 19 years old already, and nuclear has been declining anyways, with a contemporary spectacular rise of renewables. In several major countries (Italy, Spain, Germany...) they are already above 30% of the national production.

      Enjoy oblivion.

    9. Re:Nukes rule by AmiMoJo · · Score: 2

      At the price the UK is paying for Hinkley Point C to be built by EDF, it is guaranteed that wind, gas and coal are all cheaper, and solar probably will be too by the time it's finished. Even with battery backup.

      EDF only agreed because the government guaranteed to pay them way over the odds for the energy generated, on top of the usual subsidies. Now even that gravy train isn't looking too attractive to EDF, since the plant is planned to cost £18bn and experience says it will cost some multiple of that.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    10. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Enjoy your new middle ages as renewable completely fails to generate enough electricity to give you anything approaching current demand. By the time humanity realize their error, they won't even be able to build nuclear plants again... that'll be around 2060, and I won't be around by then. I hope, for your sake, that you won't either.

    11. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Surely it's good for mankind if you won't be around in 2060. Most importantly, I really don't need your wishes, I'll happily live far beyond 2060, and if things really go that bad I'll use my Duracell batteries' stash.

    12. Re: Nukes rule by Type44Q · · Score: 1

      than a 2025-market PV installation in southern parts of France

      Cheap, unused desert land; what's not to like?? ;)

    13. Re:Nukes rule by AlterEager · · Score: 1

      prefec2:

      They will not build a new one.

      prefec2:

      Oh indeed they are building one

      So you say something you know is wrong, I correct you, and you go off into various unsubstantiated nonsense.

      Explains the absurd state of the German energy industry completely.

      Germany, CO2 emisions per capita: 9.3 tonnes.
      France, CO2 emissions per capita: 5 tonnes.

    14. Re:Nukes rule by tigersha · · Score: 1

      Right. I live 7 km from the plant, right across the German border. I can see the damn thing from the window of my daughter's schoolroom. My wife drives maybe 1km from the reactors on the highway every day. I often shop in Fessenheim because they have a great supermarket with good fish. Most of the locals here are completely hysterical about anything nuke. So the morons go and block the highway to protest, plaster everything around here with posters starting with the inside of all the schools and kindergartens. The way the greens are hysterical you would think all the kids in town have three glowing eyes already.

      Me? I am not scared whatsoever. Fessenheim is not going to go kaboom or Fuckingshima anyday. Now the local French economy is going to be depressed even more due to the loss of jobs.

      As for the solar panels, I think it is good to replace nukes with renewables IN THE MEDIUM TERM. As soon as the technology is ready and cost-effective. I am fine with keeping the nukes running for a few more years or decades, and I work in Solar Energy. Including several projects with the French Solar Energy research labs and the local one. The largest solar energy lab by far is in Freiburg, which is 10 km from here, I work in a spin-off. The problem is that solar is dead economically because the Chinese dumped all their panels on the market, and now all the jobs are threatened, including mine.

      Great work Greens. Now concentrate on something important, like actually slowly building out renewables instead of f*cking up the economy before the transition to renewables is viable.

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
    15. Re:Nukes rule by tigersha · · Score: 1

      I work in Solar energy, in a spin-off of the largest solar research lab in Germany (and 2nd largest in the world). I also did work with the French national Solar lab in Aix-le-Bain, and have been in the field for 20 years. I live 7 km from the plant. So, yeah, I agree with you.

      BUT, I think that nuclear is going to be transitionally needed for about 20 years more. Nuclear is maybe a 70 year old tech, but in the 1970s solar was not even near close to being capable of replacing it any more than nuclear was a capable energy source in the heydays of the industrial revolution in the 19th century.

      These things take time, and it is good thing that we moving on towards a renewable future, but there is no need to panic, get hysterical and screw up the economy by suddenly dropping lots of generating capacity from the grid. This is about the replacement of several trillion dollars of infrastructure.

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
    16. Re:Nukes rule by Chas · · Score: 2, Insightful

      if the plant goes Fukushima.

      I think the chances of a reactor melting down after losing power due to getting slammed by a tsunami and flooding out due to having an insufficiently high sea wall are pretty slim when they're located in the middle of the French countryside.

      I really, REALLY wish people would stop using incidents like Fukushima out of context like this.
      It makes the people doing it sound like fucking morons.

      --


      Chas - The one, the only.
      THANK GOD!!!
    17. Re:Nukes rule by fustakrakich · · Score: 1

      30 years from now, your '70s nuclear nerd ideology will be considered a fossil.

      Cool, a new 'fossil' fuel, now with less carbon!

      --
      “He’s not deformed, he’s just drunk!”
    18. Re: Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why do people assume that you have to use virgin land? There's this thing called a "rooftop" which is typically attached to a power-consuming structure of some sort. Currently, an area the size of Georgia is covered with rooftops in the U.S. which an area the size of Connecticut would be needed to supply ALL energy needs, including transportation.

      We already have a very powerful fusion reactor safely situated 93 million miles away. We should use that before we boil rivers with whatever heat source, especially one that creates a million-year waste problem.

    19. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If we're looking ahead by more than ten years, it is by no means clear that an EDF-built nuclear plant would generate cheaper electricity than a 2025-market PV installation in southern parts of France. So an economic argument makes perfect sense here.

      If we were making an economic argument we would just drill baby drill and use as much oil, natural gas and strip mined coal as we can. Which is what you actually mean by "Solar" because solar is a dead end technology being used by the oil, gas and coal industry to force nuclear out.

    20. Re:Nukes rule by allcoolnameswheretak · · Score: 1

      Me? I am not scared whatsoever. Fukushima is not going to go kaboom or Chernobyl anyday
      - Tepco Engineer

    21. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I really, REALLY wish people would stop using incidents like Fukushima out of context like this.

      But it's NUKEyaler! It's scary!

      I'm seeing some interesting economic arguments against building more nuclear reactors, but morons have won this battle. Western civilization is over. Knowledge, science, and philosophy have lost in the West.

      I suppose at least it will be interesting retiring in a world where China is a superpower. I'm not saying I'll like what I see, only that it'll be interesting.

    22. Re:Nukes rule by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      Germany is only a fraction of the way through its plan, it's far too early to make any kind of judgement. At least wait until they are nearing the end date (the early 2020s when the last nuke is shut down for good).

      Anyway, Germany's coal consumption has already gone down as they close old plants and replace them with fewer new, more efficient ones.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    23. Re:Nukes rule by prefec2 · · Score: 1

      First, you should look up Wikipedia on that plant. The cost increase is documented there. Second, you refer to CO2 emission of France and Germany which you also got from Wikipedia. Anyway, I have seen values for Germany up to 13 t CO2 per capita. While this sucks big time, one third is produced by traffic, another third is from heating and the rest from electricity. Furthermore, we have many lignite coal power plants which are actually obsolete and could be shutdown without any trouble. It would even improve grid stability, as we would have less excess capacity (http://www.dw.com/en/the-end-of-lignite-coal-for-power-in-germany/a-18806081).

    24. Re:Nukes rule by AlterEager · · Score: 1, Informative

      I have seen values for Germany up to 13 t CO2 per capita. While this sucks big time, one third is produced by traffic, another third is from heating

      So what? France doesn't have road traffic and heating?

      Furthermore, we have many lignite coal power plants which are actually obsolete and could be shutdown without any trouble. It would even improve grid stability, as we would have less excess capacity (http://www.dw.com/en/the-end-of-lignite-coal-for-power-in-germany/a-18806081).

      So do it already.

      France has been generating 80-90% of it's electricity from low carbon sources since the 1990's and you expect kudos for thinking about maybe closing down some fucking lignite burning power plants at some undefined time between now and 2020.

      Saturday's agreement on closing 2.7 GW of German lignite power plants will reduce electricity from lignite there by 13%

      Oh, fucking great, you're proud that they're going to close 13% of the lignite burning plants. Yipee!. And no mention of the hard coal burning plants.

      Just look at the stats from https://www.energy-charts.de/p.... Germany's electricity in January 2016 was 7.5GW biomass constant (PM10/PM25 hell), 10GW nuclear constant, around 12GW brown coal, hard coal varying between 0 and 20GW, Gas between 0 and 12GW and renewables for the rest.

      It's filthy.

      Are we going to have more high particulate pollution days this summer when the wind happens to be blowing from Germany? How many people are being killed every year by the air pollution from your biomass and coal plants? 10's of Chernobyl's a year? 100's? 1000's?

    25. Re:Nukes rule by Coisiche · · Score: 1

      EDF only agreed because the government guaranteed to pay them way over the odds for the energy generated

      If that is the case I have to assume that many MPs must have EDF shares. I have seen articles about many MPs voting for NHS reforms having shareholdings in private companies that stood to benefit as a result, but haven't seen similar over this EDF deal.

    26. Re:Nukes rule by WhiplashII · · Score: 2

      For reference, a human's breathing is about half a ton per year of CO2.

      --
      while (sig==sig) sig=!sig;
    27. Re:Nukes rule by serviscope_minor · · Score: 2

      The trouble with solar is that we're too small, too dense and too far north to meet our energy needs. The trouble with wind is we're too dense and too small to meet all out energy needs. In fact the combination of as much solar as possible, as much wind as possible and as much tidal power as possible is insufficient to cover the energy needs of teh UK.

      Gas makes us strategically dependent on Russia. Coal involves pushing deaths off on to some other country, rather than being safe, so that's unethical too. Plus coal actually dumps more radioactivity into the environment than nuclear.

      So sure make plenty of solar and wind, but it's not going to cut it alone.

      --
      SJW n. One who posts facts.
    28. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      step back both of you: hydroelectricity!

    29. Re:Nukes rule by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 1

      From 2009 through end of 2013, The period of biggest renewable expansion, Germany's coal use increase steadily. It has not dropped off since then.

    30. Re:Nukes rule by prefec2 · · Score: 2

      I have seen values for Germany up to 13 t CO2 per capita. While this sucks big time, one third is produced by traffic, another third is from heating

      So what? France doesn't have road traffic and heating?

      Have I implied that? Nope.

      However, Germany is significant colder than France which requires more heating. France is more centralized which may result in less daily traffic. Usually in France they do not drive not so obsessive big cars as some Germans do (especially in the South).

      http://www.weatheronline.co.uk...
      http://www.weatheronline.co.uk...

      One key source are the lignite coal plants, which could be switched off today.

      FYI https://www.cleanenergywire.or...
      It would be nice to have a similar source for France. However, I could not find one.

      France has been generating 80-90% of it's electricity from low carbon sources since the 1990's and you expect kudos for thinking about maybe closing down some fucking lignite burning power plants at some undefined time between now and 2020.

      I personally, would prefer to shut them down right now. They are only still a thing because the social democrats do not want to harm RWE which is a huge source of income in North Rhine-Westphalia. There is no disagreement on that topic. I do not like them. They suck. But nuclear is not the answer to the problem. It is just another problem.

      Oh, fucking great, you're proud that they're going to close 13% of the lignite burning plants.

      No I am not happy with that and you would have already noticed that when you would really try to understand anything I am saying, but you rather rattle about how mean I am because I do not support you nuclear is better idea.

      Are we going to have more high particulate pollution days this summer when the wind happens to be blowing from Germany?

      If the coal plants are still on? Very unlikely as it would require wind blowing from the north east to the south west. But you might want to observe the values
      http://aqicn.org/city/paris/
      http://aqicn.org/city/berlin/

      Anyway, in summer Germany most likely requires less power from coal plants as we additionally will have more energy from solar power. Energy consumption is higher in winter.

      How many people are being killed every year by the air pollution from your biomass and coal plants? 10's of Chernobyl's a year? 100's? 1000's?

      Do you have any reliable figures? And still, I do not want coal plants. Coal sucks. I also do not want to have to cleanup the aftermath of a nuclear plant blowing up and storing the waste for thousands of years.

    31. Re:Nukes rule by rahvin112 · · Score: 2

      If we're looking ahead by more than ten years, it is by no means clear that an EDF-built nuclear plant would generate cheaper electricity than a 2025-market PV installation in southern parts of France. So an economic argument makes perfect sense here.

      Nice made up numbers you've got there. Installed PV without subsidy is currently cheaper than nuclear and installation and panel costs have continued to fall at around 20% per year. Wind is way cheaper, and the UK has some of the best wind sites in the world just off shore. Why don't you research the real costs and come back with real current numbers, not something from 20 years ago or that you made up.

    32. Re:Nukes rule by Chas · · Score: 2

      No. You have to be retarded NOT to. Given full information.

      Not the shiny-happy-speak that the entire renewables industry is pushing, along with the "Nuclear = BOMBZ!!!!" movement.

      And what's going to threaten the structural integrity of a powerplant in the middle of the fucking french countryside? It's not like they're a high frequency earthquake zone. And nobody's stupid enough to NOT do geological surveys on land where they're going to build a reactor. So the possibilities of it disappearing down a sinkhole are slim. Same thing goes for building it on a flood plain.

      And deliberate bombing? You DO understand that these sites have security to prevent that right?

      So what are you expecting? A meteor to fall out of the sky and god-rod the site?

      --


      Chas - The one, the only.
      THANK GOD!!!
    33. Re: Nukes rule by budgenator · · Score: 1

      Your log(delta(T)) just isn't high enough with roof-top units; if it doesn't ignite birds in mid-flight, it's not efficient enough to put a dent in energy consumption.

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
    34. Re:Nukes rule by AlterEager · · Score: 1

      Which is, of course, totally irrelevant. Unless you eat coal.

    35. Re:Nukes rule by AlterEager · · Score: 1

      Anyway, in summer Germany most likely requires less power from coal plants as we additionally will have more energy from solar power. Energy consumption is higher in winter.

      Check out https://www.energy-charts.de/power.htm

      In July 2016 Germany was generating around 15-17GW from brown coal almost continuously (except for 25/7 to 26/7 where it fell to 11GW). Pretty much the same story for August and September. (With one windy day in September where wind shot up to 20GW).

      Basically Germany burns brown coal constantly, only reducing it if there happens to be a lot of wind on the week end, which seems to happen about once a month.

      I don't think Germany can afford to shut down its coal plants -- it relies on them for up to 50% of its base load generation.

    36. Re:Nukes rule by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      And? You're violently agreeing with me. (Which is nice of you, but why?)

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    37. Re:Nukes rule by prefec2 · · Score: 1

      The electricity prices on the electricity stock exchange (https://www.eex.com/de/) often went into the negative, as there is an excess of energy production in Germany. The problem is RWE, E.ON, Vattenfall, and EnBW, are not in favor of renewables for two reasons. They do not have many plants/generators in that market segment and they have many coal plants (especially the first three). The only thing they can do is let them run to collect money. Electricity prises are so low that they still that they made deficit in 2015. As explained certain regions and towns in Germany rely on the profit from RWE. Therefore, the central government in Berlin is not very eager to fix the issue. Actually, the present behavior of the German government sucks big time, as their doing creates higher electricity prices for private non commercial end users. This is cause by a law giving fixed minimum prices for renewables which can be higher than the lowest stock market price. This difference must be paid by private non commercial end users. Large consumers in industry do not have to pay this extra. Therefore, the private users have to pay more. This results in the strange situation that private households have to pay more when there is more electricity available and less when the production shrinks. in addition Poland is frustrated over the overproduction in Germany, as it ruins prices for their plants as well.

      So I would like the French to tell Sigmar Gabriel (German minister for economics) to close these lignite coal plants in exchange for terminating Fessenheim.

      One note on base load generation. You can use the minimum wind generation also as base load and you can extend with storage capacity (water and gas). Presently, not for all coal plant, but at least for three lignite coal plants which are the most dirty power plants. Yes, I know gas is also CO2, but it is much more efficient than lignite coal and they do not have to run every day. They are also better to control, while coal and nuclear plants cannot be regulated very quickly.
      There are presently, gas power plants offline in Germany because of the continuous overproduction.

      An interesting interactive chart for electricity export/import and production can be found at https://www.energy-charts.de/e...
      It shows that France and Germany are mainly exporter of electricity.

    38. Re:Nukes rule by Wycliffe · · Score: 1

      step back both of you: hydroelectricity!

      Hydroelectric is a fixed resource that is pretty much already maxed out. Even if we weren't dealing with droughts in some areas, you have to have a large river with unused land upstream that doesn't mind being flooded and this river needs to really be something that you don't need for navigation. There are just not that many suitable places to build large dams.

    39. Re: Nukes rule by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The economy also grew faster than expected while the rest of the world had economic contraction. That increase in GDP was directly an expansion of power and the renewables were never allocated to offset that much growth so coal usage had to increase to make up the difference.

      Renewables make up 30% of the power now. In another few decades that will be 60% and then another few decades after that it will be 100%. This is happening, no amount of plugging your eyes and ears saying 'the sky is falling' will stop the fact that the technology is here now for clean energy.

      Base load is a solved problem. It's called pumping and reservoirs.

      Think of them as giant batteries...kinda like the battery packs you use for solar, only a lot bigger. They are battery packs for Solar Farms and Wind Farms.

    40. Re:Nukes rule by gzuckier · · Score: 1

      No. You have to be retarded NOT to. Given full information.

      Not the shiny-happy-speak that the entire renewables industry is pushing, along with the "Nuclear = BOMBZ!!!!" movement.

      And what's going to threaten the structural integrity of a powerplant in the middle of the fucking french countryside? It's not like they're a high frequency earthquake zone. And nobody's stupid enough to NOT do geological surveys on land where they're going to build a reactor. So the possibilities of it disappearing down a sinkhole are slim. Same thing goes for building it on a flood plain.

      And deliberate bombing? You DO understand that these sites have security to prevent that right?

      So what are you expecting? A meteor to fall out of the sky and god-rod the site?

      meanwhile, back on the farm, lassie senses danger:
      In the last year alone, Indian Point has suffered seven major malfunctions — pump and power failures, a transformer explosion, radiation leaks, a fire and an oil spill. ...The licenses for Indian Point’s two reactors expired in 2013 and 2015; the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is still weighing whether to renew them.... The commission even permits Indian Point to evade its own safety standards requiring that the electrical cables that control emergency reactor shutdowns have insulation that would last 60 minutes in a fire — giving the plant an exemption after finding that this insulation lasted just 27 minutes. Poor maintenance at Indian Point has caused groundwater radiation levels to soar to 740 times federal limits, yet the commission just handed Entergy a five-year delay of the deadline for testing for possible leaks from the No. 2 reactor — the suspected source of this latest leak of radioactive contamination. The commission admits that tritium in the groundwater will reach the Hudson River and that the radioactive isotope, for which there is no safe dose, can cause cancer. Indian Point also has about 1,500 tons of radioactive waste in the form of spent fuel rods packed into pools. These, too, are leaking radiological contamination that violates the Clean Water Act. In addition, the plant’s cooling system has devastating effects on the Hudson’s ecology, killing more than a billion fish, eggs and larvae each year as it draws millions of gallons of water per day from the river. The commission has reported that one of Indian Point’s reactors has the highest risk of all the country’s reactors of being damaged by an earthquake, and federal studies show that Indian Point is incredibly vulnerable to acts of terrorism. Tens of millions of people live within the reach of an Indian Point nuclear disaster. An evacuation would be practically impossible and emergency responses would be largely futile. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03...

      --
      Star Trek transporters are just 3d printers.
    41. Re:Nukes rule by Anonymous+Cow+Ward · · Score: 1

      Yeah, I think if a tsunami makes it to the plant, the region around it has much bigger problems.

      --
      Examine even your most deeply held beliefs. Nobody is always right.
  2. Germany and France arguing... by tlambert · · Score: 3, Funny

    Germany and France arguing... what could possibly go wrong? It's not like there's any historical precedent or anything... where, you know, Germany was in the wrong in the past...

    1. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Feral+Nerd · · Score: 1

      Germany and France arguing... what could possibly go wrong? It's not like there's any historical precedent or anything... where, you know, Germany was in the wrong in the past...

      I would not go there if I was you... That's an argument that was buried so far down in the ground by the post war leaders of France and Germany back in the 1950s and 60s that they weren't satisfied the hole was deep enough until they hit magma and this was done for a good reason.

    2. Re: Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yawn. Maybe it's time for American humor to get new material? (And I say that as an American, been reading these same jokes since a kid... decades ago.)

      The world has moved on.

    3. Re:Germany and France arguing... by allcoolnameswheretak · · Score: 0

      Germany is never wrong, just misunderstood. Little known fact is, Hitler just wanted to visit the beautiful city of Paris, like everyone else. Take a picture with the Eiffel tower, take a nice walk among the lovely boulevards. But he didn't receive any invitation from the French government. So he applied German pragmatism to solve a problem.

      You would have done the same.

    4. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Other little known fact, the french in fact built a wall to the german border in order to not have germans visit paris. What did hitler do? He went around the border. Caused a bit of traffic jam on the way there, but in the end he got whole france in three weeks.

      Trump's wall won't help anything against the mexicans.

    5. Re:Germany and France arguing... by prefec2 · · Score: 2

      Germany and France about many things. That is the normal thing you do with your neighbour. You talk to them about things. It is a much better solution than the one used in the last centuries where we waged war against each other. We argue about refugees, immigrants, nuclear plants, and support each other, e.g., in Africa and in Syria. Also the Greek bailout scheme from Merkel not only saved German banks, but also French banks. So we cooperate on those things. Beside that, there are many personal contacts and relationships between Germany and France. Therefore, it is very unlikely that history will repeat itself. Even the Nazis in both countries agree on working together.

    6. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Bollocks! I am not French (or German) but have lived here for 14 years. Scratch the surface of this 'entente cordiale' - i.e. ask any ordinary Frenchman - and you will see the anti-boche sentiments bubbling to the surface extremely quickly. Even the leaders do little more than pay lip-service to the EU bonds.

    7. Re:Germany and France arguing... by allcoolnameswheretak · · Score: 1, Offtopic

      Latest little known fact: Mr Trump's secret agenda is actually to build a wall in order to keep Mexicans -in- not out. Mr Trump fears that as soon as he implements his neo-conservative policies of tax cuts for the rich while slashing benefits and raising taxes on the poor, most Mexicans will want to get the hell out of the United States. Obviously Mr Trump wants to preserve the slave workforce that his own companies depends on and if necessary has drawn out plans to implement slave labor camps to intern Mexicans trying to escape the US.

    8. Re:Germany and France arguing... by prefec2 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      This is utter nonsense and the many regular visits from Germans and French in their respective partner towns and cities tell a different stories. True there is prejudice on both sides of the border. For example, that Germans can't cook (which is only true for North Germans ;-)) and the French want to control every joint company and endeavour (which is so true, especially with Airbus Group where the CEO is Tom Enders, oh wait he is German, but then it must be true in all other cases). And yes, there is a feeling in Germany that the French want to dominate and there is a feeling in France that France cannot really compete. In the end this is rubbish. However, Hollande is not really a visionary President nor was it Sarkozi. And the same applies to Schröder and now Merkel. However, Merkel might have done a step in the right direction lately. Anyway, I am much more optimistic about the German-French relations.

    9. Re:Germany and France arguing... by hugetoon · · Score: 1

      Once I heard a fun way to define French-German relationship:

      Germans just want French to hold them dear, alas French only respect Germans.
      French just want Germans to respect them, alas Germans only hold French dear.

    10. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think it's time for you to evolve now, you are holding us all back.

    11. Re:Germany and France arguing... by TheRaven64 · · Score: 1
      In the immortal words of Tom Lehrer:

      Once all the Germans were warlike and mean,
      But that couldn't happen again.
      We taught them a lesson in 1918
      And they've hardly bothered us since then.

      --
      I am TheRaven on Soylent News
    12. Re:Germany and France arguing... by GLMDesigns · · Score: 1

      Actually it's the English which are the "natural" enemy of the French. Germany and France had wars in 1870, WWI and WWII. But France and England have a history going back close to a 1000 years.

      --
      If you're scared of your govt then you need to further restrict its powers
      Vote 3rd Party in 2016 and beyond
    13. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Germany is holding all of us back. She would sacrifice the whole of Europe to keep a stable Deutsche Mark ahm I meant the Euro. Fuck that, we don't need the Maginot Line anymore. Just lob a couple of nukes over Berlin and it's game over for those fuckers."

      said the chimp, eating lice and flicking shit.

    14. Re:Germany and France arguing... by tigersha · · Score: 1

      Yeah, and Fessenheim is in Alsace, about 30km from the place where French and German troops met in combat the first time in 1914! Which was German occupied at the time...

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
    15. Re:Germany and France arguing... by tigersha · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Well, I live 7 km from the border and it is amazing how little contact there really is across the Rhine. Might have to do with the fact that the main train bridge was blown up at the end of WWII and is STILL not operational.

      The only place around here where French and Germans mingle a lot and work together is in Basel, in Switzerland, right at the point where the 3 countries meet.

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
    16. Re:Germany and France arguing... by tigersha · · Score: 1

      Hitler : "I want peace! Peace! Peace!"
      "A little piece of Poland, a little piece of France, a little part of Russia and Pakistan per chance!"

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
    17. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Germany and France arguing... what could possibly go wrong? It's not like there's any historical precedent or anything... where, you know, Germany was in the wrong in the past...

      Germany was created to stabilize central Europe and get and end to the perpetual war going on there. Looking at the two world wars one might think that it was unsuccessful but they were reasonably humane compared to the clusterfuck that was going on earlier.
      Seeing that we've had 50 years of peace in western and central Europe it is evident that history is not repeating itself in that way.
      I'm not saying that it isn't beneficial to look at history to predict the future but at the moment the political climate in the US is closer to 1930's Germany than modern Germany is.

    18. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually it's the English which are the "natural" enemy of the French. Germany and France had wars in 1870, WWI and WWII. But France and England have a history going back close to a 1000 years.

      When the French speak of "l'ennemi héréditaire" it is not a reference to "les roast beefs".

    19. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Once I heard a fun way to define French-German relationship:

      Germans just want French to hold them dear, alas French only respect Germans.
      French just want Germans to respect them, alas Germans only hold French dear.

      Actually the French have USA envy but they had to settle for the Germans. Talk about a shitty deal.

    20. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually it's the English which are the "natural" enemy of the French. Germany and France had wars in 1870, WWI and WWII. But France and England have a history going back close to a 1000 years.

      We don't have any "natural" enemy. The average French person never gave a shit about all this nonsense. Only a minority of sociopaths do, which incidentally get to make all the major decisions and send us to the battlefield.

    21. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah, except for the fact that you're all Franks. You over there in West Francia need to get along with your cousins in East Francia.

    22. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What, do you think France is going to fight this time round?

    23. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Are you sure the wall isn't to keep all the rabid leftists in, which always say they will leave the country if $CANDIDATE is elected? And then they stay anyway (see: the 2001 inauguration of Bush)?

    24. Re:Germany and France arguing... by fbobraga · · Score: 1

      +1 informative

    25. Re:Germany and France arguing... by Feral+Nerd · · Score: 1

      This is utter nonsense and the many regular visits from Germans and French in their respective partner towns and cities tell a different stories. True there is prejudice on both sides of the border. For example, that Germans can't cook (which is only true for North Germans ;-)) and the French want to control every joint company and endeavour (which is so true, especially with Airbus Group where the CEO is Tom Enders, oh wait he is German, but then it must be true in all other cases). And yes, there is a feeling in Germany that the French want to dominate and there is a feeling in France that France cannot really compete. In the end this is rubbish. However, Hollande is not really a visionary President nor was it Sarkozi. And the same applies to Schröder and now Merkel. However, Merkel might have done a step in the right direction lately. Anyway, I am much more optimistic about the German-French relations.

      I agree, I'm a German citizen and France leads the list of all the countries I'd least like Germany to go to war with closely followed by the USA and the UK. Of all the things that have kept the peace in Europe since the end of WWII the Berlin/Paris axis is by far the most important and I hope it stays that way. Even the relationship with Britain is a secondary concern to Franco-German relations when it comes to ensuring peace in Europe. The importance of our relationship with France is matched only by the relationship with the USA. As long as these two bonds remain strong Russia and Putin can go fuck them selves. Also, if Britain 'Brexits' I think the EU could probably survive it but a fracture in the Paris-Berlin axis would be fatal to the EU and to Europe in general.

    26. Re:Germany and France arguing... by CanadianMacFan · · Score: 1

      That would be a wall with Canada.

    27. Re:Germany and France arguing... by manu0601 · · Score: 1

      We don't have any "natural" enemy.

      Agreed. Except perhaps stupidity, a widespread natural enemy that surrounds us all

    28. Re:Germany and France arguing... by gzuckier · · Score: 1

      a wall on the border to keep mexicans out is stupid and wasteful. just dress all the border patrols like Mounties, and the immigrants will think they've gone too far north and turn back.

      --
      Star Trek transporters are just 3d printers.
  3. with respect to stories submitted by mdsolar by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    hey at least there is no veil, the agenda is right out there in the open for you to add grains of salt to at your own discretion. far preferable and infinitely more honorable than 1000 anonymous and on the payroll sock puppets spreading hatchet jobs.

    posting a/c for the enjoyable sniff of irony

    1. Re:with respect to stories submitted by mdsolar by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Dear mdsolar,

      How do we renew our sun?

      Sincerely,
      Another AC

  4. unpoison us initiatives by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    cease fire.. truth+mercy=justice.. all life matters

  5. Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    As long as they are not polluting, and it's not too close to the France/Germany border, how France powers their grid is France's business. I see no reason why Germany should have a say.

    1. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by bickerdyke · · Score: 4, Interesting

      https://www.google.de/maps/@47.9078423,7.5711826,14.75z

      Distance from Germany is measured rather in meter than kilometer. With prevailing winds from the west.

      About the pollution: Currently none that is made public by French authorities. What became public, however, is that a bit ago, they kept under all blankets that the reactor was out of control (control rod control and sensors were down due to water entering the elctronics) and a manual emergency shutdown with borate flooding had to be performed.

      It's debatable if it was technically "out of control" as long as they were able to do an emergency shutdown, but it's gross negliance and irresponsible if an emergency shutdown is NOT reported as an incident.

      Add this to the bad overall situation after 40 years of operation, microscopic fractures in the reactor vessel and the plant having more "incidents" than 3 year old after a soda spree....

      This is a dirty bomb waiting to happen.

      --
      bickerdyke
    2. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Take this plant for example: https://www.openstreetmap.org/...
      Its 1200 meters away from the german border. With the west winds that are common in central europe, you'll get germany nicely polluted starting with the westmost city. Its a big deal for the germans especially now after fukushima.

      It isn't the only problematic reactor in a neighbouring country, and it isn't the only reactor built almost exactly at the border.

    3. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      To make it more clear: The distance between the reactor site Fessenheim and Germany is exactly Zero, as it sits at the banks of the Rhine river, which is the border between France and Germany there. If there is any leakage, it will flow immediately into the Rhine river. If there is any dust cloud or release of radioactive steam, it will blow into Germany, as the prevailing winds come from the Northwest.

    4. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      To be precise there is a non-zero distance between that reactor and germany, as the reactor isn't built at the shores of the rhine itself, but inside a channel built parralel to the rhine. There is an island around 1km wide between the reactor and germany. But it won't help all the people living in those german cities Speyer (with its great cathedral) Mannheim Mainz Koblenz Bonn (which was the german capital for a long time and now there are still lots of ministries and governmental employees) Cologne (which has over one million residents) Düsseldorf and Duisburg... They all live downstream and will get the radiating shit from fessenheim if there is a leak. Its at least 2 million germans directly affected.

    5. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      NHK produced a great docu-drama called "88 Hours", about the Fukushima disaster. It's quite eye opening because it gives you a real sense of the challenges that the people on the ground faced, with a lack of power and being unable to monitor what was happening in the reactors due to equipment failure.

      To this day, no one knows why reactor 2's containment vessel didn't explode. If it had done they would likely have lost half of eastern Japan, maybe more. What caused the pressure to suddenly drop is still unknown.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    6. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What became public, however, is that a bit ago, they kept under all blankets that the reactor was out of control (control rod control and sensors were down due to water entering the elctronics) and a manual emergency shutdown with borate flooding had to be performed.

      It's debatable if it was technically "out of control" as long as they were able to do an emergency shutdown, but it's gross negliance and irresponsible if an emergency shutdown is NOT reported as an incident.

      Nuclear engineer here. Here's a car analogy for you for what you are describing.

      "The driver saw a red light, indicating a critically dangerous situation which could result in extreme damage and loss of life. He therefore applied the emergency system used to stop the vehicle to prevent a catastrophe. He did not report this incident to the traffic authorities, even though this was a potentially life-threatening situation."

      Basically, what you are describing is something completely mundane in a ridiculously fear-mongering way due to total ignorance of the technical basis for how things actually work.

    7. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      'Applying the brake' would be the normal procedure, which in this reactor is moving the control rods.
      However that did not work, as the control rods were not functioning (and the backup system for moving them was also not functioning).

      So instead they had to flood the reactor with borate, which is NOT the normal way to shut down a reactor.
      To stick with your car analogy, its like pouring sugar into the tank in hopes it wil make the motor stop eventually (I wonder if you will make it stop for that red light?...).

      But maybe you always shut down a reactor using the last possible backup system, mr 'Nuclear engineer'...

    8. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by tigersha · · Score: 2

      The plant is about 500m from the border. The border fence of the plant pretty much IS the border.

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
    9. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      To this day, no one knows why reactor 2's containment vessel didn't explode. If it had done they would likely have lost half of eastern Japan, maybe more. What caused the pressure to suddenly drop is still unknown.

      Why is it a mystery that reactor #2's containment vessel didn't explode? Reactor #1's and #3's containment vessels didn't explode either. Some of the containment buildings exploded, but that's entirely different from the containment vessels exploding.

    10. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by rahvin112 · · Score: 1

      This is the problem with government run energy. An accident can embarrass the politicians so there will be a cover up.

      Almost half the superfund sites in the US are government caused. Typically by the military. They were dumping all kinds of toxic stuff on the ground for decades and never told a soul because they were the government, they weren't accountable to anyone but their superiors that told them to do it.

    11. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by CanadianMacFan · · Score: 1

      And the private sector is no better. After all an accident will send the share price down and the shareholders won't like that. Do you think that if BP could have gotten away with not reporting the oil spill in the gulf they would not have tried? They certainly tried to downplay the extent of it for as long as possible.

      Many of the superfund sites in the US that are related to nuclear energy are from the government because they were created at a time when the government was the only real player in nuclear energy.

    12. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by bickerdyke · · Score: 1

      What about that nuclear power plant upstream of New York that's currently leaking tons of contaminated water? Isn't that privately run?

      --
      bickerdyke
    13. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Anonymous Coward "sees no reason" - color me surprised. Note, dear reader, that nearly ALL of France's nuclear stations are situated as far downwind of the French population as possible, literally meters from the Swiss and German borders.
      Our friendly neighbors - who routinely lie about nuclear accidents.

      Living in Switzerland, I have a ready evacuation plan for WHEN (not if) one of the fuckers goes awry.
      We are all issued with free iodine tablets by the government health authorities - just in case, you know.

    14. Re:Tell the Germans to fuck off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Don't worry, your neutrality will save you! ( I kid, I kid!)

  6. So.... by johnsmithperson123 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Better titles "France's power becomes less reliable, more expensive", " France now so ruled by the rest of Europe it can't even stand up to Switzerland", and "French president to lose next election, nuclear power plants to be brought back online".

    1. Re:So.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      ... or even better: "John Smith is an atomic cretin".

      Enjoy the systematic failure of your ideology.

    2. Re:So.... by AmiMoJo · · Score: 5, Informative

      The French have big problems with nuclear power at the moment. The biggest company running their nuclear fleet, EDF, is in serious trouble. It has plants being built in other European countries that are way, way over budget, and is now looking likely to back out of building the two new reactors at Hinkley Point in the UK.

      The basic problem is cost. EDF has a number of old reactors that need decommissioning and replacing. The new reactors are turning out to be extremely expensive. The pair in the UK are projected to cost £18bn ($26bn) but the identical ones they already started on are approximately 3x over budget and massively delayed.

      So EDF is faced with massive costs from old reactors and a need to borrow massive amounts of money to build the new ones. Even the guarantee from the UK government to pay way, way over the odds for the electricity generated isn't enough any more. The French government was trying to reduce it's stake in EDF, but has recently had to switch to buying up shares again just to keep the lights on.

      On top of all that, their neighbours are building a lot of renewable energy that really pushes prices down. Peak pricing used to be a massive earner for EDF, but now Germany is exporting extremely cheap energy during those times. EDF doesn't want to adapt, can't really adapt because all its cash is tied up in failing nuclear projects.

      They should have fixed the roof while the sun was shining, and installed some solar panels at the same time.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    3. Re:So.... by Cyberax · · Score: 2

      EDF is simply too bureaucratic and inefficient. That often happens in France. Right now Russia is building several new reactors, and quite cheaply at that. A new Belorussian power plant (2.4GWte) is due to come online in two years, and it's projected to cost around $9 billions.

      This is actually extremely cost-effective. Wind generators for the same capacity (with load factor taken into account) would cost about three time that price.

    4. Re:So.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's time for the EDF to utilize the amounting workforce offerings at Calais. Two birds at the same stone, two birds! ;)

    5. Re:So.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      aMIMOJO : "On top of all that, their neighbours are building a lot of renewable energy that really pushes prices down."

      So according to you our bills should have gone way down, because of magical renewables, strange that instead they have gone massively up and will continue to do so as we pay way over what we need to for unreliable energy and will have "power cuts" in the next 2 to 5 years as we have nothing to do base load when it's dark and no wind blows.

      The only base load we will have in the end if this rank stupidity continues is burning wood pellets that have been shipped 3000miles across the Atlantic, and have done large environ"mental" damage to forests, just because green idiots like yourself cannot see any problem with their preferred useless tech.

    6. Re: So.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In fact, in the US we have a number of new reactors going up. For example a quote from Dominion Power:
      We had two choices. Cover the area of Richmond (a medium sized city) in solar panels, or build one more nuclear reactor. They cost the same. Guess which one we picked?

    7. Re:So.... by sycodon · · Score: 1

      MDSolar has to get up pretty early in the morning to get all these AC troll posts in.

      --
      When Fascism comes to America, it will call itself Anti-Fascism, and tell you to give up your guns.
    8. Re:So.... by HornWumpus · · Score: 1

      If Germany is exporting cheap energy it will be a huge political problem. Because it's selling insanely expensive energy to it's citizens.

      --
      John McAfee 'It was like that time I hired that Bangkok prostitute; to do my taxes, while I fucked my accountant'
    9. Re:So.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Sometimes there is such a glut of renewable energy in Germany that it is essentially worthless on the German domestic market, but can be sold to France at the lowest cost of French production, which is likely higher than the German cost at that point. So selling cheap to France reduces the cost to Germans below what it would otherwise have been. It's one of the advantages of a continentally connected grid.

    10. Re:So.... by HornWumpus · · Score: 1

      What? You assume the German costs were zero because their was no fuel used? Marginal cost is not the same as average cost.

      --
      John McAfee 'It was like that time I hired that Bangkok prostitute; to do my taxes, while I fucked my accountant'
  7. Or China Syndrome by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    whichever occurs first.

    Chernobyl anyone? The Ukraine was too late for that one. What a BP-style mess that is.

    1. Re:Or China Syndrome by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Stop getting your "facts" about nuclear power from a stupid fucking movie.

    2. Re:Or China Syndrome by sycodon · · Score: 1

      Dumbest thing about that movie, aside from Jane Fonda, is the fact that the antipode for San Onofre is in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

      --
      When Fascism comes to America, it will call itself Anti-Fascism, and tell you to give up your guns.
  8. looking up hitler banks/pr on alphabet.com by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    just saying genocide is big business... so many of us unchosens so much time....

  9. You need to wait by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Emmanuelle Cosse wants Fessenheim to be closed. That's for sure.
    But she is not in charge of Energy or Industrial department. She's just in charge of the Housing department

  10. Good by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    We'll be able to happily run on renewables in about 50 years, when the whole population of the Earth will be 1% of what it is today. Guess which 1%...

    1. Re:Good by prefec2 · · Score: 1

      It will be us in Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany), as we reached 100% renewable (for electricity) last year. And our friends in the north. Denmark are able to reach the same goal in a matter of years. By 2025 we will reach 300% of the electric energy production, which in fact would at least based on calculations cover all the primary energy used in Schleswig-Holstein.

    2. Re: Good by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      By 2025 you can be wherever you want, but by 2050 you will be in a mass grave along with the other "undesirables".

    3. Re:Good by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 1

      It will be us in Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany), as we reached 100% renewable (for electricity) last year. And our friends in the north. Denmark are able to reach the same goal in a matter of years. By 2025 we will reach 300% of the electric energy production, which in fact would at least based on calculations cover all the primary energy used in Schleswig-Holstein.

      Great, why don't you disconnect from the rest of the grid and use only renewables? Of maybe did you depend on coal plants to make your 'renewables' feasible?

    4. Re:Good by prefec2 · · Score: 1

      Why should we do that? This would disconnect this part form the rest of Europe. We would not be able to store energy in Scandinavia. Maybe you should lookup the concept of a grid and why we do not want to isolate small areas. This is especially true for renewable energy which production varies over the year and day. Therefore, they building a gas engine powered plant in Kiel in combination with a electrode heating unit for the district heating. The latter is used when we have an electricity surplus which often happens in winter and provide additional electricity when there is not enough wind. Anyway, you most likely do not case about that, because you want nuclear plants. They are the only solution. Amen.

    5. Re:Good by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 1

      It was a rhetorical question, obviously, because we all know renewables need conventional sources to counter their transmittance. I fully understand the need for the integrated grid, but it seems that the role of the grid and the conventional sources gets overlooked when folks start cheering about having 100% renewable power. In fact, they were using power from non-renewable sources on a regular basis. Nuclear has nothing at all to do with that point.

    6. Re:Good by fbobraga · · Score: 1

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... is renewable energy, man...

    7. Re:Good by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It will be us in Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany), as we reached 100% renewable (for electricity) last year. And our friends in the north. Denmark are able to reach the same goal in a matter of years. By 2025 we will reach 300% of the electric energy production, which in fact would at least based on calculations cover all the primary energy used in Schleswig-Holstein.

      Great, why don't you disconnect from the rest of the grid and use only renewables? Of maybe did you depend on coal plants to make your 'renewables' feasible?

      You're almost right, but it isn't a coal dependency.
      They're not going to disconnect from the grid because that would cut them off from Norway.
      http://www.dw.com/en/norway-to...
      http://www.tennet.eu/nl/grid-p...

    8. Re:Good by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why should we do that? This would disconnect this part form the rest of Europe. We would not be able to store energy in Scandinavia. Maybe you should lookup the concept of a grid and why we do not want to isolate small areas. This is especially true for renewable energy which production varies over the year and day. Therefore, they building a gas engine powered plant in Kiel in combination with a electrode heating unit for the district heating. The latter is used when we have an electricity surplus which often happens in winter and provide additional electricity when there is not enough wind. Anyway, you most likely do not case about that, because you want nuclear plants. They are the only solution. Amen.

      You're not storing energy in Norway.
      What you're doing is supplying Norway when you have overproduction of wind power so Norway uses less of their available hydro.
      Someday, they'll build up pumped storage in Norway, which would be storing energy, but what they have today is a trivial amount of pumped storage.

  11. It's not about safety, it's about money. by klapek · · Score: 0

    France electricity comes mainly from atomic plants with a very low share of "green power". In Germany, on the other hand, "green power" has greater share than nuclear and they are planning to phase out nuclear plants by the 2022. German power is much more expensive than French. Their power sector seems to be in pretty bad shape, since to transfer electricity from wind farms in the North to factories in the South they are using Polish power net. By forcing closure of French nuclear plants Germany is trying to make French power less attractive. That's how things are done in EU.

  12. mdsolar's on a roll by thegarbz · · Score: 2, Insightful

    15 Anti-nuke FUD submissions this week alone.

    Do you not have a job or something?

    1. Re:mdsolar's on a roll by NotInHere · · Score: 1

      He had a non-nuclear submission too: http://slashdot.org/submission...

      It got moderated violet. So I guess mdsolar thinks seems people want anti nuclear submissions?

    2. Re:mdsolar's on a roll by sycodon · · Score: 1

      I think it's more like Tourette's.

      --
      When Fascism comes to America, it will call itself Anti-Fascism, and tell you to give up your guns.
    3. Re:mdsolar's on a roll by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Do you not have a job or something?

      I'm pretty sure he's one of Elon Musk's many slashdot shills. Probably works for SolarCity when he's not posting FUD.

    4. Re:mdsolar's on a roll by Rakarra · · Score: 1

      15 Anti-nuke FUD submissions this week alone.

      Do you not have a job or something?

      Maybe this is his job?

    5. Re:mdsolar's on a roll by delt0r · · Score: 1

      You realize he probably has like 100 accounts and votes himself up.....

      --
      If information wants to be free, why does my internet connection cost so much?
    6. Re:mdsolar's on a roll by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Maybe this is his job?

      It probably is his job. He is probably an oil industry shill who is paid to attack nuclear power.
      The majority of anti-nuclear propaganda was created by the fossil fuel industry.
      Do not let his name mdsolar fool you. He is a paid stooge of the fossil fuel industry.
      I would bet good money he is on the Koch brothers payroll.

  13. Not the oldest and not the first to close by Anonyme+Connard · · Score: 4, Informative

    France's oldest nuclear plant is Brennilis. It ran from 1967 to 1985. It is still not fully decommissioned, this work being more complex and more expensive than foreseen...
    And there is also Superphénix, running from 1986 to 1996 and far more complex to dismantle, because of plutonium and sodium.

    1. Re:Not the oldest and not the first to close by delt0r · · Score: 1

      Not really. When these plants where build, zero thought went into decommissioning considerations. So nothing was really "foreseen". Sure some guy pulled a number out of his arse, but everyone in the know knew that. I am more pro nuke than not. But one thing is for sure. There is very little to back up it's claimed economic viability. We simply don't have enough experience with decommissioning and long term waste management yet.

      --
      If information wants to be free, why does my internet connection cost so much?
  14. Cuba should have done the same to the USA? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    After all, if the russian missiles were not polluting, tell the USA to fuck off.

  15. Rubbish by prefec2 · · Score: 3, Informative

    Fessenheim is an old plant which had many accidents in recent years. For example they had to introduce large quantities of Bohr into the reactor cooling to inhibit chain reaction because they were unable to insert the regulator rods. Yes I know Bohr is also used during regular operation. However, in much lower quantities. They also neglected to report all details which would have been necessary for Germany to prepare in case of an accident. Fessenheim is directly at the border to Germany.

    1. Re:Rubbish by stud9920 · · Score: 2

      Bohr the physicist, Boron or Bohrium ? The first has a finite supply with a halflife of a few years (and stopped being produced in 1962), the second is more available, the 3rd one is a heavy, unstable elemetn with a halflife of 61 seconds.

    2. Re:Rubbish by prefec2 · · Score: 4, Informative

      Sorry, associative error. I meant Boron, and to be more correct I refer to boronic acid. In German Boron is called Bor (and so it was substituted by Bohr).
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

    3. Re:Rubbish by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 1

      Fessenheim is an old plant which had many accidents in recent years. For example they had to introduce large quantities of Bohr into the reactor cooling to inhibit chain reaction because they were unable to insert the regulator rods. Yes I know Bohr is also used during regular operation. However, in much lower quantities. They also neglected to report all details which would have been necessary for Germany to prepare in case of an accident. Fessenheim is directly at the border to Germany.

      You might confuse 'accidents' with 'incidents'. Nuclear plants will have 'incidents' where parts fail to operate properly for one reason or another. They are designed diversity and redundancy to take that into account. Yes, older plants generally have more incidents. But just because a plant shuts down safely due to an equipment issue does not make it an 'accident'. Plants are designed to be able to remain safe even with stuck control rods.

      And it is boron, not Bohr, that can be used as neutron poison if needed.

      This plant is near the end of its 40 year original design life. It has produced a monumentally huge amount of CO2 free power, and we are all better off for it having been in service.

    4. Re:Rubbish by prefec2 · · Score: 1

      Yes indeed it is boron. And we are far better of when it is shutdown. BTW: Just because they use the euphemism incident does not mean it is harmless and not an accident at all. However, it sounds better. That is why it is used in such cases. It is similar to collateral damage instead of murder of innocents and destruction of non-military property.

    5. Re:Rubbish by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 1

      We are better off spending a lot more money and generating a lot more pollution? OK, if you feel that way.

      No "incident" is not a euphemism for "accident". If your windshield wiper is faulty and you stop to replace it, you had an incident, not an accident. If you discover that your tire pressure is low and stop to fix it, you had an incident, not an accident. For nuclear, if you want to be accurate, and even care about accuracy, the proper term is 'event' and there are various classes of events depending on safety significance. If you want to ignore facts, and rather provoke fear, then you chose the right terminology.

    6. Re:Rubbish by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Unless you believe that everything, everywhere, works perfectly all the time, the proper functioning of safety controls is not a nuclear accident.

      If you're going to flip out whenever something works as designed, you need to stay away from machinery and go live in a yurt.

    7. Re:Rubbish by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      **yawn**

    8. Re:Rubbish by gzuckier · · Score: 1

      Fessenheim is an old plant which had many accidents in recent years. For example they had to introduce large quantities of Bohr into the reactor cooling to inhibit chain reaction because they were unable to insert the regulator rods. Yes I know Bohr is also used during regular operation. However, in much lower quantities. They also neglected to report all details which would have been necessary for Germany to prepare in case of an accident. Fessenheim is directly at the border to Germany.

      You might confuse 'accidents' with 'incidents'. Nuclear plants will have 'incidents' where parts fail to operate properly for one reason or another. They are designed diversity and redundancy to take that into account. Yes, older plants generally have more incidents. But just because a plant shuts down safely due to an equipment issue does not make it an 'accident'. Plants are designed to be able to remain safe even with stuck control rods. And it is boron, not Bohr, that can be used as neutron poison if needed. This plant is near the end of its 40 year original design life. It has produced a monumentally huge amount of CO2 free power, and we are all better off for it having been in service.

      like when somebody has an incident in their pants.

      --
      Star Trek transporters are just 3d printers.
  16. It's more expensive ALL energy. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Solar produces during daytime when prices are higher than at night time, when it doesn't produce much, if any (solar thermal et al can still produce quite happily). France gives taxpayer money to EDF to subsidise the cost of production so they can afford to dump excess at night when it's not needed but you can't turn the nuke station off, and purchases at peak when there's not enough nuclear power from Germany.

    You seem to be complaining that German Solar is the cause of peak prices for electricity, when it's peak electric prices that keeps nuclear even *vaguely* profitable, and is the result of a free market meeting the problems of a mismatch between production and demand.

    1. Re:It's more expensive ALL energy. by klapek · · Score: 1

      So France subsidies nuclear power and meanwhile purchases electricity from Germany?

    2. Re:It's more expensive ALL energy. by AlterEager · · Score: 2

      So France subsidies nuclear power and meanwhile purchases electricity from Germany?

      Not quite. Sometimes France imports from Germany, sometimes it exports. At the moment (14:00 CET, 7/3/2016) France is exporting around 2GW to Germany.

      Also, not all French electricity is nuclear, at this moment it's 73% nuke, 13% hydro, 8% gas and 3% coal.

      http://www.gridwatch.templar.co.uk/france/

    3. Re:It's more expensive ALL energy. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yes. Because with such a huge nuclear component, they have to produce most of peak, and because it's nuclear, that's a massive overproduction at night and they have to dump it. Because that is a massive loss, they can't do ACTUAL peak, even with their other generation online, so they buy from their neighbours their excess. But because of that massive loss, and the cost of outages when summer makes the rivers too warm or too low a flow to use to cool their stations (or just plain failures), they need money coming in above what they can get away with charging people the rate they give, so the government pays them to keep it low. After all, if the electricity prices rise quickly, voters will be unhappy with the government and vote them out. The French government is a big shareholder of EDF.

      But subsidies to EDF are much easier to hide than electricity price increases.

  17. best to operate like the air safety board; by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    wait til she blows then fix it;

    that's what he said;

  18. We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The guaranteed price is higher and there's a guaranteed inflation-plus increase in the unit price in the "deal" the UK government gave away.

    1. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by cayenne8 · · Score: 1

      France is to close down its oldest nuclear power plant, at the center of a row with neighboring Germany and Switzerland

      I'm a bit confused by the article...are they saying there is a row of multiple nuclear facilities between France, Germany and Switzerland...and one of them is unsafe and to be shut down?

      Just seems an awkward way to say that....?

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
    2. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by dave420 · · Score: 1

      I think they meant "row" as in "noisy acrimonious quarrel" as opposed to "a number of people or things in a more or less straight line".

    3. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by cayenne8 · · Score: 1

      I think they meant "row" as in "noisy acrimonious quarrel" as opposed to "a number of people or things in a more or less straight line".

      Interesting...I've never heard of row used in that manner.

      I know you can row a boat, and have things lined up in a row.....but never heard "row" as a quarrel?!?

      Is this some kind of new slang maybe?

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
    4. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by tsqr · · Score: 2

      Is this some kind of new slang maybe?

      No, not new, and not really slang, but more commonly used in the UK than US. Pronounced to rhyme with "ow" (as in, "that hurts!"). Meaning "noisy dispute or quarrel."

    5. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by cayenne8 · · Score: 1

      No, not new, and not really slang, but more commonly used in the UK than US. Pronounced to rhyme with "ow" (as in, "that hurts!"). Meaning "noisy dispute or quarrel."

      Ok, thanks..interesting.

      Perhaps we need to have a UK to US translation service on Slashdot, when UK'ers or other foreigners post stories.

      :)

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
    6. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by ChunderDownunder · · Score: 1

      According to dictionary.com, Origin 1740-50; when Washington was a boy.

    7. Re:We KNOW it won't. TODAY. by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      It was actually "some kind of new slang" in late 18th century, if the OED is to be believed. Meaning that today, it shouldn't surprise you anymore.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
  19. Replace nuclear power with unclear power? by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 2, Interesting

    France made a clear choice decades ago, has stuck with it, enjoys low costs as a result of standardization, and is not about to change. France has no oil and little coal, so the French Greens have never received that fountain of money from the fossil fuel lobby that their counterparts in so many other countries benefit from.

    That "reduce nuclear power to 50%" campaign plank of Hollande's will be forgotten about as soon as Le Pen takes office.

    1. Re:Replace nuclear power with unclear power? by AmiMoJo · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Low cost? France's nuclear obsession has cost it dearly. EDF has run out of cash and can't even afford its current decommissioning and new plant contracts. The government is fed up of subsidising them.

      Don't mistake low kWh prices for cheap energy. France pays for it through the massive subsidy that its nuclear industry has enjoyed. The idea was that it would become profitable and not need continuing subsidy, but the plan has failed utterly.

      That's why France is drastically cutting its nuclear fleet. It's way too expensive, and there are better options now. EDF's days of being a welfare queen are over.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    2. Re:Replace nuclear power with unclear power? by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 2, Interesting

      The greatest advantage that the French nuclear program has enjoyed is lack of organized opposition and the endless delaying tactics that you activists use in other countries to increase costs through endless legal delays. Any targeted energy program can be made to cost too much by imposing delay after delay.

      Some illumination on the fossil industry's ownership of the antinuclear movement:
      http://atomicinsights.com/esso...
      http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2013...
      In contrast, the French oil giant Elf-Aquitaine (now Total) has always been a refiner and distributor, rather than owning the production it takes to be a sponsor against competing forms of energy

      Some choice general commentary from a leading environmentalist on your endless stream of lies:
      http://www.theguardian.com/com...

      I predict that one of the more interesting byproducts of today's low oil prices will be the antinuclear movement running out of money.

    3. Re:Replace nuclear power with unclear power? by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      The flaw with your argument is that if there was this huge conspiracy it would affect all non-fossil energy sources.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    4. Re:Replace nuclear power with unclear power? by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

      Oil/coal companies don't care about small renewables because because they know those can't replace baseload. That is why they are getting the German Greens to support replacing nuclear with coal, their aim all along. By the time grass-roots pushback develops against either of the 85-square kilometer lignite strip mines, it will be too late. Those Bagger 288's we were commenting about the other day will be eating your movement along with the German villages.

  20. I'm sorry you feel that way, Mr Nigger. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I do hope that you get over your infatuation with someone who is clearly not for you and find a willing participant in your love life.

  21. The Swiss want Fessenhiem to close ? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Informative

    Fessenhiem is near Strasbourg and no where near Switerland. I think you find the Swiss want to close the nuclear plant at Bugey (see the story in french), and the luxembourgeois would surely like the plant at Cattenom to close.

    1. Re:The Swiss want Fessenhiem to close ? by tigersha · · Score: 1

      Bullshit. Fessenheim is much close to Switzerland than to Strassbourg. I was in Strassbourg yesterday, in Basel today and I live 7 km from Fessenheim.

      --
      The dangers of excessive individualism are nothing compared to the oppressiveness of excessive collectivism
  22. Who was talking about WW II? by tlambert · · Score: 1

    Germany marched on Paris in WW I, you insensitive clod.

    It's why they constructed the Maginot Line in the 1930's: "Never Again".

    1. Re:Who was talking about WW II? by budgenator · · Score: 1

      Germany marched on Paris in WW I, you insensitive clod.

      It's why they constructed the Maginot Line in the 1930's: "Never Again".

      Boy, that didn't work out so well did it.

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
  23. Renewables cheaper than nuclear by far by mdsolar · · Score: 1, Informative

    Renewables are much much less expensive than nuclear power. That is why France is ending plans to replace it's fleet and opting for a phase out. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/pa...

  24. Turning test by mdsolar · · Score: 1

    That was a perfect /. submission. An AI that could pass the Turning Test by being indistinguishable from a jingoistic blabber mouth.

    1. Re:Turning test by MrKaos · · Score: 1

      That was a perfect /. submission. An AI that could pass the Turning Test by being indistinguishable from a jingoistic blabber mouth.

      Oh, is that where all the AC nukie shills come from.

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    2. Re:Turning test by NotInHere · · Score: 1

      Yes sometimes the story moderation system is weird.

    3. Re:Turning test by mdsolar · · Score: 1

      No, they are too predictable. No deep learning at all.

    4. Re:Turning test by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So, mark it insightful or something. It is still pending.

  25. accidnet v.s. incident by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    No jackass, it's propaganda. You're either stupid enough to believe the propaganda at face value, or naive enough to believe those who are making a killing off government subsidies in "green" energy.

  26. Renewable energy cheaper by mdsolar · · Score: 1

    Turns out, 100% renewable energy is cheaper for France. https://100.org/100-goes-globa...

    1. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 0

      turns out your link to a 'cause site' doesn't exactly provide any factual information backup to your statement, nor seem to discuss any of the challenges with their stated goal.

    2. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's kinda like David Duke citing a KKK site to show what a great thing White Supremacy is.

      Or Achmed citing an ISIS cite to show the wonders of Islam.

      Mostly, it's like MDSolar jacking off to the idea of people living in the dark and freezing to death.

    3. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by mdsolar · · Score: 1

      The work has won an prestigious prize. You are way off. http://m.pnas.org/site/misc/co...

    4. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by mdsolar · · Score: 1

      Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences agrees http://m.pnas.org/site/misc/co...

    5. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 1

      You know what that tells us regarding the original point? Absolutely nothing.

    6. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by mdsolar · · Score: 1

      That it is peer reviewed with lots and lots of references. Totally backed up. Hope that helps.

    7. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by fbobraga · · Score: 1

      website blocked by content filtering here on my work: URL: https://100.org/ Category: Advertising

    8. Re:Renewable energy cheaper by mdsolar · · Score: 1

      That's the trouble with getting celebs involved... Try catagory 6 here: http://m.pnas.org/site/misc/co... that is what the excitement is about.

  27. Renewable energy cheaper by mdsolar · · Score: 2

    Turns out switching to 100% renewable energy is cheaper for France. https://100.org/100-goes-globa...

  28. Summary Fail by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    >France has promised to cut reliance on nuclear energy from more than 75 percent to 50 percent by shutting 24 reactors by 2025, while stepping up reliance on renewable energy.

    By the standard definition of the word, nuclear power is renewable power. So France is in fact not stepping up reliance on renewable energy, but rather spending a ton of cash to shift from one form of it to another (a more dangerous version if you compare death tolls--nuclear power is the winner by far!)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy

    http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/03/deaths-per-twh-by-energy-source.html

    Of course, mdsolar would disagree, but that's because he's slashdot's laughable idiot poster and we should all ignore him. You know you're doing bad when an AC beats you at logic, mdsolar.

    1. Re:Summary Fail by dave420 · · Score: 1

      It consumes a non-renewable fuel, so it can't possibly be renewable. The clue is right there in the name.

    2. Re:Summary Fail by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Sunlight consumes a non-renewable resource, so no known energy source can possibly be renewable. If you're going to be pedantic about whether we harvest the energy of inevitable nuclear fission or ignore it, then I can be pedantic about whether we harvest the energy of inevitable nuclear fusion (directly, indirectly, very indirectly, or otherwise) or ignore it.

    3. Re:Summary Fail by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You failed college physics, didn't you.... Just a quick lesson, nuclear fuel can be bred. Meaning the needed uranium can be created from thorium. Considering the vast quantities of unused thorium 'waste, used efficiently humans could power the world for next 1,000 years atleast.

  29. Sun by mdsolar · · Score: 1

    Before we need to remix the solar core, we have another issue, the Sun will grow in luminosity until the water vapor feedback boils the oceans in about 2 billion years. So, a bit of shade or an orbit shift back into the habitable zone would be the first thing to work on. The Kuiper belt likely has enough angular momentum to achieve the orbit shift. But adjusting planetary resonances might make it a big job. We need to consider conservation of angular momentum in the sense of not wasting the resource in addition to the usual meaning.

  30. perfect2 is correct. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    That one is already being built and would have been dropped if it hadn't been politically impossible to do so. They won't build a new one.

    Now you COULD have gone with the "Because their current build is massively over budget and delayed, not because nukes are dangerous", but you didn't, you preferred to pretend that perfect2 was wrong, when he wasn't.

    That other station should have already been built, it is not a new build, it's an old one. Just one they still haven't completed.

    But this refusal to think demonstrates the nuke fluffer's biggest problem (and reason for being a nuke fluffer rather than a proponent for nuclear power).

  31. Seti by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Seti story was cool too. Someone should resubmit it.

  32. You mean they are building coal plants. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    On top of all that, their neighbours are building a lot of renewable energy that really pushes prices down.

    On top of all that, their neighbours are [lying about] building a lot of renewable energy [and really building cheap coal power plants] that really pushes prices down.

  33. Decrepitude by mdsolar · · Score: 1

    As the industry rots away, there just aren't positive stories around. Military propulsion advances and may soon solve another logistics problem extending nuclear power to aviation. http://science.slashdot.org/st... But the news on civilian power generation is all bad.

  34. No more exclusion Zone... by Darron_Wyke · · Score: 1

    Guess the SOX ain't happening.

  35. Boom. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Note : France started dismantling their super-phenix reactor in 1997, almost 20 years ago, not a lot has been done yet . . .

    Next nuclear plant to go boom will probably be in France.

  36. I wish you were dead by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    see subject