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Nearby Ocean Worlds Could Be Best Bet For Life Beyond Earth, Says NASA (cnn.com)

NASA has new evidence that the most likely places to find life beyond Earth are Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus. In terms of potential habitability, Enceladus particularly has almost all of the key ingredients for life as we know it, researchers said. From a report: New observations of these active ocean worlds in our solar system have been captured by two NASA missions and were presented in two separate studies in an announcement at NASA HQ in Washington today. Using a mass spectrometer, the Cassini spacecraft detected an abundance of hydrogen molecules in water plumes rising from the "tiger stripe" fractures in Enceladus' icy surface. Saturn's sixth-largest moon is an ice-encased world with an ocean beneath. The researchers believe that the hydrogen originated from a hydrothermal reaction between the moon's ocean and its rocky core. If that is the case, the crucial chemical methane could be forming in the ocean as well.

59 comments

  1. Nearby? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What do they mean by 'nearby'?

    1. Re:Nearby? by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 1

      What do they mean by 'nearby'?

      Look-out, there's one peaking over your shoulder right now!

      They are referring to Icy moons that could have liquid water oceans under the Ice.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    2. Re:Nearby? by Luthair · · Score: 0

      There is an alien watching you pee.

    3. Re:Nearby? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What do they mean by 'nearby'?

      Look-out, there's one peaking over your shoulder right now!

      They are referring to Icy moons that could have liquid water oceans under the Ice.

      Oh, I get it. Enceladus is nearby now. OK.

    4. Re:Nearby? by Geoffrey.landis · · Score: 2

      What do they mean by 'nearby'?

      They mean, in our solar system rather than in a solar system a hundred light years away.

      --
      http://www.geoffreylandis.com
    5. Re:Nearby? by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 2

      What do they mean by 'nearby'?

      They mean in our star system, near enough that we've already sent space vehicles there, travel time measured in months instead of lifetimes, etc.

      --
      Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
    6. Re:Nearby? by ColdWetDog · · Score: 4, Funny

      light minutes instead of light years

      "Space,is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mindbogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist, but that's just peanuts to space. Listen..."

      --
      Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
    7. Re:Nearby? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why did-you put a hyphen-there? Do you know what a hyphen is-for? Never mind the "peaking"... Just what is it with the hyphen??

    8. Re:Nearby? by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 1

      Oh, I get it. Enceladus is nearby now. OK.

      Yes it is. It is only 1.2B km away. The closest star is 30,000 times further.

    9. Re: Nearby? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Some cosmologists use ' nearby' to mean galaxies within a billion LY or so.
      I usually mean within a 20 minute walk

    10. Re:Nearby? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      its closer than youranus.

      Don't get too close, it could be a black hole.

  2. Re: Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Finding alien life wouldn't even disprove God. You literally can't prove or disprove God because there is no testable hypothesis. Real scientists therefore don't waste any time even thinking about God.

  3. Beyond Earth? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    How about Life Beyond L.A.?

  4. Re:Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    How about at the beginning of your life?

  5. Or Death!!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Death to anyone who dare to disturb the Europan Water Devils with their venomous feed and their wet-sucking lips.

  6. Re:Life? by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

    I'll take my chances, thanks. To imagine that infinite and all-powerful being would give a shit whether I believed in it or not beggars belief.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  7. Re:Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You non-believers will regret not believing in Zeus. When you die and he shoves a lightning bolt up your dick you will not be able to deny Zeus.

  8. Vote Europa by Tablizer · · Score: 5, Informative

    Europa should be better hunting grounds than Enceladus because Europa has been similar to how it is now for probably most of its life. Enceladus's condition may merely be a coincidence in time: nobody really knows yet what heats Enceladus; its heat may be periodic or temporary.

    But we know that tidal forces with Jupiter and its other big moons are what heats Europa. Its big neighboring moons have been around probably since the formation of the Jupiter system.

    Europa's heat matches tidal models, meaning it probably had lots of time to evolve and nurture life. Saturn has only one big moon, Titan, and it's rather far from Enceladus, and thus not a notable tidal force.

    Plus, Europa is much bigger than Enceladus, giving life more chances to form.

    1. Re:Vote Europa by wonkey_monkey · · Score: 5, Funny

      Europa should be better hunting grounds than Enceladus

      Yeah, but we're not allowed to land there.

      --
      systemd is Roko's Basilisk.
    2. Re:Vote Europa by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah. There are sharks with bird beaks and stuff. 2scurry4u.

    3. Re:Vote Europa by spaceman375 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      It's not the proximity of another moon that produces tidal forces. Just going around Saturn is enough to produce the stresses that induce heat. We can't match the heat output in our models yet because we don't have enough data on the composition of Enceladus or the size of it's ocean(s). We can't even characterize how much heat comes from nuclear decay in our own core; we're just guessing about other planets and moons. Some of Europa's heat comes from the high radiation and strong magnetic fields in the Jupiter system, so the accuracy of your claim that it's heat matches only tidal stresses is doubtful.

      --
      On the one hand you take life too seriously, and on the other, you do not take playful existence seriously enough. Seth
    4. Re:Vote Europa by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Plus, the movie "Europa Report" was really awesome!

    5. Re:Vote Europa by c-A-d · · Score: 1

      Fortunately, all the other planets are available for our use.

      --
      some karma... and kinda lukewarm about it.
    6. Re:Vote Europa by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Life needs a decent energy source and genesis of complex molecules requires energy and randomness.

      1) No photosynthesis
      2) No ionizing radiation to kick start random events.
      3) Water under the surface, but how much? It's going to be real cold inside a moon like Europa.
      4) Low energy (cold) means low rate of chemical reaction activity.
      5) Life on Earth required a good chemical soup as we understand it.
      6) There are extremophiles in Antarctica, but they live in water 33 degrees F. But more than that, no one thinks life on Earth originated there. But more importantly, the Antarctic extremophiles are in water above freezing point.

      Would be interesting if there were life inside one of Jupiter's moons.

    7. Re:Vote Europa by GodfatherofSoul · · Score: 2

      I remember a long time ago reading that Europa had fallen out of favor as the best place to look because they thought the ocean was too salty (based on magnetic field?).

      --
      I swear to God...I swear to God! That is NOT how you treat your human!
    8. Re:Vote Europa by wonkey_monkey · · Score: 2

      All these worlds are yours except Europa. And Mimas between 5 and 6 on Wednesday afternoons. You can have Triton on alternate Sundays, but hands off Margaret.

      --
      systemd is Roko's Basilisk.
    9. Re:Vote Europa by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      All these worlds are yours, except Europa. Attempt no landing there.

  9. Re:Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    God is there, hell is a human creation because deep down we just can't love ourselves.

  10. There are those who believe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...that life here began out there, far across the Universe...with tribes of humans...who may have been the forefathers of the Egyptians...or the Toltecs...or the Mayans...that they may have been the architects of the Great Pyramids...or the lost civilizations of Lemuria...or Atlantis.

    But not white guys. White guys are descended from the albino mountain ape.

  11. Re:Life? by zlives · · Score: 1

    an "infinite and all-powerful being" can still be petty and vengeful...

    do not underestimate the power of the darkside.

    oh yeah I believe in the force too.

  12. Re:Life? by Farmer+Tim · · Score: 1

    My underpants are earthed foil. Faraday:1, Zeus: 0.

    --
    Blank until /. makes another boneheaded UI decision.
  13. Unrelated issue [Re: Life?] by Tablizer · · Score: 2

    Finding alien life wouldn't even disprove God.

    Indeed. I don't see any relationship between finding life on a moon and (traditional) deities. Scriptures say almost nothing concrete about outer space either way.

    You literally can't prove or disprove God because there is no testable hypothesis.

    I have to disagree. If a giant bearded guy showed up in all of Earth's telescopes and appeared to be at an infinite size at an infinite distance (no parallax detected with galaxy profiles visible in-between), and he turned Jupiter and Uranus plaid after promising to do so, that would be pretty good evidence of God, or at least "a god".

    One could argue it's merely advanced alien technology, but the boundary between "supernatural" and advanced tech is rather blurry. If the Universe is a computer simulation/emulation, for example, the server owner is "God" for all intent and purposes from our perspective, fitting the traditional idea of "God". "Supernatural" could be relative.

    "Are we an emulation?" is a valid scientific question and is potentially testable, or at least can potentially leave scientific clues.

    1. Re:Unrelated issue [Re: Life?] by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I have to disagree. If a giant bearded guy showed up in all of Earth's telescopes and appeared to be at an infinite size at an infinite distance (no parallax detected with galaxy profiles visible in-between), and he turned Jupiter and Uranus plaid after promising to do so, that would be pretty good evidence of God, or at least "a god".

      No, it would be pretty good evidence of an alien life with technology well beyond ours. It still wouldn't make it a god.

      One could argue it's merely advanced alien technology, but the boundary between "supernatural" and advanced tech is rather blurry.

      No, it isn't. I know idiots like to trot out the Arthur C. Clarke platitudes, but I would never see anything that would ever make the word "magic" or "supernatural" cross by mind. Sane people would say "I don't understand how that works, but it obviously does and I am going to try to figure out how." Insane (religious) people would say "It's magic! IT'S MAGIC! Believe in our supernatural sky daddy!".

      I don't care how much more evolved or technologically advanced another being is, it is not a god.

    2. Re:Unrelated issue [Re: Life?] by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      but it obviously does and I am going to try to figure out how." Insane (religious) people would say "It's magic! IT'S MAGIC! Believe in our supernatural sky daddy!".

      That's a description of observers, not of "God". One group is more curious than the other.

      Anyhow, this debate would probably get stuck in a never-ending exhibit of Laynes Law if continued.

    3. Re:Unrelated issue [Re: Life?] by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      If we find someone who can consistently do magic, you'd better believe that there would be a swarm of physicists quantifying everything. Heck, if I could do magic, I'd be measuring things myself, making small changes to incantations to see what happens, etc. It might not be good for my life expectancy, but I couldn't resist it.

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
    4. Re:Unrelated issue [Re: Life?] by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      Like "Dark Matter"

    5. Re:Unrelated issue [Re: Life?] by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      Dark matter answers several different questions about the cosmos, including reasons unrelated to why it was first hypothesized, so it's a pretty well-established theory (although without much of an explanation other than matter that doesn't interact electromagnetically). Don't know what relation you're thinking to workable magic, though.

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
  14. How to heat a moon [Re:Vote Europa] by Geoffrey.landis · · Score: 5, Interesting

    It's not the proximity of another moon that produces tidal forces. Just going around Saturn is enough to produce the stresses that induce heat.

    Only if the orbit is eccentric. If there aren't other moons, viscoeleastic damping circularizes the orbit until the tidal heating disappears-- it's the other moons that perturb Europa's orbit to make it slightly eccentric, giving it the tidal forces that heat it.

    --
    http://www.geoffreylandis.com
    1. Re:How to heat a moon [Re:Vote Europa] by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus

      "Its resonance with Dione excites its orbital eccentricity, which is damped by tidal forces, tidally heating its interior, and possibly driving the geological activity."

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus#South_polar_region

      "However, for Enceladus to still be active, part of the core must have also melted, forming magma chambers that would flex under the strain of Saturn's tides. Tidal heating, such as from the resonance with Dione or from libration, would then have sustained these hot spots in the core and would power the current geological activity.[32][60]"

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus#South_polar_plumes

      "The mechanism that drives and sustains the eruptions is thought to be tidal heating.[83] The intensity of the eruption of the south polar jets varies significantly as a function of the position of Enceladus in its orbit. The plumes are about four times brighter when Enceladus is at apoapsis (the point in its orbit most distant from Saturn) than when it is at periapsis.[84][85][86] This is consistent with geophysical calculations which predict the south polar fissures are under compression near periapsis, pushing them shut, and under tension near apoapsis, pulling them open.[87]"

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus#Possible_heat_sources

      "Geophysical models indicate that tidal heating is a main heat source, perhaps aided by radioactive decay and some heat-producing chemical reactions.[96][97]"

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus#Tidal_heating

      "Previous models suggest that resonant perturbations of Dione could provide the necessary periodic eccentricity changes to maintain the subsurface ocean of Enceladus, if the ocean contains a substantial amount of ammonia.[4] "

      But it is still mysterious:

      "A 2007 study predicted the internal heat of Enceladus, if generated by tidal forces, could be no greater than 1.1 gigawatts,[100] but data from Cassini's infrared spectrometer of the south polar terrain over 16 months, indicate that the internal heat generated power is about 4.7 gigawatts,[100] and suggest that it is in thermal equilibrium.[9][52][101]
      The observed power output of 4.7 gigawatts is challenging to explain from tidal heating alone, so the main source of heat remains a mystery.[4][96] Most scientists think the observed heat flux of Enceladus is not enough to maintain the subsurface ocean, and therefore any subsurface ocean must be a remnant of a period of higher eccentricity and tidal heating, or the heat is produced through another mechanism.[102][103]"

  15. Source by eaglesrule · · Score: 2

    TFA is a CNN story? Here is a better source.

    I love the idea of a mission to Europa or Enceladus. The best support for life existing there is right here on earth, on geothermal vents deep in the ocean. Life already exists in total darkness and feeds on hydrogen sulfide, under extreme pressure in water that's hotter than its boiling point on the surface.

    1. Re:Source by Gavagai80 · · Score: 1

      In fact, it's theorized that those hydrothermal vents may be where life first originated on Earth. One could argue that they are thus the most habitable place on Earth.

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      This space intentionally left blank
    2. Re:Source by eaglesrule · · Score: 1

      Maybe. An argument I'd use against geothermal vents being the origin of life on earth is that the environment in those conditions is too static and thus doesn't have the same evolutionary pressures. Its why the deeper you go in the ocean, the more living fossils you find.

      I'm not a biochemist, but I would be interested to know if there was a particular quality of the deep sea hydrothermal vents that would have been more favorable for the formation of life in comparison to the rest of the young planet.

    3. Re:Source by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 1

      If you're going to one, I wonder how much more difficult it is to go to both at the same time? A vessel that splits as it approaches sending similar payloads to both moons.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
  16. Re: Life? by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 3, Funny

    Finding alien life wouldn't even disprove God.

    Of course not. Several religions, including Mormonism, have an affirmative belief in extraterrestrial life. They would see any discovery as a confirmation of their faith, rather than a refutation.

    Among the people I know, the more religious people are the most likely to believe in alien abductions, etc. The discovery of some microbes on one of Saturn's moons is not going to cause them to question their beliefs.

    You literally can't prove or disprove God

    You can't prove that God doesn't exist, because you can't prove a negative. But you could "prove" (in the sense of overwhelming evidence) that God DOES exist. For instance, if we found some functional DNA in the human genome that spelled out "Copyright Jehovah, 4004 BC, All Rights Reserved", that would be enough to convince me.

  17. Re:Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This coming from a person who is already going to hell because you do not believe in god.

    You and I are both atheists, I just believe in one fewer gods than you do.
    When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why we dismiss yours.

  18. Narrowing parameters makes the search much easier by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 2

    Now that they know an ocean world is the best bet for finding life, they can limit their searches to those sorts of places - plus they can use an AI to do automated image matches against known pictures of Kevin Costner.

    --
    #DeleteChrome
  19. Dark Agitator [Re:Vote Europa] by Tablizer · · Score: 1

    Just going around Saturn is enough to produce the stresses that induce heat

    Because its orbit is not particularly eccentric, that's too small a force to account for most the heat under the current models.

    We have other moons and planets in the solar system to study heat and test our models on frictional tidal heating, internal nuclear decay, and mineral composition. Enceladus doesn't fit that data. Yes, it's possible there's something really different or odd about its composition, but nobody has identified such a configuration. It's still a puzzle.

    Most heat theories seem to revolve around close encounters with nearby smaller moons caused by unstable orbits, perhaps related to the walnut shape of Iapetus, suggesting debris stress or "slow" collisions. The same force may even refresh the rings of Saturn. Seems there's a Dark Agitator near Saturn (cue spooky space music).

  20. Re:Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If they're all-powerful, are they able to create a boulder too heavy for themselves to lift?

    If the answer is 'no', they obviously aren't all-powerful, since there's something they can't do (creating that boulder)

    If the answer is 'yes', they obviously aren't all-powerful, since there's something they can't do (lifting that boulder)

    It follows that the concept 'all-powerful' is impossible.

  21. Re: Life? by Gavagai80 · · Score: 2

    What it could do is make creationism require even more mental contortions. It's hard to explain why a god who creates each species separately fully-developed would create microbes for Europa or Enceladus.

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  22. Re:Life? by Gavagai80 · · Score: 1

    Being petty and vengeful toward your own creation generally only happens when you lose control of it. If you're fully in control of your creation and can change whatever you want, getting mad at it would have to be purely for fun... but if he's also omniscient, that instantly takes all the fun out of it.

    My theory is that God committed suicide as soon as he realized how tortuously pointless being an omni-being necessarily is.

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    This space intentionally left blank
  23. Re:Life? by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

    My theory is that the Judeao-Christian notion of a creator deity is completely self-contradictory, and while some of the Church's finest minds like St. Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas did an admirable job of creating a word salad to paper over the problems of omnipotence and omniscience on the one hand and free will on the other, at the end of the day it's just metaphysical mumbo jumbo.

    I'm of the "weak atheist" variety, in that I see no reason for Prime Mover, but don't preclude the possibility, providing someone can produce some evidence. But even if I were to accept that necessity, I can't imagine why I would believe that the Hebraic Yahweh, or his Jewish, Christian or Islamic variants, was the actual nature and identity of such an entity.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  24. DC Federal Budget Madness And Logical Flaw by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Earth has all the ingredients for an interstellar transportation system. However, in the time covering 4.8 Billion years one has not grown natively and humans will probably never figure out how to make one.

    Just DC Federal Budget madness season before the 23:59, 30 April Deadline, i.e. another continuing spending resolution will be pass to get us through to 30 September.

    Jajajajajajajajaj

  25. Re: Life? by ChristopherSkinner · · Score: 1

    "They will not be able to deny" .. they will be dust. Dust is not able to deny... So technically you are correct.. but a bit slow.

  26. Re: Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    the problem is that create&lift is not an atomic operation. even I can create some weight I cannot currently lift, then go to gym, exercise and after some time be able to do it. solved?

  27. Re: Life? by conquistadorst · · Score: 1

    What it could do is make creationism require even more mental contortions. It's hard to explain why a god who creates each species separately fully-developed would create microbes for Europa or Enceladus.

    Creationism is a house of cards held together by masking tape. Even the last few Catholic popes have been getting more stern about denouncing it. Honestly, if they want to so BADLY believe the universe was created in 7 days they should just say it was created in 7 days but made to look as if it was much older to trick us. We've all been duped, you see! At least it would solve their mental contortions problem.

  28. Re:Life? by zlives · · Score: 1

    lets suggest that instead of committing suicide, Entity allowed for freeish thought/action. and then disabled the preview button. then instead of re-enabling the preview button just decided to force by torture the commandments.

    kinda like the old sim city games where you can enable or disable cheats but the game is more fun for longer if you try to make things work without cheats.

    idk.

  29. Re: Life? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    "Copyright Jehovah, 4004 BC, All Rights Reserved"

    Well that would have the side benefit of solving the issue of patenting genes quite nicely.