Replacing Butter With Vegetable Oils Doesn't Decrease Risk of Heart Disease, Says Study (medicalxpress.com)

An anonymous reader writes: A research team led by scientists at the UNC School of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health has unearthed more evidence that casts doubt on the traditional "heart healthy" practice of replacing butter and other saturated fats with corn oil and other vegetable oils high in linoleic acid. The findings, reported today in the British Medical Journal, suggest that using vegetable oils high in linoleic acid might be worse than using butter when it comes to preventing heart disease, though more research needs to be done on that front. This latest evidence comes from an analysis of previously unpublished data of a large controlled trial conducted in Minnesota nearly 50 years ago, as well as a broader analysis of published data from all similar trials of this dietary intervention. The analyses show that interventions using linoleic acid-rich oils failed to reduce heart disease and overall mortality even though the intervention reduced cholesterol levels. In the Minnesota study, participants who had greater reduction in serum cholesterol had higher rather than lower risk of death. Two things to note about the study: 75% of the participants left in less than a year (perhaps not uncommon, the study doesn't explain why these people left); the vegetable oils mentioned in the article are not necessarily the most commonly used (which are oils made of olive, sunflower, coconut, and palm).

Comments

and it never did

[turkeydance]

see Scott Adams: http://blog.dilbert.com/post/1...

Re:and it never did

[Notorious G]

But, but, but... It must've at some point... The benevolent and omniscient government officials kept telling us, that butter is evil. They could not ban it outright for the adults, insisting on their silly "liberties" and "freedoms, but they did ban it for children. As recently as in 2013!

Oh yeah, the science was settled. Only deniers would ever believe anything but the evils of butter. The. Science. Was. Settled. Anyone not accepting that is in the pocket of "big butter" and should be sent to jail.

Re:and it never did

[whoever57]

I don't think that diet and fitness are a science fail. They are a pseudo-science fail.

These disciplines (if even that word is applicable) have been systematically promulgated without the benefit of real science. Now that real scientific methods are being used, the assumptions that were used to derive the advice people were given are (in many cases) proving to be false.

Re:and it never did

[Ambassador Kosh]

The problem is that what is good and bad for you is not as simple as we once thought.

Recommendations where based on the best science we knew at at the time. However, that science was still in the very early stages.

It has only been very recently that we have started to learn how important gut bacteria are and the role they play in your health. Your particular genetic and genetics also play a major role. It is likely there is no one best diet for humans. There won't even be one best diet for certain ethnic groups. In the end we are heading towards figuring out the best die for you.

There are lots of things we can say in general and while they are right on average within people of the similar descent they won't be anywhere close to absolute.

One of the fascinating things about biology is there are experiments I can do 100x and get almost that many different results. Biology has randomness, it has mutations, and nothing is every simple.

In the end what it comes down to is that building a mars colony is simpler than figuring out the right diet. It would be easier to colonies on the moons of Jupiter and Saturn than cure cancer.

Re:and it never did

[avandesande]

Processed food is more profitable than whole foods.... that is why corporations and government have been pushing them.

Re:and it never did

[TechyImmigrant]

But, but, but... It must've at some point... The benevolent and omniscient government officials kept telling us, that butter is evil. They could not ban it outright for the adults, insisting on their silly "liberties" and "freedoms, but they did ban it for children. As recently as in 2013!

Oh yeah, the science was settled. Only deniers would ever believe anything but the evils of butter. The. Science. Was. Settled. Anyone not accepting that is in the pocket of "big butter" and should be sent to jail.

The science was never settled. The research funding dictated who had a voice.

Re:and it never did

[ShanghaiBill]

It reminds me of that scene from "Sleeper" where Woody Allen wakes up 200 years in the future and asks for granola for breakfast, and they wonder why he didn't request "healthy" food like deep fat, and cream pies. That was supposed to be a joke, but actually reflects reality. The high carb diet that we were all told was healthy, turns out to have been an oops.

Re:and it never did

[avandesande]

It's not an oops, it was intentional. Selling a few cents of grain based food for several dollars is big business.

Re:and it never did

[ShanghaiBill]

I don't think that diet and fitness are a science fail. They are a pseudo-science fail.

Plenty of mainstream scientific institutions pushed the "high carb, low fat" diet for an entire generation. The government promoted carbs and spent billions subsidizing high carb diets (and, of course, the subsidies continue to be paid, as all subsidies do, even though they are now recognized as a mistake). To claim that it was all mere pseudo-science is just a No True Scotsman fallacy. Nobody was calling it pseudo-science back in the 1970s and 1980s. In fact it was the opposite: most scientists attacked Atkins and others as "frauds" when they questioned the prevailing dogma.

This was a colossal failure of the scientific establishment, and you cannot just hand-wave that away.

Re:and it never did

[ArmoredDragon]

I don't care so much as whether the science is settled so much as dogmatic people that have a certain viewpoint on eating habits that they're hell bent on getting people to follow. Take for example militant vegans who proclaim "there's no reason to eat animal products", or for example, a group calling itself the "Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine" who aren't actually physicians, and are in fact just another PETA (with very close ties to PETA) who just sued the FDA because they no longer recommend a daily limit on cholesterol, which was a huge setback to the anti-egg movement.

And while vegans can be militant food activists, they aren't alone. The other group is what I term the "food religion", which is pretty hostile towards anybody who dares tell them that they aren't going to bother (read: waste time and money) with organic food, and are even more hostile against anybody who says heretical things such as "everything you eat is a chemical" or "GMO is safe". Or worse yet, outright trying to get laws passed to ban anything that doesn't fit a vague definition of "natural" under the mistaken belief that "natural is better".

This same group does another very annoying thing to those of us with chronic conditions: Insist that the food you eat causes whatever you might have, insist that they never get sick (and otherwise talk as if they'll live forever,) and all chronic diseases will just go away if you simply switch to organic (and one even suggested homeopathic medicine would fix it in my case.) My way of getting back at them though is that these same people are often fans of a work based on cherry picked data called The China Study, talk about how wonderful Eastern medicine (such as acupuncture) is, and so I just mention that my particular disease (stage 4 chronic kidney disease caused by IgA nephropathy) has a MUCH higher prevalence in Asian countries.

Re:and it never did

[TechyImmigrant]

No it could not. The science of evolution is well founded. Climate science has a harder problem to address, but is as rigorous as is reasonable in the circumstances. Nutritional science is a joke.

Re:and it never did

[Aighearach]

Oh yeah, the science was settled.

The science was never settled.

Science will never be "settled."

My question, why are the people who are most strongly against the principles of science the ones who wave the Science flag most vigorously? If they don't believe in the principles, why do they want to be seen as being on some sort of Science Team? Is it as simple as ignorance of what science is, or is it something deeper and more complicated?

Re:and it never did

[Aighearach]

The researches were saying all along, "don't change your diet; don't stop eating butter; adopt the traditional guidelines of eating a balanced diet with lots of vegetables and not a lot of added sugars or fats."

They were also saying about saturated fat that "it is probably not all saturated fats, we don't know which ones are dangerous yet, don't change your diet just wait for more research to uncover the details." And the news would even repeat that... and then spend 5 minutes talking about how to change your diet to eliminate butter!

People are idiots, and then later when the researchers were proved right in every part of what they were saying... people just blame them for whatever the media said, or wherever pop culture wandered.

Once transfats were found to be harmful, a lot of researchers were saying right away, "this is good news because none of the traditional fats like butter that people miss are high in transfat. This looks like an issue with certain processed fats, and companies can simply change their recipes."

People still can't figure out what the science says. My advice, if you can't follow the details without getting led around by the nose by the media, just eat "grandma foods" and you'll already be following all the best research, medical advice, and government recommendations.

Re:and it never did

[avandesande]

Do you even understand what profitable means? If you can take 10 cents of grains and sell it for 4 or 5 dollars that is a large profit. There is no processing to be done to an apple, you can't promote it through advertising so you are limited by how much markup.. there is nothing to differentiate your apple from someone elses and if you charge too much than customers will go somewhere else.

Re:and it never did

[drinkypoo]

The other group is what I term the "food religion", which is pretty hostile towards anybody who dares tell them that they aren't going to bother (read: waste time and money) with organic food, and are even more hostile against anybody who says heretical things such as "everything you eat is a chemical" or "GMO is safe".

But those are stupid things to say. Yes, everything you eat is made of chemicals (I hope that's what you meant) but we are capable of introducing them in quantities and concentrations which are harmful. You don't chug arsenic because it naturally appears in apples. And even selective breeding can produce unsafe results; GMO can produce results that selective breeding can't, and therefore it is at least as unsafe. People should be upset when you say those things, because you're wasting their time.

This same group does another very annoying thing to those of us with chronic conditions: Insist that the food you eat causes whatever you might have, insist that they never get sick (and otherwise talk as if they'll live forever,) and all chronic diseases will just go away if you simply switch to organic (and one even suggested homeopathic medicine would fix it in my case.)

I get sick about as much as other people. The food you eat probably does at minimum exacerbate your condition, especially if you're this defensive about it; you probably know better. And actually eating genuinely organic food, not just USDA organic but actually as part of a cyclical system which maintains soil biodiversity, might in fact help. You'd also be expected to eat your food minimally processed, since a lot of common processing destroys enzymes that help break down food and even regulate blood sugar. But you'd also have to watch your diet in other ways; the single best thing the average person can do is cut their sugar intake. Sugar interferes negatively with immune response, and most of what most people eat contains a lot of needless added sugar, so their immune system is really only working properly for a few hours before they wake up.

Re:and it never did

[Rei]

This sort of thing is what one should expect when you start breaking down categories.

Initially fats were all one category. "Apparently fats are bad - stop eating so much fat." Okay.
Then different categories of fats were studied. "Apparently saturated fats are bad, other fats not as bad." Okay.
Then different types of those were studied. "Apparently monounsaturated fats are pretty good, but when polyunsaturated are concerned, most people get too much omega-6 and not enough omega-3 - and that can be as bad as too much saturated" Okay, this is getting complicated....
Then it keeps going: "Well, when you compare gamma lineolic acid to arachidonic acid...." Stop!

It's not that the earlier data was wrong. It was just categorically too broad. Even knowing statistics about individual chemicals isn't (ideally) enough, because the effects can vary depending on who eats it and how they eat. For example, potatoes: it's a little known fact that letting many types of starches cool (rice, potatoes, pasta) converts readily digestible starches into resistant starches, significantly reducing their caloric content and glycemic load. Or that eating iron-rich foods in many small servings over the course of a day yields significantly more iron absorption than eating the same amount all at once in a single serving. Etc. It's relatively straightforward to gather health data for foods, but often very hard to turn that into "universal recommendations".

Re:and it never did

[MightyYar]

I like how the bad data about salt came from a company making salt substitutes...

Re:and it never did

[AthanasiusKircher]

Recommendations where based on the best science we knew at at the time. However, that science was still in the very early stages.

No, that's not quite true. As with many studies in science, there were broad conclusions drawn on the basis of indirect data. It's very common to read a study that collected data on A and B, but the "discussion section" at the end notes that B is also potentially related to C and D.

Other articles note this potential association connecting A to C and D, and eventually that becomes dogma within a discipline... unless it is tested directly. Example in nutritional science is the old belief that all high-cholesterol foods (e.g., eggs) must be bad because high blood cholesterol levels seem to be bad. Except no one until recently really tried to consider whether high-cholesterol foods actually CAUSE high blood cholesterol levels. Turns out they have a relatively small impact, because the body manufactures most of the cholesterol within the body. So intake of cholesterol often has a relatively small impact compared to internal body regulation and function.

Thus, the "science" wasn't really "in the early stages." Instead, people made broad assumptions based on incorrect physical models. They measured a correlation between A and B, but assumed it must apply to cases involving C, D, E, and F, just because it seemed "intuitive." But "intuition" is not science, and models based on no empirical evidence (as many physiological assumptions were in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which laid the basis for nutrition science until recently) aren't very good science. It wasn't just "in the early stages" -- it was really incomplete and rife with unsupported conclusions.

There are lots of things we can say in general and while they are right on average within people of the similar descent they won't be anywhere close to absolute.

One of the fascinating things about biology is there are experiments I can do 100x and get almost that many different results. Biology has randomness, it has mutations, and nothing is every simple.

What you say is true -- and it is quite hard to design good experiments on something as broad as nutrition, which usually has huge numbers of uncontrolled variables. It's not just "randomness," though. It's that it's really expensive and difficult to do studies where you lock people up for a few years and control their complete dietary input... which is what you'd really need to do a proper test of many nutritional hypotheses. And you're right that there are variations in genetics and individuals that sometimes argue against generalizations.

On the other hand, many of the BIG failures in nutritional science weren't due to these little nuances of individuals. They were based on broad misinterpretations of data and drawing overly broad conclusions from that data... usually based on all sorts of underlying assumptions that were never tested directly.

These are flaws in the way scientific methods were applied. And they shouldn't just be "swept under the rug" because "humans are complex and we now realize that more."

Re:and it never did

[ArmoredDragon]

But those are stupid things to say. Yes, everything you eat is made of chemicals (I hope that's what you meant) but we are capable of introducing them in quantities and concentrations which are harmful.

That doesn't come anywhere close to what I'm talking about. I'm specifically talking about people who advocate not eating something with any ingredient that a third grader can't pronounce. THAT is what they identify as "chemicals". Take for example acetic acid, or ascorbic acid, which are colloquially called vinegar and vitamin c, respectively. Other names like phenylalinine and lisine are vital to your health, yet I can guarantee you that a member of a food religion will be afraid to eat anything containing anything that I just mentioned.

And even selective breeding can produce unsafe results; GMO can produce results that selective breeding can't, and therefore it is at least as unsafe.

Without realizing it, you just made an argument against non-GMO plants. With GMO, you know exactly what you're getting, thanks to the knowledge gained from proteomics. With natural reproduction however, there are invariably going to be hundreds or even thousands of mutations that are entirely unknown.

People should be upset when you say those things, because you're wasting their time.

I'm wasting THEIR time? They're the ones who give me this shit when they notice I've got a chronic condition. Tell THEM to not proselytize their religion. That's like a Jehovah Witness knocking on your door, giving you their pitch, and complaining that you're wasting their time when you tell them that you don't see it their way. Seriously it's really boneheaded of you to say that.

The food you eat probably does at minimum exacerbate your condition, especially if you're this defensive about it; you probably know better.

Absolutely false. IgA nephropathy causes loss of nephrons due to inflammation, which eventually progresses into fibrosis. I'm actually one of the ones who has had a complete halt in albuminuria, which is VERY RARE for somebody who has already progressed to stage 4. You probably don't have any idea what that means, but basically this: My disease is no longer in a progressive state, meaning that I can last this way for a very long time. And yet, what I eat is exacerbating it? I'm curious what you base this statement on, because it sounds like a big pile of ideological horse shit.

You can go ask any board certified Nephrologist by the way, they'll confirm what I just told you. In fact, the advice they'll give will go completely against what anybody of the food religion will tell you, because they'll advise somebody in my condition to stay away from food like spinach, tomatoes, potatoes, prunes, any kind of lentils, beans, or nuts, any kind of melon, bananas, oranges, pumpkins, and squash.

If you don't already know why its best to avoid these things before you searched for it on google, then please refrain from giving people dietary advice when you obviously don't know shit about the disease, thank you.

This is not surprising, considering ....

[gosand]

Most of the dietary advice we have been fed (pun intended) in the last 50 years or so is not based on any real science.
I could go into details, but I am not the expert. Listen to people much smarter than me. Watch this video as a primer: https://vimeo.com/45485034

Then go read Good Calories Bad Calories, and The Primal Blueprint.

Personally, I have been grain and grain product free for 3 years by following the principles put in the above (and some other) resources. No low-fat BS, no whole-grain BS. No fad diets. I won't preach, just do a little research on your own. Once the physical addiction to carbs/sugar was broken, my body doesn't want them anymore. I'm in my 40s, and I only wish I could have done this earlier in my life.

Re:This is not surprising, considering ....

[delt0r]

And that includes your good carbs bad carbs BS. Primal blueprint indeed. It may have worked for you. But not for the reasons you think.

Not relevant to today, alas.

[dex22]

This study used a dataset of 1968-1973. At that time, processing techniques created a lot of trans fats in making the replacement products. Those trans fats have their own effect. Processes have now been changed, so that data set doesn't relate to what would happen with today's use of those same foods.

That said, you can pry my Kerrygold butter from my pudgy, pasty hands!

Re:um duh

[jedidiah]

Much more importantly, butter is a known quantity. Margarine could be ANYTHING.

This completely blows away any comparison you could make between now and when Margarine was first discovered harmful. It started getting a bad rep because of trans fat. But today's margarine has probably been re-formulated to get rid of that.

I dumped margarine before dumping margarine was cool because I didn't trust what it was. That and it tastes like sh*t. Plus I don't actually use enough of butter for it's "evilness" to be a problem.

You know, that whole "moderation" thing...

Margarine vs Butter, that is all this is about.

[dsmatthews9379]

Margarine was never considered healthy by some people because they already understood that the state of saturation is a gross simplification of the issue when structure, chain length and conformation have such a large influence on the specific bioactivity of each of the huge number of molecules that constitute lipids, not to mention the impact of the volume ratios of the types consumed. If you didn't already know this you should stop getting your knowledge from the fools in the media and actually study some science.

Re:Margarine vs Butter, that is all this is about.

[GuB-42]

Margarine can contain animal products.
Really, the only good thing with margarine is that it is cheap. It started as a cheap substitute for butter and it still is.

Re:um duh (the moderation thing is a myth too)

[gosand]

...Plus I don't actually use enough of butter for it's "evilness" to be a problem.

You know, that whole "moderation" thing...

The whole moderation is a myth. I use lots of butter, and olive oil, and coconut oil. Don't believe the BS about saturated fat being bad for you. Don't believe the BS about cholesterol. 80-90% of the cholesterol in your blood is produced by your body, not consumed. It *can* be influenced by what you eat, but in the way that you eat garbage that puts your hormones (insulin and others) on a roller coaster. There is no definitive link between saturated fat and blood cholesterol and heart disease. 50% of people who have heart attacks have "normal" cholesterol levels. Just let that one sink in. And I know there are stats about everything, but that is a big one.

When I started eating this way I weighed 175 lbs. Within 2 months I had dropped 15, and it has stayed off for 3 years - effortlessly - by eating a high-fat, low-carb diet of the best foods I can get. No grains, no grain products, very little to no sugar. It's not hard. I am in fantastic health.

Re:Same Difference

[shaitand]

Fair enough but there is a pretty solid argument to make that a huge chunk of health science is pseudo science.

Studying the interaction of a molecule with bacteria under a microscope is certainly science but the "studies" that follow are definitely soft science if not pseudo science.

Technically, if you are using the scientific method, it's science, period but the word has taken on a firmer meaning in modern society to mean definitive and highly controlled studies leading to solid, I can send you to the moon and back while the entire world watches based on our calculations now accurate mathematical models.

Very little soft health science has any chance of doing more toward that end than inspiring someone to do real hard science with it's results and mere personal anecdote or a hunch can accomplish that.

shortcuts

[Lehk228]

tl;dr: there are no shortcuts in nutrition, you can't eat tons of fatty food and be healthy just by eating the right fatty foods, you have to exercise actual self control, and you should exercise too.

Rigorous science?

[mi]

The research funding dictated who had a voice.

And those with the voice, can get more research funding. Is not it nice, when the government is picking winners?

Climate science has a harder problem to address, but is as rigorous as is reasonable in the circumstances.

I wonder, what you mean by "rigorous" here. Lysenko, for example, rigorously persecuted adherents of the reactionary Mendelian genetics. And, when their activities endangered the favor he held with the government, denounced them as "enemies of the people".

Something that could never happen in a free country. Right?

Is it really a reliable scientific theory, if police are called on to silence its opponents?

Re:Rigorous science?

[Marxist Hacker 42]

And in this case- the "scientific method" prefered by climate change proponents seems to be use the police and jails rather than evidence.

Re:um duh (the moderation thing is a myth too)

[AthanasiusKircher]

50% of people who have heart attacks have "normal" cholesterol levels. Just let that one sink in. And I know there are stats about everything, but that is a big one.

I don't actually know enough about the context here to evaluate that claim, but more importantly -- your statistic is insufficient to conclude anything.

A statement like "50% of people who have heart attacks have 'normal' cholesterol levels" is absolutely useless for evaluating the potential link between heart attacks and cholesterol without a sense of incidence of "high cholesterol" and "heart attacks" within the population.

Just for a quick statistical primer, imagine the following scenario:

1000 people
100 people have high cholesterol
100 people have heart attacks

Let's take your claim: 50% of people who had heart attacks had normal cholesterol. Knowing the above stats, that implies:

(1) 50% of heart attacks were people with high cholesterol.
(2) Thus, chances of having a heart attack with high cholesterol = 50/100 = 50%.
(3) Chances of having a heart attack without high cholesterol = 50/900 = 5.55%.

Overall, those with high cholesterol have about 9 times greater chance of having a heart attack. High cholesterol appears to be a VERY STRONG PREDICTOR of heart attacks.

(We could go even more extreme and imagine there were 200 people with heart attacks, in which case 100% of people with high cholesterol had heart attacks... even though your "50%" stat is still true. In that case, I think I'd be really concerned if someone had high cholesterol.)

Alternatively, consider a different scenario:

1000 people
400 people have high cholesterol
10 people have heart attacks

Again, using your assumption that 50% of heart attacks are in people with normal cholesterol, that means:

(1) Chances of having a heart attack with high cholesterol = 5/300 = 1.25%.
(2) Chances of having a heart attack with normal cholesterol = 5/600 = 0.83%.

In this case, things are much more equal -- high cholesterol has higher risk, but less than 50% higher.

In this case, heart attacks are much more rare, and high cholesterol might be a factor, but it seems there are a lot of other things to look at.

Bottom line -- your statistic is meaningless without context. Citing a rate of incidence for a subgroup tells you nothing about whether that subgroup is significant or not... you'd need more stats to evaluate your claim. Depending on the larger population stats, your "50%" statistic might even be incredibly strong evidence that high cholesterol is the best factor we have to predict heart attacks... which I think is the opposite point that you wanted us to have "sink in." (I don't think this latter hypothesis is true, merely that your stat is quite ambiguous.)

omega-3 : omega-6 fatty acids ratio

[codeButcher]

The article states that the recommendation is to replace butter and other saturated fats with corn oil and other vegetable oils high in linoleic acid.

Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid. Science seems to be inclined these days to the consensus that fatty acids should rather be fairly balanced between omega-6 and omega-3 (due to competition for rate-limiting enzymes in the body). Opinions for a good ratio range from 4, down to 1, (omega-6) against 1 (omega-3). However, most modern crops (and the oil gained from them) are rich in omega-6 fatty acids: corn, soy, sunflower, wheat... Expensive products like extra virgin, cold-pressed olive, flax (linseed) and macadamia oil seem to be fairly balanced or have more omega-3 than omega-6.

Also, because these fatty acids are "essential" (meaning they need to be obtained from diet and can't be synthesized in the body), modern agricultural practices of feeding or finishing off livestock on the above-mentioned crops means that their products (meat, eggs, milk, butter, cheese...) also exhibits an omega-6:omega-3 ratio that is heavily skewed towards omega-6. When animals and poultry are pasture fed (and not just allowed to roam free on bare ground, still being fed on these crops), the ratio starts to be much more balanced. Apparently, green spring growth is the most beneficial (producing rich yellow butter), and chickens need to hunt for insects, larvae etc., which also produces much richer yellow yolks (and better tasting eggs, from own experience).

Modern western diets however often show a 10:1 or even 16:1 ratio of omega-6:omega-3 - right in line with the recommendations, but apparently quite unhealthy. The reason for this is that omega-6 fatty acids promote inflammation and also storing of fat, while omega-3 does the opposite. (That's why those crops work so well to quickly fatten up the animals before slaughter).

Of course, both inflammation and fat storage have their purpose in maintaining a healthy organism, but it needs to be balanced out with the opposing process - once it becomes a runaway process, then problems start to occur. Many medical practitioners these days are aware of the role inflammation plays in coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and a slew of other modern "lifestyle" diseases.

References: You may read the Wikipedia pages on Omega-6 fatty acids and Omega-3 fatty acids on your own. This one section however may be a good introduction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid#Suggested_negative_health_effects. Many explanations of promoters of modern diet plans (paleo, clean eating, banting) might include some of the same information, the book "Nourishing Traditions" by Sally Fallon (a dietician) is an extensive tome on this theme and includes many further sources.

Yes, of course the above-mentioned omega-6:omega-3 ratio is just one factor and a simplification to boot. There are other fatty acids; various sugars also come into play regarding inflammation and obesity; then processed foods (trans fats, oxidized cholesterol, etc.) are apparently quite harmful, and don't forget about the various negative effects of chemicals like pesticides and preservatives... By and large, it seems to be more prudent to eat as much "natural" foods as possible (food grown on plants and not food manufactured in plants); often this then needs to be a DIY approach as even in food the market seems to be for (cheap) quantity over quality. Obviously, producing your own food is not possible or at least easy for city-dwellers. Some basic reading I've done a while back shows that one would need around 120 square meters of arable land per adult to produce a sufficient but mainly vegetarian diet, including eggs, and maybe the occasional chicken - for red meat the size needed does increase considerably.

Re:Scientists can't make their mind up

[KozmoStevnNaut]

You can still get the tetra-ethyl lead as supplements, to kick up that knock resistence. Remember, if your eyes start twitching, you're running low on blinker fluid.