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UK 'Faces Build-up of Plastic Waste' (bbc.com)

The UK's recycling industry says it doesn't know how to cope with a Chinese ban on imports of plastic waste. From a report: Britain has been shipping up to 500,000 tonnes of plastic for recycling in China every year, but now the trade has been stopped. At the moment the UK cannot deal with much of that waste, says the UK Recycling Association. Its chief executive, Simon Ellin, told the BBC he had no idea how the problem would be solved in the short term. "It's a huge blow for us... a game-changer for our industry," he said. "We've relied on China so long for our waste... 55% of paper, 25% plus of plastics. "We simply don't have the markets in the UK. It's going to mean big changes in our industry." China has introduced the ban from this month on "foreign garbage" as part of a move to upgrade its industries.

55 of 308 comments (clear)

  1. Not surprising, really. by Mal-2 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    China now produces plenty of waste of their own, and they are struggling to handle their own volume of garbage. It's no surprise they would stop accepting anyone else's.

    There's always Africa, right?

    --
    How is the Riemann zeta function like Trump rallies? Both have an endless number of trivial zeros.
    1. Re:Not surprising, really. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Time for plastic roadways! There's already a pilot project in the UK.

    2. Re:Not surprising, really. by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 5, Insightful

      China now produces plenty of waste of their own, and they are struggling to handle their own volume of garbage.

      The only labor intensive part is the separating. I spent 4 months in China last year (2017), and the garbage sorting requirements are strict, with fines for failure to comply. It seemed like everyone was sorting properly, at least where I was living (Shanghai/Pudong).

      There's always Africa, right?

      Cheap labor is only part of the problem. You also need the industrial infrastructure to process and use the recycled plastic. A big advantage in China, is that the production of plastic is very close to the demand for it.

      It would have been nice if China had phased out their recycling more slowly, to give the rest of the world time to adapt.

      The real solution is not recycling, but reduction in the use of so much plastic crap in the first place. Many things I buy have more packaging than product.

    3. Re:Not surprising, really. by CrimsonAvenger · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It would have been nice if China had phased out their recycling more slowly, to give the rest of the world time to adapt.

      Why? This way they can expect some concessions in exchange for phasing it out. If they'd just announced that they were going to phase things out over two years, the UK would have had time to adapt, and no real need to make nice with China in trade talks or whatever....

      --

      "I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
    4. Re:Not surprising, really. by Slashdot+Junky · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The western world has had plenty of time to adapt. The problem is our allowing money to dictate policy and price. We have been able ship our waste on to other people and their territories all along and keep consuming without paying the true price of said consumption. With virgin sources of plastic and other first-use resources being cheaper, we have not yet been forced by "free markets" to adapt. Landfills will be our only exploitable "natural resources" one day. Re-use, recycling, and reduction will be the only practical option for all but the wealthy in time if we're still here.

      --
      .
      Landfill Mining Co.
      Managing the (Un)natural Resources of Tomorrow
    5. Re:Not surprising, really. by hazardPPP · · Score: 5, Interesting

      The real solution is not recycling, but reduction in the use of so much plastic crap in the first place. Many things I buy have more packaging than product.

      This. Exactly this.

      People assume plastic is easily recyclable, because collecting e.g. plastic bottles for recycling is so ubiquitous. However, of the four "recyclables" we all think of when we think of our garbage (metal, paper, glass, plastic), plastic is the least recyclable. For example, the most common type of plastic bottles - PET bottles - hardly ever get recycled into new plastic bottles. They get turned into other, usually lower-grade products. So while we are reusing the PET material, we are not really "recycling" the PET bottles. We can truly recycle paper - make old paper into paper - as well as glass bottles - make new ones out of old ones - and aluminium cans - ditto. While we can make a glass bottle over and over again from the same pieces of glass, we cannot do this with plastic bottles - so most plastic bottles are made out of "virgin" plastic.

      Furthermore, you can't just throw different types of plastics together, melt 'em, and get something usable (like you can with many metals), because such plastic mixtures are structurally weak (due to the phase separation of the different plastics). This means that proper sorting is key to recycling plastic. Furthermore, this means that some "exotic" plastic compounds made for a particular application (i.e. those not super-common like PET or PE) will end up in the landfill (or floating in the ocean) despite someone conscientiously throwing it initially in the recycling bin. Plastic has low value and plastics that are not produced in extremely high quantities are not lucrative for recycling.

      We need to be aggressive about reducing the amount of plastic packaging used: we should go as far as banning it. A lot of plastic packaging is just simply unnecessary, a lot of other plastic packaging can be replaced with paper, metal, or glass packaging. In my book the worst offender is the transparent "product-shaped" type of packaging that allows you to see the product (but is actually totally useless, since you can't open it without destroying the package...so what's the point?). Most of those products can be placed inside a cardboard box. That can be opened and closed...the vendor can have one product on display (like is usually the case anyway), the rest can be in non-transparent cardboard boxes. This type of packaging needs to be banned everywhere, ASAP.

    6. Re:Not surprising, really. by Slashdot+Junky · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Why would anyone recycle if there was no value in it?

      Selfish people don't get the value in reducing, reuse, and recycling, because this requires an long-term view. It requires consideration for others that are here today and that are to come. A side from this, those of us lucky enough to have real choice can choose to do something that is best for society even when it isn't best for us, especially in the moment. We can choose to do something that is good for the planet and the other creatures and plants with which we share it. Now, we can, instead, still be selfish assholes and live differently to do our part to make the planet a better place now and in the future for just those that we care about, our families and friends' families. We can be even more selfish by doing what we can now to protect the world we'll be living in as we age. It will just be better for society and the planet for us to do more by not being so selfish. I have little faith in mankind despite our potential to be better. Actually, I see little potential as I believe humans' selfishness is too deeply ingrained.

      --
      .
      Landfill Mining Co.
      Managing the (Un)natural Resources of Tomorrow
    7. Re:Not surprising, really. by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 2

      Time for plastic roadways! There's already a pilot project in the UK.

      Here in Arizona we have rubber freeways. No more ugly, flammable piles of old tires.

    8. Re:Not surprising, really. by nwf · · Score: 4, Interesting

      It's much easier, cheaper and probably better for the environment to grind plastic and burn it. It can be done cleanly at scale. Plus, people who use plastic typically need electricity. Shipping it half-way around the world to pay people to manually sort icky garbage is not a long-term solution.

      We burn plastic here in Eastern Pennsylvania because it's basically worthless, but I'm not sure why they don't just open it up to all types of plastic instead of just HDPE and PET.

      There's no good way to recycle rechargeable batteries, small amount of copper and other metals, either.

      --
      I don't know, but it works for me.
    9. Re:Not surprising, really. by William+Baric · · Score: 5, Insightful

      When I was born, there was 3.5 billion people on this planet. Now there is about 7.5 billion people. Because of technological progress, we could all live a great life. Unfortunately, "selfish" people decided to have children.

      Because I decided to never have children, even if I'd drive a hummer and never cared about recycling, I would still be less "selfish" than people who chose to have children.

    10. Re:Not surprising, really. by CanadianMacFan · · Score: 2

      China has stopped taking the West's "recycling" because it was too contaminated for them to use and it went to their garbage stream. It wasn't just one day China said that they weren't going to take the plastics. It's been a long time of them having to say that the stuff being sent over wasn't being prepared properly. If we in the West would separate it properly then China would gladly take it. But to make the programs work we have to tell people to throw it all into one box and then invent mechanical separators because there's a limit to the number of people you can have doing the job manually. (The cost has to be kept down so that's one limit but also not many people want to spend the picking through recycling.)

    11. Re:Not surprising, really. by sa1lnr · · Score: 3, Funny

      Indeed, I curse the selfish people that chose to have you.

    12. Re:Not surprising, really. by drinkypoo · · Score: 5, Informative

      We burn plastic here in Eastern Pennsylvania because it's basically worthless, but I'm not sure why they don't just open it up to all types of plastic instead of just HDPE and PET.

      Probably because those are easiest for the scrubbers to handle. PVC for example releases dioxin when burned. At high enough temperatures it's destroyed, but those temps are very high and they are difficult to guarantee throughout a combustion chamber at atmospheric pressure.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
  2. I know how to fix this by DontBeAMoran · · Score: 5, Insightful

    How about building recycling plants in your own country? Or is that too much to ask?

    --
    #DeleteFacebook
    1. Re:I know how to fix this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You're forgetting this is the UK we're talking about.
      We've forgotten how to do things for ourselves here, we're now just a nation of outsourcing and reselling other peoples crap. Oh and red tape, lots and lots of red tape.
        In fact, so much red tape that even if we wanted a new plastics recycling facility to replace outsourcing it to China, it would take several years for the bureaucrats just to come an agreement on a name for it.

    2. Re: I know how to fix this by Monster_user · · Score: 2

      I agree with the AC, the cost of recycling in a first world country is almost prohibitively expensive.

      China's wages have been among the lowest, and as a result were very cost effective. I believe they were also the least regulated.

      The U.K has a limited amount of land for building these projects, and it is likely that citizens or allied nations will be downwind and/or downstream of the facility, requiring expensive procedures to minimize the spread of toxic chemicals. Additionally, labor to work at these facilities will be significantly higher, possibly more than the national average if the risk of exposure is high enough. This means lower production levels at a higher cost.

    3. Re:I know how to fix this by Rei · · Score: 2

      Labour costs are too high for manual sorting like is widely used in China. As always, it'll need to be tech to the rescue. For example, modern plants can use processes like cryofreezing to make even foams brittle, crushing/grinding waste it into granules, separating by density, and optical sorting (spectral analysis) to assess colour, transparency, composition and quality.

      --
      The chloride owes the sodium money.
    4. Re:I know how to fix this by Hognoxious · · Score: 2

      At least we won't have to ask permission from the barmy Brussels bureaucrats, thanks to that nice Mr. Farage.

      He's always so well turned-out, isn't he?

      --
      Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
    5. Re:I know how to fix this by Hognoxious · · Score: 2

      As others have already pointed out, ships are going back empty anyway.

      --
      Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
    6. Re:I know how to fix this by arth1 · · Score: 4, Funny

      That's utopia. More realistic: Ship it to Wales.

    7. Re:I know how to fix this by PPH · · Score: 3

      We were planning on paying a bunch of people UBI anyway. So they can just report to a sorting center for their work assignments.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
    8. Re: I know how to fix this by Nutria · · Score: 3, Interesting

      How much of the problem is wages, and how much is regulation (environmental impact studies, multitude of lawsuit by NIMBY "greens", how to store it, wash it, what to do with waste water, etc, etc)?

      --
      "I don't know, therefore Aliens" Wafflebox1
    9. Re: I know how to fix this by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I agree with the AC, the cost of recycling in a first world country is almost prohibitively expensive.

      The real problem is likely that the way we live our first-world lives is unsustainable, given we haven't been solving the waste problem so much as displacing it off to some third-world foreigners.

      That doesn't necessarily mean our quality of life has to drop... but at a minimum we probably need to rethink how product packaging is handled, instead of "okay, now how do we get rid of all this excess plastic and paper"?

      --
      #DeleteChrome
    10. Re:I know how to fix this by nospam007 · · Score: 4, Funny

      "Oh and red tape, lots and lots of red tape.
          In fact, so much red tape that even if we wanted a new plastics recycling facility to replace outsourcing it to China, it would take several years for the bureaucrats just to come an agreement on a name for it."

      Not to mention that the red tape would end up as plastic waste as well.

    11. Re:I know how to fix this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2

      This isn't the first time that China has pulled a "bait and switch". First they underbid all competition, which is easy with an abundant cheap workforce and lenient environmental protection. You can't run a recycling plant without customers. Eventually the last recyclers in the west shut down, because all the recyclable trash and a lot that isn't recyclable goes to China. When the world relies on China, they crash the system by changing the rules. Remember the rare earths fiasco? Same thing. Rare earths don't exist just in China, but when China underbids all other mines (cheap workforce, lax environmental protection), eventually they become the only supplier of rare earths. Then they limit exports. Sudden changes like this disrupt a globalized economy. It's like suddenly shutting a valve on a massive pipe: You get water hammer.

    12. Re:I know how to fix this by kenh · · Score: 2

      They could teach a few hard-working, incredibly smart middle eastern refugees to run the recycling plant - they happen to have a few hundred thousand sitting around doing nothing.

      --
      Ken
    13. Re:I know how to fix this by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 2

      Drax, Yorkshire. It used to be a coal-buring hellmouth, and Greens were mighty proud when they converted the massive plant to wood pellets. Unfortunately, all the trees in Yorkshire were burned for firewoood centuries ago, so the fuel comes from pulpwood trees in the American South, brought in by a fleet of diesel-belching bulk cargo ships. Yessiree, the Greens are totally proud of this accomplishment.

    14. Re:I know how to fix this by sa1lnr · · Score: 2

      I'm sure brexiteers will be more than happy to have waste recycling plants built near their homes.

    15. Re:I know how to fix this by calexontheroad66 · · Score: 2

      The UK has delayed getting new infrastructure for years, recycling isn't the only thing the authorities dragged their feet.
      This is a very common occurrence and it is probably getting worse as money is being directed to subsidize rentiers instead of public investment.

      Now, you can recyble pastics in many ways the problem is the low density and high volume that helps in transport costs for products but is a killer for collection of waste and recycling.
      PVC, and composite packaging don't help either, this increases the cost of recycling and the issues with disposal through incineration.
      The thing is that we have been focusing in these two main recycling options:
      - Clear plastic stream recycling, where only one plastic type is sorted and processed.
      - Comingled plastics, the german way, that mixes everything but really has very limited usages.

      We haven't seen much being done on pyrolisis and catalythic reconversion of plastic wastes, both of these would turn plastics into feedstock material.
      Of course investment would be greater, specially cause it means dealing with all types of contaminants, and it would be similar to refining oil.
      I think pyrolisis would be a good option, though I don't know how PVC and Silicone could be handled. Since one would generate organic clorine compounds that would useless and toxic, and the other will leave silicon residue at best.

  3. I know this isn't politically correct by Trailer+Trash · · Score: 4, Interesting

    But plastic waste should be burned for energy. It's made of oil, and most plastics aren't really recycled. They're used to make other things, but there's no net savings of any kind. Burning them would solve the waste problem and extract useful energy.

    1. Re: I know this isn't politically correct by PPH · · Score: 2

      Nope. The combustion products stink of patchouli.

      --
      Have gnu, will travel.
    2. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      I assume you don't know that plastic is more valuable than steel. Still want to burn it?

    3. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Huh? Yes there is. It is economically cheaper to recycle aluminum than it is to process from ore.

      (Its ore is the oxide, the usual way to reduce it to metal involves a lot of electricity. It's do-able, sure, but cheaper to just melt already metallic aluminum.)

      THAT's why it's done so much--there's a clear profit motive!

    4. Re: I know this isn't politically correct by dj245 · · Score: 2

      Recycling aluminum is much less energy intensive compared to smelting ore. Recycling is cheaper. Yes, there is plenty of ore, and aluminum is not hazardous so can be landfilled without issue. But that is not the entire picture.

      --
      Even those who arrange and design shrubberies are under considerable economic stress at this period in history.
    5. Re: I know this isn't politically correct by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 5, Informative

      If you don't get it hot enough, it produces large amounts of Doixins which are not nice at all.

      Burning PVC can produce dioxin.

      Burning polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene produces CO2 and water.

      Sort out the vinyl, and almost everything else will burn clean.

      You can burn the vinyl too if you keep the temperature high, and/or mix in some powdered limestone to suck the chlorine out of the flue gas. If you are mixing the plastic with coal, then you will need the limestone anyway to scrub out the sulfates.

    6. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by Trailer+Trash · · Score: 3, Informative

      Add to that: there's almost no point in recycling aluminum. It's extremely plentiful on earth and landfills aren't actually a problem

      Piling on because it's important - aluminum absolutely should be recycled. Turning bauxite (oxidized aluminum) into metal is far more expensive than simply melting and reforming aluminum. Same with steel and glass.

      Plastic is very different. It can't be melted back to a liquid, so reuse of the raw material is limited.

      Cardboard is another good candidate for recycling, and even paper. Anything that can be recycled should be recycled. Plastic? Burn it.

    7. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by aaarrrgggh · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The first solution is to tax plastic packaging to make it significantly less attractive to use it for single-use applications. Once you artificially inflate that cost to reduce volume, you can likely burn a good part of it for energy, or subsidize recycling costs.

      The likes of Amazon need to be doing more to encourage sustainable packaging... which helps them lower their cost; it is asinine to ship shoplift-resistant packaging to the end user.

    8. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by careysub · · Score: 5, Informative

      The first solution is to tax plastic packaging to make it significantly less attractive to use it for single-use applications. Once you artificially inflate that cost to reduce volume, you can likely burn a good part of it for energy, or subsidize recycling costs.

      Right now we are artificially reducing costs by not including the externality of waste disposal (often just of the packaging itself) in the cost of the product. In some areas waste disposal costs are being added to products (engine oil, tires, auto batteries, electronics) already. If these costs are imposed based on the packaging used, more intelligent packaging choices are likely to be made.

      --
      Starships were meant to fly, Hands up and touch the sky - Nicky Minaj
    9. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by Maxo-Texas · · Score: 2

      I don't think of it as artificially inflating the cost. It's clear that the plastic industry and plastic consumers have externalized their costs on to everyone else.

      --
      She was like chocolate when she drank... semi-sweet at first and then increasingly bitter.
    10. Re:I know this isn't politically correct by russotto · · Score: 3, Informative

      I read that fish in the oceans are eating plastics. They must want it, so why not just feed the plastics to the fish?

      Study retracted.

  4. Re:How ecologically sound! by MightyYar · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The ships go back to China anyway, so sending them back full of plastic waste instead of empty still makes sense from an environmental perspective. If trade weren't so imbalanced, your comment would be spot-on.

    --
    W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
  5. Re:How ecologically sound! by HornWumpus · · Score: 2

    They'd stop be 'developing' and go back to being 'dirt poor'?

    --
    John McAfee 'It was like that time I hired that Bangkok prostitute; to do my taxes, while I fucked my accountant'
  6. mother of invention by bugs2squash · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Put some money up for a national challenge to come up with a way to do something useful with the waste and start importing and processing it from Europe. Doesn't the UK already do this with Nuclear waste ?

    --
    Nullius in verba
  7. They made the case for not shipping to China by Trax3001BBS · · Score: 2

    The graph linked shows only China mismanaged over 5 Million tonnes of plastic waste.
    http://www.bbc.com/news/scienc...

  8. Not unique to the UK by HalAtWork · · Score: 2

    It's a problem in every developed part of the world, as is proper disposal of e-waste. We simply can't keep this up.

    I am buying as little as possible of both. Choosing foods that have as little packaging as possible, bringing my own container to the butcher, baker, resisting upgrading or buying gadgets as much as possible and finding people who can actually use my old stuff.

  9. Trojan Rabbit by Templer421 · · Score: 4, Funny

    If that doesn't work perhaps a large plastic Badger?

  10. Re:How ecologically sound! by serviscope_minor · · Score: 4, Funny

    So use tons of oil to ship plastic -

    If something's going by ship, that part is likely by far the most efficient. I calculated it once: shipping white goods from China to the UK by boat takes less oil per item than moving the item from the shop to your house by lorry.

    The large cargo ships are incredibly efficient.

    --
    SJW n. One who posts facts.
  11. Re:How ecologically sound! by kenh · · Score: 2

    Isn't there a higher-value cargo the UK/EU could send to China on these ships instead of waste plastic and e-waste?

    --
    Ken
  12. Astonishing! by hyades1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    So oil companies, which are subsidized to the tune of billions of dollars per year, use their unfair market advantage to transport plastic (also made from oil) to Third World countries like China, where it is disposed of in ways that are at best questionable, at worst environmentally disastrous. In so doing, they sell more plastic and more transportation-related oil and gasoline. This is called "recycling", and corporate-owned First World governments allow the situation to continue unchallenged.

    People pointing out that transporting plastic to Third World countries is economically viable mainly due to these subsidies are dismissed as "tree-huggers", "eco-warriors" and "Global Warming alarmists".

    Petro-chemical companies have been externalizing the cost of manufacturing, distributing and disposing of plastic for decades. They have also been lobbying with great success against even small subsidies for renewable energy generation. And thanks to sophisticated marketing campaigns similar to those that kept the debate about tobacco's health effects going for decades longer than necessary, uninformed and willfully-ignorant voters continue to allow them to get away with this.

    Ironically, it is one of those Third World countries, one with a frighteningly authoritarian government, that appears to be throwing a monkey wrench into the petro-chemical industry's smoothly-operating, oil-consuming pollution machine.

    I wish I thought this was good news, rather than just an indication that the existing system will simply start looking for different markets for First World garbage.

    --
    I've calculated my velocity with such exquisite precision that I have no idea where I am.
    1. Re:Astonishing! by jblues · · Score: 2

      I've been spending new year in a poor area of a developing country - the Philippines - visiting family. Although it is illegal for super-markets to use plastic bags. The hawker stores here sell everything in little plastic sachets. Eg if someone wants to wash their hair, they buy a sachet of shampoo, then three days later come back for another one. Ditto for toothpaste, cups of noodles. Actually just about everything.

      When there's no trash collection service, the rate of pile-up is alarming. Horrible wrappers everywhere. They're usually swept up and burned, which damn well stinks and certainly isn't healthy.

      I was just day-dreaming about a way to incentivise hawkers to buy in bulk and use bio-degradable wrapping. While googling around I found out why the Manila Folder was called as such - originally they were made from Manila Hemp, a type of fiber obtained from Musa Textalis, which is related to edible bananas. In the meantime the humble banana leaf makes an excellent wrapper.

      --
      If it acquires resources on instantiation like a duck, then its a shared_ptr<Duck>
    2. Re:Astonishing! by jblues · · Score: 2

      Glad you found it interesting. Hey, there's evidence that Australia was a hemp colony (the sativa kind) too.

      --
      If it acquires resources on instantiation like a duck, then its a shared_ptr<Duck>
  13. Stupid packaging by Bert64 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The problem is caused by the ridiculous packaging that most items come in...
    More than 90% of my weekly trash is made up of plastic packaging, usually the packaging is much larger than the item it contained and is designed to look pretty on the shelf.

    Packaging should be more sensible... Plain cardboard that can biodegrade or be easily recycled, glass bottles that can be cleaned and reused (not melted down and recycled as that's a hugely energy intensive process).

    --
    http://spamdecoy.net - free throwaway anonymous email - avoid spam!
  14. Re: How ecologically sound! by serviscope_minor · · Score: 2

    Does that factor in the footprint of making a floating steel cathedral?

    No, I computed marginal costs only for the two journeys. I didn't factor in the cost of creating a legion of road vehicles either.

    The mistake most people make is looking at those ships and thinking they're MASSIVE, then extrapolating that. Thing is while they're massive they represent a large concentrated cost, they do a vast amount, so the result is actually efficient in terms of footprint per thing shipped.

    --
    SJW n. One who posts facts.
  15. If only... by uohcicds · · Score: 2

    ...there were some supra-national bloc of countries that could pool their resources and have a joint approach to this, that the UK could be a part of and...

    DOH.

    --
    It's not you: I'm just this horrifically socially awkward with everybody.
  16. Re:How ecologically sound! by MightyYar · · Score: 2

    stop using other countries as their own cheap dumping ground

    I think the argument is that plastic is a petroleum resource, and China as a global manufacturing base has a lot more capacity to use recycled plastics than GB. If you are going to make the effort to recycle, then it is only logical to return the recycled material to the manufacturing center.

    As to the moral question, remember which country it is that is using so much disposable plastic in their manufactured goods. No one holds the high ground - there is demand and there is supply.

    --
    W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.