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How the NSA Identified Satoshi Nakamoto (medium.com)

An anonymous reader shares a report: The 'creator' of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, is the world's most elusive billionaire. Very few people outside of the Department of Homeland Security know Satoshi's real name. In fact, DHS will not publicly confirm that even THEY know the billionaire's identity. Satoshi has taken great care to keep his identity secret employing the latest encryption and obfuscation methods in his communications. Despite these efforts (according to my source at the DHS) Satoshi Nakamoto gave investigators the only tool they needed to find him -- his own words. Using stylometry one is able to compare texts to determine authorship of a particular work. Throughout the years Satoshi wrote thousands of posts and emails and most of which are publicly available. According to my source, the NSA was able to the use the 'writer invariant' method of stylometry to compare Satoshi's 'known' writings with trillions of writing samples from people across the globe. By taking Satoshi's texts and finding the 50 most common words, the NSA was able to break down his text into 5,000 word chunks and analyse each to find the frequency of those 50 words. This would result in a unique 50-number identifier for each chunk. The NSA then placed each of these numbers into a 50-dimensional space and flatten them into a plane using principal components analysis. The result is a 'fingerprint' for anything written by Satoshi that could easily be compared to any other writing. The NSA then took bulk emails and texts collected from their mass surveillance efforts. First through PRISM and then through MUSCULAR, the NSA was able to place trillions of writings from more than a billion people in the same plane as Satoshi's writings to find his true identity. The effort took less than a month and resulted in positive match.

57 of 427 comments (clear)

  1. Officially Freaked Out by manlygeek · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I'd love to meet Satoshi Nakamoto. He/she/they must be brilliant. But if the NSA can positively identify them it is probable that no one is truly anonymous unless you simply don't ever post email, forum posts, or anything else online. I keep a low profile but it sounds like only cave dwellers and hermits can escape big brother!

    --
    Be More, Be Manly, The Manly Geek Ubergeek Extraordinaire Blogger: www.manlygeek.com/blog Podcaster: podcast.man
    1. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Nutria · · Score: 2

      It took them a month for the NSA to ferret out one person, and God knows how many man-hours of work in that time.

      Since the NSA doesn't share much with the FBI, I'm not too worried.

      --
      "I don't know, therefore Aliens" Wafflebox1
    2. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 2

      I'd love to meet Satoshi Nakamoto. He/she/they must be brilliant. But if the NSA can positively identify them it is probable that no one is truly anonymous unless you simply don't ever post email, forum posts, or anything else online. I keep a low profile but it sounds like only cave dwellers and hermits can escape big brother!

      For now it's too intensive a process for them to figure out everyone anonymous. 10 years from now it may only take them 5 minutes.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    3. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Develop a shifting writing style and you'll be ok.

      I wonder if you could do something like deliberately write in simple sentences; run everything through Google Translate to another language and then run that translation back to English.

      That should anonymise you a little.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    4. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Baloroth · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Or since you're the only person whose writing in barely or totally incomprehensible gibberish, make you super easy to identify. That's a problem with most anonymization methods: unless everyone else is using those same methods, you actually make yourself stand out.

      Relevant XKCD

      --
      "None can love freedom heartily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but license." --John Milton
    5. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 2

      Or since you're the only person whose writing in barely or totally incomprehensible gibberish, make you super easy to identify. That's a problem with most anonymization methods: unless everyone else is using those same methods, you actually make yourself stand out.

      Relevant XKCD

      I wouldn't go through all that trouble in my daily personal e-mail. Only in the anonymous stuff.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    6. Re:Officially Freaked Out by rwyoder · · Score: 2

      Or since you're the only person whose writing in barely or totally incomprehensible gibberish, make you super easy to identify.

      But also easy to confuse with POTUS.

    7. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Anubis+IV · · Score: 2

      There's a distinction here that you may have missed: the xkcd crooks never had anonymity, whereas the hypothetical Google Translate user does.

      The crooks gave up their anonymity the moment they registered for a license plate using their real identity. Having tied their real identity to their pseudonym, they pierced the veil of anonymity, meaning that, they weren't counting on anonymity to protect their identity. Rather, they were counting on the illegibility of their pseudonym to somehow make it unrecognizable, preventing its relationship to their real identity from being looked up. As you pointed out, those sorts of schemes rarely pan out.

      But in the case of the Google Translate user, they still have their anonymity. They never pierced the veil, so, unlike the crooks, they're still counting on the veil to protect them. In fact, this hypothetical person could make the pseudonym as distinct, recognizable, and identifiable as they please, so long as none of those traits in any way tie back to their real identity. In many cases, those traits may actually help to strengthen the veil by putting more distance between the pseudonym and the real identity.

      Where things may sour is if those steps end up also being a means for piercing the veil. For instance, the police may be able to subpoena Google Translate's records to procure information on the users asking to translate specific phrases. In that sort of situation, being the lone person translating things in that way can indeed get you into trouble, as you suggested.

      Even so, the notion to speak in a distinct form of gibberish isn't a bad one, provided you go about doing so in a way that doesn't open you up otherwise.

    8. Re:Officially Freaked Out by infolation · · Score: 4, Informative

      Sadia Afroz is the main public-sector researcher on this topic (stylometric machine learning).

      She gave a relevant introduction in 2013 stylometric analysis to track anonymous users in the underground and the corresponding video regarding darknet user tracking through stylometry.

      She commented a while ago "Please do not ask me to deanonymize Satoshi." and gave reasons.

    9. Re:Officially Freaked Out by n329619 · · Score: 2

      person whose writing in barely or totally incomprehensible gibberish, make you super easy to identify.

      Last time I gave my friend a full list of comments from here. My friend said, "it's from slashdot, isn't it?" I said, "how did you know?". My friend then said, "they are all incomprehensible gibberish that I don't understand".

      Maybe it's a slashdotter thing, but I'm proud of it.

    10. Re:Officially Freaked Out by piojo · · Score: 2

      In the process, they created a fingerprint of hundreds of thousands of other people for this search, so they now already have the database to compare new anonymous people to.

      Not quite. The fingerprint was based on Nakamoto's 50 most common words. You might say they created a fingerprint for every person in "Nakamoto space", but the fingerprint can't be reused to search for a person with a different set of common words. (It could, but the range would be too low--everybody would end up looking too similar.) I think you're right about them intending to reuse this technique in the future, though.

      --
      A cat can't teach a dog to bark.
    11. Re:Officially Freaked Out by Raenex · · Score: 2

      Actually, the major plot point was that the Unabomber's brother recognized his writing style and fingered him to the FBI. Without that, they probably never would have caught him.

  2. Sources for the article by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    According to the author - ME.

    Sounds truthy enough.

  3. Grammarly by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    It's beneficial that I exercise Grammarly. Straight away those concerned with distinguishing me, will undergo unhingement.

  4. According to my source at the DHS by linuxguy · · Score: 5, Insightful

    An anonymous reader shares a report... "according to my source at the DHS..."

    Well, I am not anonymous and my source at DHS says that these claims are BS. Who is more credible?

    In 2014 Newsweek was pretty damn sure they had the right Satoshi and dragged a poor soul through hell and back because of their "beliefs". Can we give this topic a rest, until we know for sure and for real? None of this anonymous reporter citing anonymous sources at DHS crap.

    1. Re:According to my source at the DHS by squiggleslash · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Seems improbable to me too for the simple reason that the most likely Nakamoto is actually a group of people, which would explain a number of well documented oddities such as frequent switching between British and American spelling, and other unusual aspects of Nakamoto's life. That makes me doubt the entire NSA thing.

      Part of me really wants to believe that one member of the group was really Craig Wright, partially because it'd upset a sizable amount of the Bitcoin community, and partially because he does fit the profile of what I'd suggest was the leadership of the group. I'm not going to make that bet though.

      (Of course the perfect answer would be if it were Wright, Finney, and... Dorian Nakamoto. That'd be glorious.)

      --
      You are not alone. This is not normal. None of this is normal.
    2. Re:According to my source at the DHS by Ultra64 · · Score: 2

      >Well, I am not anonymous

      Do you really think using the username 'linuxguy' is that different?

      Nobody knows who you are, you are as good as anonymous.

    3. Re:According to my source at the DHS by ancientt · · Score: 2

      I wonder if was created by a group of people working for the NSA. The kind of people who would be able to come up with something like bitcoin and successfully spread the idea overlap pretty heavily with the kind of people recruited by the three letter agencies. Its not hard to imagine a think tank deciding to come up with something that could be used for illegal activity in order to track that activity.

      --
      B) Eliminate all the stupid users. This is frowned upon by society.
  5. So He Could Sue... by Luthair · · Score: 4, Insightful

    the NSA, I recall lawsuits after the Snowden releases were kicked out of court because they couldn't show they had standing. Apparently Satoshi Nakamoto can show he has standing because the NSA has copies of his emails.

  6. Re:Great! by XXongo · · Score: 5, Funny

    So who was Shakespeare?

    Say, we could find that out, couldn't we!

    All we have to do is digitize the bulk emails and texts collected from the NSA's mass surveillance of everybody in 16th century England, and compare them to Shakespere's works! Easy.

  7. you will hate me but it'll be in your head all day by OutOnARock · · Score: 4, Funny

    ...will the real Satoshi please stand up
    please stand up
    please stand up

    ....ducks!......

  8. in other words.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    they used illegally-gathered data.

  9. Re:Does the NSA follow Milton-Bradley? by supremebob · · Score: 2, Insightful

    There aren't many people crazy enough to pay over $4,000 each for Monopoly dollars, though.

    Like it or not, any item (even Bitcoin) is worth what someone is willing to pay for it. Whether or not it will still be worth $4,000 a year from now it anyone's guess at this point. It could become the next Mastercard, or the various world governments might outlaw the currency and start prosecuting enough users to make it's value plummet.

    Personally, the lack of certainty either way is enough to make me stay away at this point.

  10. The right to be private.. by sqorbit · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Doesn't this person deserve the right not to have their identity known? They have not (as far I as I know) committed a crime or being investigated for a criminal act. I'm sure the motivation behind remaining anonymous is for his own safety and well being. If someone has not released their identity on purpose, and even more so gone to lengths to keep it private why is anyone trying to find out who he is. Sure there's an interest level there. There's quite possibly a lot to learn, but at what cost? I know most of these points are completely obvious and the answers are also unfortunately obvious, but it needs to be said anyway.

    --
    Sent from my TARDIS
  11. Re: Nice Warrent by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    *Do you enjoy terrorism?*

    This IS terrorism.

  12. Re:Nice Warrent by XXongo · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Now, lets hear from the liberals telling me I need to pay more taxes for crap like this. After all, I do like to use roads, police, and NSA spying on everything everyone writes ever.

    I'm not sure what the word "liberals" is doing here. In general, the liberals have been rather vocal in their dislike and distrust of the NSA, CIA, and other TLAs. The support for these has been mostly been voices on the right saying "we need more tools to keep America secure!"

    As for the "more taxes" quip, in general government spending goes up under Republican administrations, and is constant or even down under Democratic administrations. (It was the Bush administration, remember, that coined the phrase "deficits don't matter.")

  13. Dogecoin! by DontBeAMoran · · Score: 3, Funny

    Dogecoin to the moon! Dogecoin will be valued at over two dollars before the end of the year.

    --
    #DeleteFacebook
  14. Why? by tomthepom · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Is Satoshi Nakamoto suspected of a crime? Is he or she a threat to national security?
    The NSA has expended all this effort and violated Satoshi's and a billion other people's privacy for.... what? Shits and giggles?

  15. Re:BS by suutar · · Score: 2, Informative

    in a 50d space, "trillions" is still going to be fairly wide spread. assuming your axes all go from 0 to 1 and that's it, and you avoid fractions, you've still got 2^50 nodes, which is on the order of a quadrillion, or 1000 nodes per text block.

    Sure, there's likely to be clustering, but it's not quite as inevitable as you're assuming from just the number of data sets.

  16. This is ok by Headw1nd · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I'm sure there will be loads of posts here denouncing the NSA for this, because it is in fact creepy and invasive. However, this kind of thing is *exactly* what they should be doing. "Satoshi Nakamoto" is a figure who created a economy-changing product, and as a result holds assets that value in the billions. Their motivations, ideology, and state ties were unknown, though they maintained they were not an American. It's completely reasonable for government to find out who this person is, and determine if they were and ally, an enemy, or neither. Now that they know they can act accordingly.

  17. Re:Nice Warrent by fibonacci8 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    liberals = tax and spend conservatives = tax cut and spend see the difference?

    --
    Inheritance is the sincerest form of nepotism.
  18. Re:Why? by PPH · · Score: 5, Insightful

    violated Satoshi's and a billion other people's privacy

    They violated Satoshi's privacy just for the practice. They violated a billion other's privacy to build a baseline corpus to tune their search application.

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
  19. Re:The joke's on them... by DontBeAMoran · · Score: 2

    No he did not. As soon as someone tells you a wallet address you can see everything that's happening on it, you cannot troll/fake this.

    And what's with that transaction done on 2017-08-22? Is it stuck or something?

    --
    #DeleteFacebook
  20. So in other words... by PortHaven · · Score: 3, Insightful

    YES, the NSA is reading ALL our emails, recording ALL our phone calls. Damn the Constitution full autocracy ahead.

  21. Officially Pissed Off by TiggertheMad · · Score: 4, Interesting

    If this is true, it begs the question: why is the NSA looking for Satoshi? Where are the warrants to do this kind of search? This is a fairly involved process, even if the software was already written, collecting the entirety of Satoshi's writing for input is time consuming work.

    As a taxpayer, there be something pretty fuckin important they need to ask Satoshi personally to justify this waste of my tax money.

    --

    HA! I just wasted some of your bandwidth with a frivolous sig!
    1. Re:Officially Pissed Off by courteaudotbiz · · Score: 4, Insightful

      As a taxpayer, there be something pretty fuckin important they need to ask Satoshi personally to justify this waste of my tax money.

      You really think they have to justify what they do with your money? One of my fav quotes in that good old ID4 movie: " You don't actually think they spend $20,000 on a hammer, $30,000 on a toilet seat, do you?"

    2. Re:Officially Pissed Off by cheesybagel · · Score: 3

      There are people who already collected all his writings so that wouldn't exactly be hard to find.

      Why did they search for him? One possibility is they want to recruit him. Other than that it could be they simply want to track his activities given his known past record with distributed crypto. Or they want to find a way to subvert the protocol in case it comes to that.

    3. Re:Officially Pissed Off by cheesybagel · · Score: 2

      Or the last option, they basically did it because they can, period.

    4. Re:Officially Pissed Off by mysidia · · Score: 2

      Someone at IRS reached out to the DHS/FBI/NSA to figure out who's the owner of billions of dollars and not paying taxes on them

      There's no tax due on any BTC, unless he goes to transact with them.

    5. Re:Officially Pissed Off by larryjoe · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If this is true, it begs the question: why is the NSA looking for Satoshi? Where are the warrants to do this kind of search? This is a fairly involved process, even if the software was already written, collecting the entirety of Satoshi's writing for input is time consuming work.

      As a taxpayer, there be something pretty fuckin important they need to ask Satoshi personally to justify this waste of my tax money.

      Maybe finding Satoshi is as important as landing a man on the moon. The task at hand may not be that important, but developing the technology in the process yields capabilities that may prove to be significant for future tasks.

    6. Re:Officially Pissed Off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It's actually just another example of how Hollywood doesn't know a damned thing about the military.

      Here's just one example of how this "$20,000 hammer" story can happen. The hammer cost $10. But it is part of a large supply contract that employs hundreds of people and sells the government everything from staples to trucks. The overhead cost of the contract (all the people, the offices, the warehouses, the transportation, etc) is split evenly across each order made. Order 100 trucks? That's $10 million + $20,000 overhead. Order 1 hammer? That's $10 + $20,000 overhead.

      There's also the averaged cost method, where the cost of an entire program is just averaged over the items it produces.
      Then there's the "custom item" situation, where the hammer is actually made is rear materials to a custom spec that took 10 years of research to develop, plus only four of them were ever made...

      In other words, Hollywood (famous for it's own magical accounting practices) is stupid, and people that quote Hollywood are even dumber.

    7. Re:Officially Pissed Off by laddiebuck · · Score: 4, Informative

      I know it's out of fashion to read TFA, but you could have just scrolled right to the end:

      "But why? Why go to so much trouble to identify Satoshi? My source tells me that the Obama administration was concerned that Satoshi was an agent of Russia or China—that Bitcoin might be weaponized against us in the future. Knowing the source would help the administration understand their motives. As far as I can tell Satoshi hasn’t violated any laws and I have no idea if the NSA determined he was an agent of Russia or China or just a Japanese crypto hacker."

      Oh and also, this report is literally just a self-sourced blog post.

      "Sources: Many readers have asked that I provide third party citations to ‘prove’ the NSA identified Satoshi using stylometry. Unfortunately, I cannot as I haven’t read this anywhere else—hence the reason I wrote this post. I’m not trying to convince the reader of anything, instead my goal is to share the information I received and make the reader aware of the possibility that the NSA can easily determine the authorship of any email through the use of their various sources, methods, and resources."

    8. Re:Officially Pissed Off by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      why is the NSA looking for Satoshi?

      There has been a strong push over the last 6-12 months to bring Bitcoin into the global financial fold. Ben Bernake is due to speak in support of Bitcoin at an upcoming Blockchain conference soon. Let that sink in.

      Obviously, Banks and Governments desire to get this Bitcoin thing under control. This will not be done by outright bans, or technological restriction/hacks/attacks. It will be done in the same way the post War Elite have gotten everything else under control. Social Influence. Networking, fawning praise, meetings, love-bombing, deals, conferences, NYT articles, fancy diners, meeting famous people, interviews, all making sure everyone is "part of the team" and on the same page. Indirect monetary rewards, and of course cold shoulders and consequences for the Bitcoin community members who do not capitulate to induction programme.

      This will not work without Satoshi. If he calls out the co-option of Bitcoin, it's all over. The banks need him, otherwise they won't have the clout to get the bt community to alter the algorithms favorably. Best way to get him is to set the Media on him until he cracks or gives in. To do that, they have to find him: Enter the Surveillance state.

      It's still possible they don't have him and the article is a bluff, to pressure him to to the dinner table. Either way they want him, they need him, otherwise Bitcoin remains outside the financial fold, and the banks and their governments can't abide that.

  22. Re:Just like the Unabomber by slew · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Nothing new here folks, same method was used to nail Ted Kaczynski - of course it was much more difficult back then so a far greater accomplishment.

    Actually, I think David Kaczynski simply turned in his brother after reading his manifesto and recognizing his brother's writing style...

    If you want call that the same method, well, I guess you are entitled, but that probably implies that Satoshi's brother works for the NSA... If that were true, I think the NSA creating bitcoin would be a far greater accomplishment than nabbing Ted...

  23. Re: BS by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    When two men claim they are Jesus, at least one of them must be wrong.

    But when four AC's claim to be old queens, we gotta figure they are all correct.

  24. IRS by eric31415927 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I imagine the IRS wants his name and a good chunk of any cash it feels entitled to.

  25. Re: Does the NSA follow Milton-Bradley? by cunina · · Score: 2

    But Canadian money does have a real and considerable threat physical force behind it, unlike Bitcoin. If you don't think it does, try counterfeiting the Canadian dollar in any useful quantity and see what happens.

  26. ac by trb · · Score: 5, Funny

    I wonder how long it will take the NSA to unmask Slashdot's Anonymous Coward.

    1. Re:ac by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

      We had anecdote in Soviet Union about KGB. The conversation taking place in public phone booth in the middle of the night somewhere on side road having no single person around in vicenty.

      The guys is dialing number using coins a has following conversation:

      - Hello
      - Hello
      - Is this KGB
      - Yes
      - You work poorly!
      (Somebody pats on his shoulder behind)
      - We work as we can ...

  27. Re:Why bother ? by Archangel+Michael · · Score: 2

    Supply/Demand Problems with your analysis.

    If the supply of BitCoin in active circulation ever increased with the amount SN is supposed to have (guestimates) I would crash the market in no time flat.

    Then there is the problem of "I don't remember where I put them" or "I forgot my key" or "I lost the wallet" or ... any number of excuses he might have. And until he actually uses the BitCoins, they are unrealized gains and the government can't really touch them.

    --
    Agent K: A *person* is smart. People are dumb, stupid, panicky animals, and you know it.
  28. Re: Does the NSA follow Milton-Bradley? by Joce640k · · Score: 2

    Real money also doesn't use 170kW/h of electricity for every transaction.

    (current power usage of the Bitcoin network is 0.08% of the worlds production)

    https://digiconomist.net/bitco...

    --
    No sig today...
  29. Re:Why? by Bruce+Perens · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Is Satoshi Nakamoto suspected of a crime? Is he or she a threat to national security?

    One of the theories regarding Bitcoin is that it is an effort by a national actor to crash other nation's economies.

  30. Re: Does the NSA follow Milton-Bradley? by DontBeAMoran · · Score: 3, Funny

    I don't need to! I earn Canadian Tire money with every purchase I make on my MasterCard!

    --
    #DeleteFacebook
  31. Re:Even I know this by Pseudonym · · Score: 2

    I will never be found parently becaus3 of my brilliance disguises but also styling metering thinks I am smartphones autocarrot.

    --
    sub f{($f)=@_;print"$f(q{$f});";}f(q{sub f{($f)=@_;print"$f(q{$f});";}f});
  32. Re:Just like the Unabomber by al0ha · · Score: 2

    David's wife recognized the writing; only after an FBI profiler and a scientist in the budding field did all the grunt work and learned to tie all the bits of evidence together, letters, etc.; then decided to publish the manifesto. They knew who it was through the same techniques, they only needed a name.

    --
    Did you ever wake up in the morning, with a Zombie Woof behind your eyes? -- FZ
  33. Re:Why? by Gussington · · Score: 2

    Is Satoshi Nakamoto suspected of a crime? Is he or she a threat to national security? The NSA has expended all this effort and violated Satoshi's and a billion other people's privacy for.... what? Shits and giggles?

    For national security obviously. You might not agree, but information is power, and our security agencies are charged with maintaining position of power. Or do you think all decisions around national security should be held by popular vote instead?

  34. Think about it. by wkwilley2 · · Score: 2

    Satoshi is a serious threat to any large government since he/she/they single-handedly created the most popular and valuable de-centralized currency in the world.

    Currency in any form is one that any government wants exclusive control over.

    --
    Have you ever fallen asleep at the keybhanusdiog?