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Robot Solves Rubik's Cube In Less Than a Second (livescience.com)

An anonymous reader quotes a report from LiveScience: In just over half of a second (0.637 seconds), the Sub1 Reloaded robot made each side of the Rubik's Cube show a single color. This breaks the previous record of 0.887 seconds achieved by an earlier version of the same machine using a different processor. German technology company Infineon staged the record attempt at the Electronica trade fair in Munich this week, as a way to highlight its self-driving-car technology. The company provided one of the Sub1 Reloaded robot's microchips. Infineon said more than 43 quintillion combinations of the Rubik's Cube's colored squares are possible. That same number of cubes would cover Earth in 275 layers, resulting in an approximately 65.6-foot-high (20 meters) layer of Rubik's Cubes, the company added. The record-breaking attempt began with the press of a button. Sensor cameras on the machine had their shutters removed, and the computer was then able to detect how the cube was scrambled. The computing chip, or the "brain" of the machine as Infineon called it, then determined the fastest solution. Commands to execute the solution were sent to six motor-controlled arms. "It takes tremendous computing power to solve such a highly complex puzzle with a machine," Infineon said in a statement. "In the case of 'Sub1 Reloaded,' the power for motor control was supplied by a microcontroller from Infineon's AURIX family, similar to the one used in driver assistance systems."

54 comments

  1. One second later. . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The cube was a puddle of melted plastic.

    1. Re:One second later. . . by davester666 · · Score: 2

      it just applied a new set of colored stickers to each side to make it appear to have been solved!

      --
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  2. Huh? by fluffernutter · · Score: 2

    How is solving a rubik's cube ANYTHING like self driving? That's worse than thinking a computer that can solve Go is ready to drive a car.

    --
    Laws are rules for the court, but merely a bottom bar to hit for life. Think beyond laws in your actions always.
    1. Re:Huh? by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 4, Interesting

      How is solving a rubik's cube ANYTHING like self driving?

      It isn't. Solving Rubiks Cube is trivial. Anybody can learn to do it, and many people can solve a randomized cube in under a minute.

      A computer can find the solution in a few microseconds. The hard part isn't finding the solution in software, but building a mechanical contraption to rapidly twist the cube without breaking it. This is an achievement in mechanical engineering, not software. TFA completely skipped over the substance to focus on the trivial.

    2. Re:Huh? by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      Of course, with robots being moving automata, progress in mechanical engineering means also progress in robotics.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    3. Re:Huh? by ChrisMaple · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I've never used a Rubik's cube well enough manufactured that fewer than half of attempted rotations didn't stick so badly that forcing it would have broken it. They must have done something to fix up their cube.

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    4. Re:Huh? by Tough+Love · · Score: 3, Interesting

      The hard part isn't finding the solution in software, but building a mechanical contraption to rapidly twist the cube without breaking it.

      Not just building it, but controlling it. Both are hard problems, and both are limiting factors.

      --
      When all you have is a hammer, every problem starts to look like a thumb.
    5. Re:Huh? by Plus1Entropy · · Score: 1

      In the video the cube did look like it might have had some modification. There are significant bevels on the corners, presumably so the alignment can be off by more and it will self-correct as you twist it.

      --
      Only crack the nuts that crack. You don't put the ones that don't crack in the sack.
    6. Re: Huh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It really isn't. Solving a modified version of the cube is like a self driving car that only drives in modified roads...

    7. Re:Huh? by michelcolman · · Score: 2

      I wouldn't say the solving part is trivial. It looks like it's solving it in around 20 moves, very close to the theoretical minimum. The solution you linked to doesn't come anywhere near that efficiency, it already needs well over 20 moves just for the first layer. Coming up with extremely short solutions does require an enormous amount of computing.

      I do agree that it's nothing like driving a car: those AIs use neural networks that look for approximate solutions based on fuzzy data. Completely different from the exact mathematical problem that is a Rubik's cube. This is just a viral ad to get name recognition, unrelated to their actual technology.

    8. Re:Huh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Still, it seems that the mechanical part is the most difficult. From the video, it starts to move approximately 0,05 seconds after the press of the button, so 90% of the time is spent rotating, only 10% was needed to calculate. The article also states that it doesn't go for the least amount of moves, but instead is allowed to take extra moves if that would be faster.

    9. Re:Huh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Looks like a Dayan Zhanchi stickerless cube or a clone of one.
      They are pretty common speed solving cubes.

    10. Re:Huh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The answer is actually in the summary:

      "In the case of 'Sub1 Reloaded,' the power for motor control was supplied by a microcontroller from Infineon's AURIX family, similar to the one used in driver assistance systems."

      There's your link to self-driving cars. Yes, it's a bit tenuous.

    11. Re:Huh? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It also makes multiple non-interacting moves simultaneously. (about 22-23 seconds in on the video)

  3. This is obviously old news by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    If indeed "this breaks the previous record of 0.887 seconds achieved by an earlier version", then the headline is old news.

  4. Does it cheat? by harperska · · Score: 2

    I remember last time this machine set the record, there was some debate as to whether it should count, as the cube has to be modified in order to be mounted in it. The robot doesn't grasp the cube, but rather its six arms have pins that are inserted into holes drilled in the center square of each side.

  5. Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by JoeyRox · · Score: 4, Informative

    Although that doesn't include the time he was allowed to examine it before starting. Here's the video:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLksISrKtO8

    1. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by quantaman · · Score: 1

      Although that doesn't include the time he was allowed to examine it before starting. Here's the video:

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLksISrKtO8

      Yeah, that "tremendous computing power" quote doesn't sound right. Humans are quite able to figure our the algorithm in a few seconds, I don't see why a computer couldn't use a similar algorithm to get the answer while iterating far fewer than "43 quintillion combinations", quickly determining the sequence of moves should be the easiest and quickest part.

      The more impressive part is the hardware side, making a custom machine that doesn't tear the cube apart. But unless I'm missing something this strikes me as more of a PR stunt than a serious research project.

      --
      I stole this Sig
    2. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by Cramer · · Score: 2

      I don't see why a computer couldn't use a similar algorithm...

      Because the people that programmed this thing have never read any of the books written on solving a rubik's cube. There is *ONE* solution; one sequence of moves that when repeated will eventually solve the puzzle. There's no need to think out a solution. Simply pick up the cube and start repeating the pattern until all the sides match. (btw, that's how real people do it.)

    3. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why so slow at solving?

      https://youtu.be/PFA-RmV_wG0?t=197

    4. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      My atari could solve a rubik's cube in 1982

    5. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Informative

      I don't see why a computer couldn't use a similar algorithm...

      Because the people that programmed this thing have never read any of the books written on solving a rubik's cube. There is *ONE* solution; one sequence of moves that when repeated will eventually solve the puzzle. There's no need to think out a solution. Simply pick up the cube and start repeating the pattern until all the sides match. (btw, that's how real people do it.)

      No such solution exists. The best you can do by repeating the same pattern is to cycle through 1,260 states, multiplied by the length of the permutation sequence: https://people.kth.se/~boij/ka...

      There does exist at least one sequence of moves that is guaranteed to solve the cube, eventually (it forms a Hamiltonian circuit.) It's 43 quintillion moves long, and you can download a (200MB) specification describing how to construct the sequence here: http://bruce.cubing.net/ham333... Iterating a sequence that long is well beyond the capabilities of both human and robot, sadly.

      Modern solvers use variations of the Kociemba algorithm, which can find near-optimal solutions very quickly: http://kociemba.org/cube.htm CPU power is important because more time spent searching can yield shorter move sequences - the slowest part of the solve (computer vision, solution search, twisting the cube) is the physical part. However, every millisecond spent searching for shorter sequences might be better spent actually executing a suboptimal solution.

    6. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by thegarbz · · Score: 1

      while iterating far fewer than "43 quintillion combinations"

      Solving a Rubik's cube doesn't require iteration at all. There's a logical process you can follow without any guess work.

    7. Re: Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      1982 years?

    8. Re:Human did it in 4.74 seconds 5 days ago by syntotic · · Score: 1

      There IS a method to solve Rubik from any arbitrary starting state. I had already solved it once and was fathoming the second step of the method when I found the booklet explaining. It is rather simple, besides, you start with corners, follow with sides, continue with the second layer and finally employ a series of standard moves to order the last (topped) layer while preserving the other layers invariant, each move displacing correctly one square in place until it is over. When you do it wrong you end up with corners correctly positioned but on the 3D-diagonal place. So merit here is in the robotic speed to solve the machine, and in the machine being of quality unlike those stuck-able plastic versions, not on the intelligence to solve the problem. It does not matter if there are so many combinations, the method takes approximately the same time and number of moves (in comparison) to reorder the cube if the cube was well ordered before scrambling. Comparisons to self driving cars are out of order, different problem. I think this solution is called groups or something similar... but how many can boast robots moving delicate parts so fast? ;-|

  6. Custom Rubik's Cube? by Khopesh · · Score: 2

    As resilient as these toys are, I'm not sure a standard Rubik's Cube could stand up to that kind of violence...

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    1. Re:Custom Rubik's Cube? by thegarbz · · Score: 1

      Exactly. This doesn't impress me. Let me see a robot with arms that picks up a Rubik's cube rather than a custom construction specifically made for this robot.

    2. Re:Custom Rubik's Cube? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Agreed, The record should only be for a fresh vanilla, out of the wrapper cube.

    3. Re:Custom Rubik's Cube? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't mind if it's one of the specific speed cubes that has been lubricated and tightened appropriately, but in my opinion.... no drilling, no mounting, etc. If it'd not using hand-line end effectors to actually do the gripping and rotations, it shouldn't count.

  7. 43 quintillion? by jrumney · · Score: 1

    What is the math here that makes it 43 quintillion combinations? There are 8 corner pieces with 8 possible positions and 3 orientations, and 12 edge pieces with 12 possible positions and 2 orientations. Not all combinations are possible.

    1. Re:43 quintillion? by Plus1Entropy · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Apparently it still works out to be that large, according to this:

      There are 8! (40,320) ways to arrange the corner cubes. Seven can be oriented independently, and the orientation of the eighth depends on the preceding seven, giving 3^7 (2,187) possibilities. There are 12! / 2 (239,500,800) ways to arrange the edges, restricted from 12! because edges must be in an even permutation exactly when the corners are. [...] Eleven edges can be flipped independently, with the flip of the twelfth depending on the preceding ones, giving 2^11 (2,048) possibilities.

      8! × 37 × (12! / 2) × 2^11 = 43,252,003,274,489,856,000

      Including all permutations is about 12 times that, around 519 quintillion.

      --
      Only crack the nuts that crack. You don't put the ones that don't crack in the sack.
    2. Re:43 quintillion? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Group Theory of course :)

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube_group
      http://mike.verdone.ca/media/rubiks.pdf
      http://web.mit.edu/sp.268/www/rubik.pdf
      www.geometer.org/rubik/group.pdf
      https://math.berkeley.edu/~hutching/rubik.pdf
      http://akbar.marlboro.edu/~mahoney/courses/Spr00/rubik.html

  8. What does it mean to 'solve a rubiks cube'? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Solves -which- permutation of a Rubik's cube in less than a second? Every single one? How can they prove that before the end of the universe?

    1. Re:What does it mean to 'solve a rubiks cube'? by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 5, Informative

      Solves -which- permutation of a Rubik's cube in less than a second? Every single one? How can they prove that before the end of the universe?

      It has been proven that 20 moves suffice to solve Rubik's Cube from any starting position.

      If you restrict each move to a quarter turn, then 26 moves suffice.

      The proof only took 35 years of CPU time.

  9. Is it smoking? by Mal-2 · · Score: 1

    I'd be more worried about the damn cube flying apart with these increasing speeds, not the CPU behind it. Overshoot a rotation and then start the next one before you correct it, and the cube will explode. Humans will not generate the force necessary to break a healthy cube, but even then they still sometimes come apart under these conditions (without breaking, the center pieces are spring-loaded).

    --
    How is the Riemann zeta function like Trump rallies? Both have an endless number of trivial zeros.
  10. Newsflash: Machines faster than humans! by XxtraLarGe · · Score: 4, Funny

    That's why we make them. My chainsaw makes much faster work of a tree than I could chewing it with my teeth. I don't even want to think how long that would take.

    --
    Taking guns away from the 99% gives the 1% 100% of the power.
    1. Re: Newsflash: Machines faster than humans! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Are they gonna make sex faster?

  11. Awwww... by rsilvergun · · Score: 0

    but I want it now....

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  12. Congratulations! by freeze128 · · Score: 1, Interesting

    The machine solved a Rubik's Cube in less than a second. That's great! Ok, I think we can all agree that this task has been won by the machines. Any further attempt to make a Rubik's solving machine is a waste of time. How about designing a machine that can solve the 4X4X4 cube? That would be a lot more difficult, because you couldn't just stick suction cup rods to the center pieces. Or how about that 7X7X7 cube? Now *THAT* I would like to see!

  13. Summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The earth-destroying scenario presented in the summary sounds like an xkcd/what if comic in the making.

  14. The only way to win is not to play the game by Dr.+Bombay · · Score: 0

    I had a Rubik's cube in the early 1980's and found that it was faster to pop it apart an reassemble it in the correct order.
    When a robot can do that, then I will be impressed..........

  15. They're making the cube sound harder than it is by istartedi · · Score: 2

    They're making the cube sound harder than it is. The difficulty doesn't correspond well to the number of combinations. Back in the 80s when I played with them, the solution technique I knew was based on recognizing that the components of a cube could be flipped or twisted, with the flip or twist balanced out by another component. Then you simply executed moves to undo the flip or twist. My best times were 3 minutes or so, which sucks now but I bet the solution algorithms have gotten way more sophisticated. Anyway, a kid can memorize the algorithm so it can't be that hard. I'm guessing any modern CPU executes it so fast that most of the time is taken up by the movements of the robot.

    --
    For all intensive purposes, "whom" is no longer a word. That begs the question, "who cares"?
  16. Not a usual cube by SpaghettiPattern · · Score: 1

    ... In any case mine never ever turned, slided and stopped as smoothly as this one does.

    --

    I hadn't the slightest objection to his spending his time planning massacres for the bourgeoisie... (P.G. Wodehouse)
  17. That's nothing by bugs2squash · · Score: 0

    with a can of paint I could " make each side of the Rubik's Cube show a single color" in half that time. With a decent research grant I might even be able to make each face a different color.

    --
    Nullius in verba
  18. Eat my shit, Infineon by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    "It takes tremendous computing power to solve such a highly complex puzzle with a machine" BOLLOCKS! I wrote a BASIC program to solve Rubik's cube on a Sharp PC-1500 pocket computer back in 1982 (and I was a teenager!). It was less than 3K (I had a RAM expansion module) and ran happily on an 8-bit Z80 CPU. Input the cube status data, wait, follow the printed instructions. Tremendous computing power my ass.

    1. Re:Eat my shit, Infineon by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "It takes tremendous computing power to solve such a highly complex puzzle with a machine" BOLLOCKS! I wrote a BASIC program to solve Rubik's cube on a Sharp PC-1500 pocket computer back in 1982 (and I was a teenager!). It was less than 3K (I had a RAM expansion module) and ran happily on an 8-bit Z80 CPU. Input the cube status data, wait, follow the printed instructions. Tremendous computing power my ass.

      You underestimate the computing power needed to control the motors (accelleration/decellaration) so they do not destroy the cube and the optical pattern recognition..

    2. Re: Eat my shit, Infineon by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Lol. Controlling three servos and recognizing a 3x3 grid is not "tremendous" compute power; an arduino can do both of those things with room to spare.

    3. Re: Eat my shit, Infineon by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well it's almost certain that the cube will have the same alignment, lighting etc so...

      Get images

      extract a specific 9 pixels from each image

      each pixel can be read directly into a cube arrangement array.

      Cube=[face1(10,10),face1(20,10),face1(30,10).....,face2(10,10),.....]

      Solve

      Send signals to motor controllers.
      Just need to make sure that one move is completed before the next one starts if they share a cube segment.

  19. Apples To Apples by kackle · · Score: 1

    I agree. Further, (like a good Slashdotter, I did not bother to RTFA), it doesn't look like an actual Rubik's Cube to me, but rather a knockoff brand (the colors are incorrect?).

  20. A wall of Rubik's Cubes.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Maybe Trump could build a border wall from Rubik's Cubes?