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Microsoft Sells $17 Billion in Second Bond Deal in Six Months (bloomberg.com)

An anonymous reader shares a Bloomberg report: Microsoft found ample demand for its $17 billion bond offering, allowing it to cut borrowing rates on its second multibillion note offering in six months. The tech giant received at least twice as many orders as it had bonds to sell, according to people familiar with the matter. The longest portion of the offering, which generally refinanced debt maturing soon, was a $2 billion, 40-year bond with a 4.5 percent coupon that yields 1.4 percentage points above Treasuries, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That's down from initial discussions of about 1.55 percentage points. Moody's Investors Service said Microsoft will use proceeds to refinance commercial paper it sold to help support its takeover of LinkedIn. A regulatory filing shows that at the end of 2016, the Redmond, Washington-based company had $25.1 billion of the debt.

56 comments

  1. Embrace, Extend, Extinguish by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    I'm sure swishdat will tell me how presently!

  2. but bonds are bad investments by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    right? Stocks!

    1. Re:but bonds are bad investments by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 1

      It depends on your investment goals. If you are investing for the long run (many decades), stocks have historically been better than bonds. If you need reliable, steady income, then bonds are better.

      For companies, bonds are a better way to raise capital, because dividends are paid to stockholders with after-tax income, while bond interest is deductible. So it makes sense for Microsoft to borrow money by selling bonds, and then use the proceeds to pay for stock buy-backs, shifting their capital base from equity to debt.

      We really should fix the tax laws so that interest and dividends are treated the same, but that is unlikely to happen anytime soon.

  3. Big Fucking Deal by rodrigoandrade · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Companies do this all the time to finance themselves.

    The fact it's Microsoft doesn't warrant a front page story on /.

    Next there'll be a front page submission about Nadella taking a dump.

    1. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Neuroelectronic · · Score: 0

      Thank you for your valuable incite

    2. Re:Big Fucking Deal by OffTheLip · · Score: 1

      Dumping H-1B workers maybe.

    3. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Penguinisto · · Score: 4, Interesting

      "Companies", as in normal-sized critters, do this all the time. When Megacorps do it, it warrants attention.

      In this case, straightforward restructuring of debt makes sense... Microsoft isn't growing like it used to, which only reinforces the need to sell bonds (as opposed to increasing shares of growth stock to cover it, or relying on future market income to wipe out the debt in short order.)

      I see it as confirmation that Microsoft's growth is sputtering out, and they know it. Not saying they're dying by any stretch, but more along the lines of Microsoft becoming what IBM has been for a decade now... a maintenance-mode growth curve.

      --
      Quo usque tandem abutere, Nimbus, patientia nostra?
    4. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    5. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Nadella taking a dump

      Designated

      Shitting

      Streets

    6. Re:Big Fucking Deal by alexander_686 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      In short, there is a fire sale of debt going on and Microsoft is selling. This has more to do with the debt market than with MSFT.

      I will slightly disagree with this. I see Microsoft more of a "Value" company (steady profits) instead of a "Growth" company (skyrocketing sales). However the issuing of new debt says little. To oversimplify, debt is good. If equity is expected to yield 10% and debt is expected to yield 2% then one should issue debt and do a stock buy back. A little financial leverage, a little debt shield. All is good as long as the company can support the debt.

      As a side note, the market is desperate for high quality debt. Regulations favor debt purchases over stock. Think pension funds. Since the 2008 financial crisis things have gotten worse. 40 years at 4.5%? One would have to be desperate to take on 40 years worth of inflation risk at such a miserly rate. Yet pension funds are pilling in.

    7. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      One would have to be desperate to take on 40 years worth of inflation risk at such a miserly rate.

      Perhaps the market is expecting the low-yield regime to last that long... no major expansions or growth opportunities in sight---unless something really great comes along (e.g. fusion power, self driving cars, automation, etc.,) the next 40 years will be pretty much like the last decade as far as growth is concerned.

    8. Re:Big Fucking Deal by alexander_686 · · Score: 1

      Perhaps the market is expecting the low-yield regime to last that long... no major expansions or growth opportunities in sight---unless something really great comes along (e.g. fusion power, self driving cars, automation, etc.,) the next 40 years will be pretty much like the last decade as far as growth is concerned.

      Maybe. The rate is determined by supply and demand. There is surplus savings sloshing around the market right now. Pension and banking regulations, surplus savings from Asia, demographic imbalances. etc.

      Even if there is a great leap forward this may not solve the imbalance. Take self driving cars. We could see a huge fleet of personally owned cars replaced by a smaller fleet of self driving taxis. Car production could fall by 70% in 20 years. So less investments would be needed. Most of the technological advancement over the past 20 years has reduced the amount of capital needed. No magic bullet here.

    9. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      There is one market where Microsoft is doing quite well with, and that is Azure. In my experience, many companies are going full tilt to move everything offsite. It starts with Office365, then AD moves to Azure, then other infrastructure items.

      For other companies, they do similar with AWS. I've seen businesses move to VPCs and hosting things completely in the cloud, damn the cost, just so management doesn't have to fret about CRACs, PDUs, and physical hardware. I also see a move to "serverless" services because again, the PHBs can then pink-slip the entire ops crew and just have 1-2 people handle IAM, and let the devs run free with Lambda. Since there is no OS or other items in the stack to worry about, management can ditch IT completely except for people's workstations/laptops (which a MSP like HPe can easily handle), and not even worry about servers.

    10. Re:Big Fucking Deal by erapert · · Score: 1

      Perhaps this is basically what lay beneath the long "stagnation" of the middle ages.
      Blacksmithing, wood working, sailing ships, etc. didn't really see any huge revolutions for a couple thousand years.
      Perhaps we're entering a new "middle age" until we figure out something revolutionary like fusion or regenerative therapies or a space elevator or something.

    11. Re:Big Fucking Deal by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Microsoft has plenty of cash, it's just that much of it is overseas. If they bring it into the US, they face a 35% repatriation tax. It's far cheaper for multi-national companies to issue bonds (especially in this time of cheap interest rates) than bring overseas monies into the US...

    12. Re:Big Fucking Deal by gravewax · · Score: 1

      this has nothing to do with its growth. Microsoft has most of its cash overseas, bringing to cash back into the US would incur a much higher rate than what borrowing the money does. So in effect Microsoft are preventing a very large tax bill by borrowing. If anything Microsoft growth has somewhat accelerated, their last financial quarter beat estimates by a large margin with huge cloud revenue and profit growth.

    13. Re:Big Fucking Deal by alexander_686 · · Score: 1

      We are wandering a bit off topic, but... It is not a Middle Age thing. For most of history the best guess is that investments have returned around 1 to 2%. It may not even be a stagnation thing. Remember that returns are set by supply and demand. One could have a high growth rate and a high savings rate which would result in a low return on investments. A good example here would be the 19th century Europe. High wealth inequities probably pushed down investment returns here.

  4. what's this about? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    $25 billion in debt? Selling bonds? Is Microsoft doing ok?

    1. Re:what's this about? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Interesting

      From the linked article:

      Microsoft, like many peers in the technology industry, holds the vast majority of its cash overseas. Under current laws, it would pay a tax rate of 35 percent to bring back any of the $116.3 billion it holds abroad. With 95 percent of its cash subject to repatriation taxes, it has relied on the debt markets to fund programs like stock buybacks, acquisitions and refinancing deals.

      Moody’s Investors Service gave the bonds its top Aaa rating but maintained its negative outlook on Microsoft. It expects the company’s debt may exceed $90 billion this year if it goes back to the market to fund dividends and share buybacks. Microsoft had about $59 billion of long-term debt at the end of last year, filings show.

      So, Microsoft is going to go $90 Billion in debt just so it can avoid paying $38 Billion in taxes.

      WTF?

    2. Re:what's this about? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      the interest is tax deductible

    3. Re:what's this about? by known_coward_69 · · Score: 1

      they will pay back the debt with future revenues. can't get tax money back

    4. Re:what's this about? by MerlynEmrys67 · · Score: 2

      Yes, if they brought the 90 Billion into the USA where it is needed they would have to pay taxes on it. Makes more sense to sell bonds in the US and leave the money "overseas" invested in US treasuries for the rest of eternity.
      Got to love our stupid tax code at work - creating inefficiencies the world over

      --
      I have mod points and I am not afraid to use them
    5. Re:what's this about? by gravewax · · Score: 1

      way to oversimplify it. What they are doing is paying ~a couple of billion in interest to avoid a $38 billion tax bill, when you compare the right numbers it makes a lot more sense.

  5. 40 year bond? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Good luck with that. The only way the federal government will survive its debt and obligations is to inflate. Sooner or later it has to be done. And when it does you can kiss the value of this 40 year bond goodbye.

  6. Long term debt by sjbe · · Score: 4, Funny

    The only way the federal government will survive its debt and obligations is to inflate.

    Nonsense. The US had greater debt obligations as a % of GDP at the end of WWII and dealt with them without printing money. They just raised taxes and lowered spending to an appropriate level rather than pretending that we can borrow endlessly and somehow magically bring in more tax revenue by collecting less taxes.

    And when it does you can kiss the value of this 40 year bond goodbye.

    That only matters if you are worried about the secondary market value of the bond. Personally I can't imagine why anyone would want to buy this bond given how low the rate of return is but obviously there were some parties interested (ahem... sorry for the pun)

    1. Re:Long term debt by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

      Huh? The US maintained large standing armies in Europe and the Far East, maintained and even expanded its military assets, not to mention a lot of domestic programs. It did this with debt. In fact, the US has pretty much had a continuous debt since at least the Civil War.

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    2. Re:Long term debt by alexander_686 · · Score: 1

      Nonsense. The US had greater debt obligations as a % of GDP at the end of WWII and dealt with them without printing money. They just raised taxes and lowered spending to an appropriate level rather than pretending that we can borrow endlessly and somehow magically bring in more tax revenue by collecting less taxes.

      Nope. The US engaged in "Financial Repression" during the 1950s. Financial repression is when inflation is higher than the yield on a 10 year government bond. IIRC, the 10 years were selling around 2% while inflation was at 4%. 2 take away from this. First, you don't need double digit inflation. Second, the US was able to pull this off in the 1950s because investors had lived through the Great Depression and were very risk adverse. Not sure if the US could pull this off again.

    3. Re: Long term debt by jabuzz · · Score: 1

      The UK has been in debt ever since the Napoleonic Wars, which is over 200 years now. Unfortunately the idiot Gideon Osborne redeemed all the Consol bonds (they where perpetual) including the 2.5% ones because he could get lower rates on 10 year bonds at the time. Short sighted twat that he was.

    4. Re:Long term debt by JustNiz · · Score: 1

      > The US had greater debt obligations as a % of GDP at the end of WWII and dealt with them without printing money.

      Only because they knew they had income from war-torn countries like the UK paying them back for the next 50 years from programs like Lend-Lease.

    5. Re:Long term debt by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 1

      They just raised taxes and lowered spending to an appropriate level

      No they didn't. The US continued to run deficits, and the debt continued to grow. The WW2 debt was never paid off. It was just rolled over into new debt. US National Debt by Year

      rather than pretending that we can borrow endlessly

      We CAN borrow endlessly. Sovereign national debt is not like individual debt. There is no reason that it ever needs to be paid. We have been running deficits for nearly a century, with just a few blips. The only serious effort to balance the budget resulted in the Great Depression. Debt hawks claim that debt will lead to a weak currency and inflation. After a century of rising debt, we currently have exactly the opposite problem. The dollar is strong, destroying our exporters, and inflation is near zero.

    6. Re:Long term debt by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The only way the federal government will survive its debt and obligations is to inflate.

      Nonsense. The US had greater debt obligations as a % of GDP at the end of WWII and dealt with them without printing money. They just raised taxes and lowered spending to an appropriate level rather than pretending that we can borrow endlessly and somehow magically bring in more tax revenue by collecting less taxes.

      Um, isn't it well known that increasing taxes (a "Tax" on the industry...) reduces the growth of the company compared to no change in taxes?
      And isn't it therefore true that reducing taxes leads to higher growth compared to no change in taxes?
      And isn't it true there is this thing called compound growth?
      Then isn't it true that by reducing taxes, higher growth is achieved and when they higher growth is compounded it results in much much higher total tax revenue generated because it is taxing a much larger base?

      Don't be foolish and think we can just tax and cut to pay off debt.
      If We do that and suddenly countries start dumping treasures because the economy will tank due to lower govt spending from cuts and lower nongovt spending from tax increase.
      And if treasuries start being dumped then yields will rise making the interest expense of the govt debt increase exponentially.
      And an exponential increase in the interest expense of govt debt will quickly outgrow the total taxable potential of the economy.
      And when you have an annual cash flow expense that you are unable to source the cash for then guess what? Yeah ... you default. ... Or! You Inflate!

    7. Re:Long term debt by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Inflation is near zero? Have you tried buying a house lately? Why do we need to have federal programs that allow 3.5% down? Maybe because prices are so high no one can save up the traditional 20%? Prices have definitely outstretched growth in income. Gone to college lately? Needed healthcare lately? Maybe you think now is a great time to buy into the stock market at Dow 20k. No asset inflation there. But you're right. I can get a shitty tv that breaks in 3 years for pretty cheap and the new iphone isn't bankruptcy inducing expensive. I can also get some decent food for a reasonable price so at least i'm not starving.

      The problem with "borrowing endlessly" is that eventually the $ you are spending from current taxes to service the debt will eat away at constructive and meaningful spending to the point where it's actually noticeable. Borrow more to offset that? You're going to find yourself in quite a nice self-reinforcing debt spiral. Right now artificially pushing interest rates to historic lows for extended periods of time has bought us a few more years.

      But yeah, keep pushing your Keynesian theories. Debt doesn't matter until it does.

    8. Re:Long term debt by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

      The only serious effort to balance the budget resulted in the Great Depression.

      There is widespread disagreement about the causes of the Great Depression, but this is the first time I've seen your preposterous claim. Clues are available in the fact that the Great Depression was a US phenomenon, whereas there was only a normal recession with a normal recovery in Europe and elsewhere. That means the US was doing something wrong after the 1929 stock market crash and the subsequent partial recovery The wrong things included social programs, restrictions on business, and destruction of food by the government, among many others.

      The Great Depression was not deep and long because of what happened before before 1929, but what happened after.

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    9. Re:Long term debt by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

      Most federal government spending falls into 3 categories: breaking things (military), paying people not to be economically productive (social programs), and making production difficult or impossible (enforcement of regulations).

      Cutting any of those 3 strengthens the economy, and it is the production of goods and services, not money, that is the foundation of our ability to pay our debts.

      Careless cutting of military spending results in being conquered, which is not a good thing. Severe cutting of federal government social programs and regulation enforcement will leave the government with more money to pay off debts and will boost the economy.

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  7. $90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by raymorris · · Score: 5, Informative

    > So, Microsoft is going to go $90 Billion in debt just so it can avoid paying $38 Billion in taxes.

    To pay the costs in cash, they need to use $140B. They bring $140B to the US, pay $50 billion in taxes, and have $90 billion left to pay the expense. If that $140B is earning them 6% overseas, that's $8.4 billion in lost income each year, plus losing the liquidity of having cash.

    By borrowing, they pay $2 billion in interest and still have their cash for 40 more years.

    Bottom line:
    Since it costs $50 billion in taxes to bring the money to the US, it's much cheaper to leave the money elsewhere and use debt in the US.

    1. Re:$90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by sttlmark · · Score: 1

      This a terrific, concise explanation. Thank you.

    2. Re:$90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by erapert · · Score: 1

      Great illustration of how high corporate taxation is counter-productive.
      All taxes are actually felt by the individuals of a country!

    3. Re:$90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Great illustration of how high corporate taxation is counter-productive.

      America has the highest corporate tax rate of any country, but has the lowest amount actually collected of any 1st world country. This is because the rate is so high, and so arbitrary, with so many loopholes, that companies can mostly avoid paying. The biggest loophole is that they can avoid the tax by keeping capital overseas, and outsourcing the jobs to the capital, rather than reinvesting in America. So we get the worst of both worlds: low tax collection and job losses. Sad.

    4. Re:$90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Great illustration of how high corporate taxation is counter-productive.
      All taxes are actually felt by the individuals of a country!

      Funny. I thought this was a great example of how the tax system has loopholes and perverse incentives. Consider the following 2 cases.

      1) Microsoft is taxed at 90% for all profit everywhere from an omniscient tax collector who makes no mistakes (a very high tax, but no loopholes). They have no incentive to keep taxes overseas vs domestic, and presumably would bring much of their profits back to the US.
      2) Microsoft is taxed at 5% for all of their US profits, and 0% for all of their international profits (a low tax, but with an obvious loophole). They have this same incentive as this case, and would keep money abroad and borrow domestically to avoid that 5% tax.

      I think you are flailing at the wrong windmill.

    5. Re:$90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Tax revenue is not the concern of the political class-- who uses envy to gain/maintain their grip on power. There mere appearance of being "tough" on the "rich corporations" is worth the revenue loss (and the same companies will give you campaign $$$ to leave them alone-- MSFT after the antitrust 90's anyone?)

    6. Re:$90B in cash PLUS $50B in taxes by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

      The 90% tax rate would be an incentive to waste money in order to avoid taxation.

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  8. Re:Trump is keepling Obama's LGBTQ EO?!?!? by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

    He was hardly going to fuck over Peter Thiel. But yes, one must give credit where credit is due.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  9. Re:Trump is keepling Obama's LGBTQ EO?!?!? by gtall · · Score: 1

    Oh yes, tell the public he's keeping the LGBTQ EO to collect the warm fuzzies, and then nominate a supreme court moron who will just as gladly vote to take them away when those nice Christian fundamentalists find the right suit to fuck them over...in the name of Christ.

  10. Re:Trump is keepling Obama's LGBTQ EO?!?!? by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

    I think it highly improbable that Obergefell v Hodges is going to be overturned. In fact, even with a court likely to be stacked with Scalia-like conservatives, I have my doubts that Roe v Wade is going to get chucked.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  11. Comment removed by account_deleted · · Score: 1

    Comment removed based on user account deletion

  12. Links to hard facts? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This is slashdot sir, we will not tolerate this kind of nonsense. Please cease immediately.

  13. Opportunities arise occasionally. 40-year bonds by raymorris · · Score: 2

    That *is* an issue, the current structure encourages keeping money outside of the US. Sometimes they use that money to build factories or other facilities outside of the US.

    Between the repatriation tax and the double taxation of dividends (resulting in a 59% total tax rate), there is strong incentive to never return the money to US investors (retirement savers) in the form of dividends. Instead, the US investors become stockholders in an ever-growing European company. It has to keep growing, because paying dividends to your 401k instead triggers the 59% tax.

    Most countries don't have this silly tax code because it does encourage silly behavior, trying to grow into industries completely outside their core competency rather than returning profit to your 401k. Companies do look for opportunities to bring money back. For example, while campaigning, candidate Trump said he'd try to change the rules to avoid punishing companies for bringing money to the US. If he and the Republicans manage to do that even forna short time, we should see a quick influx of cash as companies take advantage of the opportunity before it's changed again. That's happened before, a short window of lower rates.

    As far as the bonds, they have time to wait - Microsoft just issued bonds due FORTY YEARS from now. In forty years, when these bonds are due, they can pay them by issuing another set of 40-year bonds. Some time in the next 80 years tax rates will be lower.

    > do MS plan to go into enormous debt in the US while having an even more enormous sum sitting in a Irish bank?

    Why not? If they issue bonds in the US paying 3% and they buy bonds in Ireland that pay them 3%, their cost in zero. (Other than currency risk.) It's not like credit-card debt, their interest cost is about equal to what they earn on the cash they'd otherwise spend, for a net cost of zero.

  14. NEW OS - MS FLY by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    HELP ME HELP ME lil guy with giant wallet on a table

  15. Choices by sjbe · · Score: 1

    It did this with debt. In fact, the US has pretty much had a continuous debt since at least the Civil War.

    The US has only had a surplus once in its history during the Andrew Jackson's administration in the 1830s. The last time the budget was balanced was during the Clinton administration. But that misses the point. A little bit of debt is not only fine it is quite useful. But we've gone well beyond just a little debt and for no practical reason other than ideological infighting and selfishness.

    Prior to the Reagan administration debt as a percent of GDP had been falling steadily for decades. Since then the debt has only fallen as a percent of GDP under the Clinton administration and the total debt has skyrocketed to the highest levels since WWII despite no major war or other catastrophe. We have made a choice as a society that we want to have an expensive military and state run medical care for older people (Medicare) but we have been unwilling since 1980 to fully fund these programs nor have we been willing to cut them. Currently we borrow around $600B per year and ironically the US military budget is also around $600B per year. So we basically borrow the entire cost of our military every year and are showing no hint that we plan to pay that money back any time soon. That's idiotic and unnecessary.

    1. Re:Choices by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

      US debt fell each year from 1919 to 1930. Would you like to explain how that happened without a surplus?
      https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo3.htm
      Perhaps you mean the US had no net debt during Andrew Jackson's administration.

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  16. False ideas about borrowing by sjbe · · Score: 2

    We CAN borrow endlessly.

    No we cannot. Sooner or later the credit worthiness of the country will come into question and the cost of borrowing will rise beyond what is manageable. Eventually the interest payments swamp all other spending and the government no longer has money to function. Eventually inflation takes over and the economy goes into the shitter in a very bad way.

    Sovereign national debt is not like individual debt

    Nobody is claiming that it is. But that doesn't mean we can borrow endlessly and never pay any of it back. Debt isn't magically different just because a country is doing the borrowing. Countries routinely get themselves in dire financial straights when it becomes clear they cannot repay their debts or even the interest on their debts.

    We have been running deficits for nearly a century, with just a few blips.

    Prior to 1980 we were running MANAGEABLE deficits as a percent of GDP. That is fine - borrowing is actually very useful to a government and all major economies do it. After 1980 we have been dealing with this absurd fiction that lowering taxes will result in enough economic growth to cover the borrowing and then some despite there not being a spec of actual evidence of this working in the real world. Owing more money than your GDP is not a good or necessary situation to be in. Not even for the mighty USA.

    1. Re:False ideas about borrowing by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

      The reason lowering taxes is ineffective is that government spending is not being matched to taxation. Lowered taxes should result in more money available for hiring, but social programs make it more profitable for layabouts and welfare cheats to stay out of the taxable labor force. If lowered taxes were matched by lowered social sewer^H^H^H^H^H services expenses, more people would be working. More working means more production of goods and more wages, and (after a delay) a compensating quantity of taxes at the new lower rate.

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  17. Re: Opportunities arise occasionally. 40-year bond by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

    I don't know about these bonds, but sometimes the terms of the bond allow them to be paid off early. If tax situations become markedly different and inflation is low, forced early redemption might happen.

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  18. Re:Trump is keepling Obama's LGBTQ EO?!?!? by ChrisMaple · · Score: 1

    Roe v. Wade has already been partially overturned by Planned Parenthood v. Casey. In any case, the whole issue has been built on a rotten foundation, considering such issues as a "right to privacy" (it isn't obvious that you're pregnant?) and the interests of the state (The state has no right to butt into this most personal of issues, and no possible valid claim to potential future humans. )

    .

    Roe v. Wade needs to be thrown out in entirety and an almost the same result built on rational grounds.

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