Slashdot Mirror
New Evidence Points To Icy Plate Tectonics On Europa (gizmodo.com)
According to new research published today in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Europa has what it takes to support plate tectonics. "Using computer models, a team lead by Brown University planetary scientist Brandon Johnson was able to demonstrate the physical feasibility of icy plates driving deep into the icy interior in a processes similar to what's seen on Earth," reports Gizmodo. "Excitingly, this same process could be delivering important minerals to the ocean below, heightening the moon's status a potentially habitable world." From the report: Europa has surface features reminiscent of Earth's mid-ocean ridges. For astronomers, this hinted at geological processes akin to subduction zones, where, on Earth, tectonic plates slide underneath another, sinking deep into the planet's interior. Several years ago, researchers Simon Kattenhorn and Louise Prockter posited this explanation when they noticed that a 20,000 square-kilometer (7,722 square-mile) chunk of ice had mysteriously disappeared from Europa's surface. Their explanation was that Europa's surface, like a gigantic jigsaw puzzle, is composed of tectonic plates, and that occasionally a plate of ice will sink beneath the other into warmer layers below. But this observational evidence of extension and spreading needed to be supported by geophysical reality. To that end, Johnson's team ran a computer simulation to see if it was possible for ice to sink in this way.
On our planet, subduction is primarily driven by differences in temperature between a descending slab and the surrounding mantle. Dense crustal material features a negative buoyancy that drives it down into the mantle. The Brown University scientists figured a similar thing happens on Europa, but with ice. In the case of Europa, the researchers surmised that the moon has two frozen layers -- an outer lid of very cold ice that sits above a layer of slightly warmer convecting ice. Their models showed that subduction is indeed possible in this alien environment, but only if the outer shell contains varying amounts of salt. This added ingredient provides the necessary density differences for a slab to conduct.
On our planet, subduction is primarily driven by differences in temperature between a descending slab and the surrounding mantle. Dense crustal material features a negative buoyancy that drives it down into the mantle. The Brown University scientists figured a similar thing happens on Europa, but with ice. In the case of Europa, the researchers surmised that the moon has two frozen layers -- an outer lid of very cold ice that sits above a layer of slightly warmer convecting ice. Their models showed that subduction is indeed possible in this alien environment, but only if the outer shell contains varying amounts of salt. This added ingredient provides the necessary density differences for a slab to conduct.
Where from? The amounts of rock minerals from space dust and organics from reactions on the surface are probably minute. I suspect any significant minerals come from the moons core which AFAIK is thought to be made of rock.
Anyway, we have no idea what conditions are required for life to start. There may well be a minimum energy requirement which europa doesn't even get close to. Also you need some kind of energy gradiant. In an ocean sealed off dozens or even hundreds of km below the surface I suspect that gradient is shallow in the extreme.
The first picture that came to my mind were some giant ice sheets covering Europe doing some strange kind of tectonics.
Btw. I'm German, in which both items are spelled "Europa", and it took a few seconds to remember the moon and that the continent would be spelled "Europe" in English.
Of course in terms of Greek mythology it all makes perfect sense ...
"By the way if anyone here is in advertising or marketing... kill yourself." -- Bill Hicks
I vote for Iapetus being called America.
- A mix of black and white on the surface, but due to its history, they're mostly separated.
- The distribution of its "assets" (mass) is far from equilibrium.
- A violent history
- A bulging waistline (with a belt)
- Elected a mentally-challenged racist as its president (I assume based on no evidence)
I always anticipated this. Tidal forces affect liquids far more than rock or hot pressurized rock (mantle). I mean IO doesn't have anywhere near the amount of water that Europa does and it's being torn and scewed by these immense forces.
I don't see how this makes it more habitable however as large glacial tectonic forces, while similar is appearance to regulr tectonics don't seem to make life any easier on the surface. If anything it makes it more difficult to establish any kind of surface base given how quickly the ice can shift compared to normal mantle based tectonics.
I don't read AC
Unfortunately, the math says otherwise.
The Earth - the one example of intelligent life in the Milky Way known to humanity - is ~4.5 billion years old, and it's taken ~4 billion years of that time to have us evolve on it to the point we can post about it on Slashdot. We don't know, however, if that's an unusually long time, or an unusually short time.
Hopefully it's long or average, because our star is near the end of it's current Earth-supporting phase. If you assume you need a Sun-like star (smaller gets you a longer-lasting star, but the habitable zone gets closer to requiring planets to be tidally locked, and stellar temperament becomes a problem, too), then you pretty much want to know people can pop up on an orbiting rock in less than 4 billion years.
Anyway, at speeds we can reach with our technology, it would take around 5 million years to cross the galaxy. 5 million years is peanuts compared to the 4 billion years life has been on Earth so far. Now consider there are probably ~10 billion potentially habitable worlds in the Milky Way based on our current models.
Only ONE of those 10 billion worlds has to have intelligent life begin to colonize the galaxy a mere 5 million years before we started talking about it to arrive by tea time tomorrow.
And the Sun wasn't the first star of its class to be born. There's at least one similar star we know of that's over 11 billion years old, which potentially means there's an extra 7 billion years of leeway for aliens to set up shop everywhere. Well, not everywhere - obviously if they were zipping around the Milky Way more than 4 billion years ago, Earth would just have been a hot damp rock. On the other hand, you'd expect that with the extra lead time, they'd be around pretty much every star in the sky and we'd have seen SOMETHING by now.