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Britain's Plan To Build a 2,000 Foot Aircraft Carrier Almost Entirely From Ice (bbc.com)

dryriver writes from a report via the BBC: In World War 2, Britain was losing the Battle of the Atlantic, with German U-boats sinking ship after ship. Enter Project Habakkuk, the incredible plan to build an aircraft carrier from ice. The British government wanted a better way of battling German U-boats and needed an aircraft carrier invulnerable to torpedoes and bombs. Inventor Geoffrey Pyke came up with the idea of using solid blocks of ice, strengthened with sawdust, creating the material Pykrete, to build a ship big enough for bombers to land on. Winston Churchill became interested in the plan after Pyke pitched it to him. The proposed ship was to be 610 meters (2,013 feet) long and weigh 1.8 Million tons, considerably larger and heavier than today's biggest ships. It would have hull armor 12 meters (40 feet) thick. Work on building a proof-of-concept prototype started at Patricia Lake, Canada. But when it became clear that the finished aircraft carrier would take until 1945 to build, and cost 10 million pounds, the British government cancelled the project in 1943, and the prototype in Canada was scuppered.

78 comments

  1. Thus Nunavut by wolfheart111 · · Score: 0

    Was created. :P

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    [($)]
  2. Read that wrong by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Thought is said Britain Plans To Build, and I was wondering what they were thinking.

    1. Re:Read that wrong by michelcolman · · Score: 2

      They were planning to call it "Icy mcIceface"...

    2. Re:Read that wrong by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      overall, its seems to be pretty cool... a good place to chill and make the bad guys freeze...

  3. Very relevant news by jfdavis668 · · Score: 1

    People need to watch the History channel more often.

    1. Re:Very relevant news by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      The slashdot "editors" need to read their own site a bit more. I've seen this one thing mentioned here at least thrice before.

      Maybe the world has run out of new things to try, eh.

    2. Re:Very relevant news by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah - ICE! That's one thing the world WILL run out off...

    3. Re:Very relevant news by Rei · · Score: 4, Funny

      People need to watch the History channel more often.

      Yeah! Where else can we all go to learn that aliens built the pyramids, Bigfoot has been captured, and Hitler didn't die in World War II?

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      Is your job to sit under bridges and jump out at unsuspecting travellers?
    4. Re:Very relevant news by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

      Hitler didn't die in World War II
      I don't know when he died, but somebody has been cloning him. I keep hearing that many people are literally Hitler.

    5. Re:Very relevant news by Dutch+Gun · · Score: 2

      Maybe the History Channel of 15 years ago. These days, I'd recommend CuriosityStream, or BBC programming on Netflix or Amazon Prime. The History Channel long ago realized it was more profitable to show trashy reality or pseudo-science shows.

      --
      Irony: Agile development has too much intertia to be abandoned now.
    6. Re:Very relevant news by teg · · Score: 2

      Maybe the History Channel of 15 years ago. These days, I'd recommend CuriosityStream, or BBC programming on Netflix or Amazon Prime. The History Channel long ago realized it was more profitable to show trashy reality or pseudo-science shows.

      Same with Discovery - 15-20 years ago, there were plenty of shows about actual science, ancient civilisations, history, space, dinosaurs etc etc. Now it's reality shows and crime.

    7. Re:Very relevant news by swillden · · Score: 1

      Replying to cancel accidental mod. Intended to pick "Funny".

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    8. Re:Very relevant news by Dutch+Gun · · Score: 1

      Ugh, I know. Those two used to be among my favorite channels. Now, literally nothing they show holds any interest for me. I certainly acknowledge that they're probably better off financially, but it's a shame it came at the expense of intellectually stimulating programming.

      --
      Irony: Agile development has too much intertia to be abandoned now.
    9. Re:Very relevant news by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah, old news is so exciting!

    10. Re: Very relevant news by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Sorry, but there were never "good old days" when it cones to Discovery and THC.

      I'm old enough to remember when both networks debuted, and they have always sucked. Sure, there was more content than before when we only hn NOVA, NE, PBS specials, etc., but the talent pool dilution and lack of rigor and critical approach to their subject matter was absent from day 1 for both. And yea, the alien and religious/supernatural crap was there from the start, too. The same goes for TLC, Nat eo,G and all the other "educational" cable networks spawned in their wake as well.

          Now they just suck in different ways.

  4. Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Bonker · · Score: 1

    http://www.discovery.com/tv-sh...

    Basically, they tried to build a boat with 'pykrete' in the arctic and found that it fell apart PDQ.

    They had a little more success building a boat with a mix of ice and sheets of newspaper, but it still didn't last an hour before coming apart.

    NFW an aircraft carrier would ever manage to finish construction, let alone... y'know... launch aircraft.

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    1. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Interesting

      http://www.discovery.com/tv-sh...

      Basically, they tried to build a boat with 'pykrete' in the arctic and found that it fell apart PDQ.

      They had a little more success building a boat with a mix of ice and sheets of newspaper, but it still didn't last an hour before coming apart.

      NFW an aircraft carrier would ever manage to finish construction, let alone... y'know... launch aircraft.

      Mayhaps not, but IIRC Mythbuster's constructions were not very big/thick. It's possible scaling up might provide better longevity as mass/volume goes up by the cube of the length. Icebergs tend to stick around for a while, and IIRC, tests showed Pykrete to melt slower than plain ice.

    2. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 1

      Why don't you read the article you link?

      Basically, they tried to build a boat with 'pykrete' in the arctic and found that it fell apart PDQ.
      Actually, it did not.

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    3. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Rei · · Score: 5, Interesting

      In the real world, Pykrete was never designed to be a miraculous substance that didn't melt. The aircraft carrier was designed - and its prototype built - to use electrically powered cooling systems to keep the ice solid. The thing that adding wood fibre brought to the table was that it turned ice from a brittle substance into a composite; for a modern composites analogy, the wood fibre acts equivalent to fibreglass or carbon fibre, and the ice acts equivalent to epoxy.

      There've been a number of attempts to make structures "straight from the sea", and they've had success on the small scale but never been attempted on the large scale. One I kind of like is called "Biorock" or "Seacrete"; you build a steel skeleton in the shape of what you want, then run a small DC current through it; this causes minerals (mainly calcium carbonate, aka limestone) to precipitate out on it, forming a very hard steel-reinforced rock. Even better, it's self-healing, as anywhere that gets damaged becomes the easy path for current to conduct, and most growth switches to that area. Calcium and carbon dioxide, unlike some minerals (such as iron) are never in short supply in the ocean; carbon dioxide is quickly replaced by gas exchange with the air and sea life respiration, while calcium exchanges with the seafloor at a quick rate. If the electrical power source (which isn't huge) is carbon neutral, the construction acts as a carbon sink. And the electrical current oxygenates the water around the structure slightly, which leads to sea life flourishing. Indeed, the latter property is the only one that's successfully been exploited with biorock thusfar - growing artificial reefs (the growth rate has proven too slow for growing large structures like ships or artificial islands, mainly because the rock that gets laid down acts like an electrical insulator - the thicker it gets, the more the resistance).

      Still, it'd be interesting to see some new approaches to get the growth rate up, such as meshes, "fuzzy" steel rods, maybe even conductive gels where wave action isn't of significance.

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    4. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It worked for half-an-hour.

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHufDv6obrU

      Remember, the mythbusters thing was inches thin as shit. The pykrete ship would have had a 40ft thick hull at the least.

    5. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Get a series of electrodes arranged in a grid and moved them through the water then it would be possible to 3D print objects underwater as little balls of calcium carbonate grew around them.

    6. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by MMC+Monster · · Score: 1

      In the real world, Pykrete was never designed to be a miraculous substance that didn't melt. [...] One I kind of like is called "Biorock" or "Seacrete"; you build a steel skeleton in the shape of what you want, then run a small DC current through it; this causes minerals (mainly calcium carbonate, aka limestone) to precipitate out on it, forming a very hard steel-reinforced rock. Even better, it's self-healing, as anywhere that gets damaged becomes the easy path for current to conduct, and most growth switches to that area.

      Sounds like a reasonable way to make walls of a space station. If not in reality, at least in decent science fiction. It may not be able to handle the accelerations of a space ship, but space stations don't need much of that.

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    7. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Solandri · · Score: 1

      The modern equivalent of pykrete is FRP - fiber reinforced polymer (both fiberglass and carbon fiber). Instead of sawdust, you use glass or carbon fibers. Instead of ice, you use a plastic polymer resin (usually polyester or epoxy). The mechanics are different from pykrete, but the concept is the same - take two materials with opposite strengths and weaknesses, and pair them together. In Pykrete, the ice is structurally strong but very susceptible to fracture. The sawdust is weak, but acts as barriers to stop cracks in the ice from progressing the moment it hits a sawdust grain. In FRP, the plastic is very resistant to damage, but structurally weak against tearing aka fracturing (why it's hard to open shrink wrap until you get that first tear in). The fibers are very strong, but weak against damage from sharp bends. Embedding the fibers in the the plastic makes FRP stronger and harder to tear since the load gets transferred to the fibers, and it protects the fibers from damage caused by bending at sharp angles. Reinforced concrete (steel beams added to concrete) is similar.

    8. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by richrz · · Score: 1

      PDQ and NFW...I don't understand what these initialisms mean - are they in common usage?

    9. Re: Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Mythbusters has never "proven" anything. Their absolute distegard for anything resembling scientific controls makes their findings about as untrustworthy a source as you can cite.

    10. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by aevan · · Score: 1

      Context guess: Pretty Damn/Darn Quick, and No F'n/Freaken Way

    11. Re:Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Someone needs to bust the myth that Mythbusters is grounded in science or even good testing plans and conditions.

      Remember kids, a bunch of special effects dorks know more than centuries of Royal Navy officers who had lived through combat, among other things.

    12. Re: Pretty sure this was a mythbusters episode. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Except they actually did the tests in real life to see if they worked or not. It might have had extra drama for TV, but it doesn't make their findings incorrect.

  5. Prototype Dismantling by konohitowa · · Score: 3, Funny

    I'm assuming they melted it down for scrap.

    1. Re:Prototype Dismantling by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      The pykrete eventually melted, but the sub-structure and the ducts from the cooling mechanisms are still at the bottom of Patricia lake. It's diveable within recreational scuba limits. Always been on my to-do list but I've never made it out there.

    2. Re:Prototype Dismantling by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 4, Funny

      I'm assuming they melted it down for scrap.

      During WWII, the British MI6 Secret Service used it for strategic purposes:

      "Shaken . . . not stirred!"

      Stalin's spies in Canada discovered the project, and the Soviets commissioned an elite team of scientists to develop a weapon to combat the ice carrier in the coming Cold War.

      The scientists decided that vodka laden bombs and torpedoes would melt the ice, and started extensive testing.

      Stalin was later furious when he learned that the scientists had simply quaffed the vodka.

      A similar project was started Los Alamos, using cheap Mexican Tequila . . . which ended up in margaritas for the staff. Richard Feynman told this story in his book, "Surely, you want salt on the rim, Dr. Feynman".

      The Los Alamos margarita ice experiments were essential in leading Feynman to find ice as the cause of the space shuttle explosion, and demonstrated this before Congress by putting a space shuttle rubber O-ring in a frozen margarita.

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    3. Re:Prototype Dismantling by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      best comment ever

  6. Would that make it... by SeaFox · · Score: 1

    an ice boat? :-D

  7. Brewster's Millions? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I wonder if this project was the inspiration for one of the silly ideas in Brewster's Millions (1985).

  8. Little known fact by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 4, Funny

    The prototype, although abandoned, took many years to melt. In 1975, a large chunk of the remaining ice drifted into the shipping lanes of Lake Superior and was struck by the freighter Edmund Fitzgerald, which was being piloted by Jimmy Hoffa.

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    1. Re:Little known fact by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh fuck off, someone might believe you...

    2. Re:Little known fact by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 1

      I actually was worried that someone might think I was serious... so I decided to add the Jimmy Hoffa part.

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  9. WTF is this doing here by gravewax · · Score: 0

    I am completely and utterly baffled about why the fuck this is posted as an article here. Yes it is an interesting piece of well known history. But why the fuck is it suddenly posted here?

    1. Re:WTF is this doing here by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      To quote someones previous comment: "The History Channel long ago realized it was more profitable to show trashy reality or pseudo-science shows."

      Welcome to modern Slashdot.

    2. Re:WTF is this doing here by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It is the set-up for the April 1 news item, so brace for impact

    3. Re:WTF is this doing here by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'd rather have this than yet another bitcoin or win10 article.

    4. Re:WTF is this doing here by Dutch+Gun · · Score: 1

      I saw the headline and thought to myself "what... again?"

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      Irony: Agile development has too much intertia to be abandoned now.
  10. Great for a cold war by Alain+Williams · · Score: 2

    see title

  11. News for nerds? by 19061969 · · Score: 1

    This has been known for decades. I appreciate that some of the /. readership won't be aware of this but there's a lot of other things they're not aware of too. Should a news site be covering all the lesser-known stuff from history? "News for nerds"? More like "Olds for nerds".

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    1. Re:News for nerds? by AHuxley · · Score: 1

      Lets see why the this is news in March 2018. The words "Future Video" might be a hint. Slashdot got used.

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    2. Re:News for nerds? by tomhath · · Score: 1

      The words "Future Video" might be a hint. Slashdot got used.

      Slashvertisement, not used.

    3. Re:News for nerds? by hey! · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Well, it's normal for news sources to carry retrospective feature on historical events -- in fact the article was clearly prompted by the BBC doing exactly that. Sometimes it happens on the anniversary of significant events like the Normandy Invasion; other times it's part of a thematic series -- as in this case.

      It's actually a good thing for news sources to do this. It keeps the memory of historically significant events alive and ensures the news organization and its readership have some historical perspective. The cost is sometimes you have to skim over stuff you already know; but the alternative is for that knowledge to become ever less widely held.

      Would it be bad if the BBC (or Slashdot) only had articles like this? Yep. Would it be bad if BBC never had articles like this? Yep. It follows that something in between these two extremes is optimal -- although of course not equally so for everyone.

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  12. Indeed by nospam007 · · Score: 0

    A similar article has been posted here every year a few times since the war.
    We get it.

    1. Re:Indeed by hackertourist · · Score: 1

      Indeed, I remember it well, it was one of the first stories Slashdot ran after its inception in 1948. The text-only displays of the era didn't do the video justice though.

    2. Re:Indeed by dcw3 · · Score: 1

      Indeed, I remember it well, it was one of the first stories Slashdot ran after its inception in 1948. The text-only displays of the era didn't do the video justice though.

      Nice try, but with a seven digit ID, your cover was blown.

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    3. Re:Indeed by hackertourist · · Score: 1

      I lost my ID in the move from ENIAC to System/360.

    4. Re:Indeed by dcw3 · · Score: 1

      If that were true, your ID would be in two's compliment. But again, a nice try.

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  13. Chuchill loved wacky ideas - some worked by Bearhouse · · Score: 1

    This one did not : plenty of web resources available: for example

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?...

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?...

    Basically, you have the same problem as with a normal iceberg:

    1. The damn thing melts, and the cooling systems they installed were costly and unreliable, and
    2. It's very hard to move about (tow, steer...)

    If this kind of thing was practicable, they'd be towing icebergs to the Middle East and Africa for the fresh water.

    Still, a "cool" idea

  14. And our carriers are going the same route by DeplorableCodeMonkey · · Score: 2

    Ironically, we're facing the same issue of cost and time vs value and don't even want to acknowledge it. Russia's top of the line missiles can already operate well beyond the range of a carrier's jets, which means that if we got into a serious war with China all Hell would break loose for the Pacific Fleet if the carriers had to move into effective operating range. In 50 years, we're likely to regard carriers as having been a technology that only made sense during infancy of radar and missile/rocket tech.

    1. Re: And our carriers are going the same route by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Carriers have been vulnerable for a long time. That's why they don't operate alone.

    2. Re:And our carriers are going the same route by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In 50 years, we're likely to regard carriers as having been a technology that only made sense during infancy of radar and missile/rocket tech.

      Defending a carrier group against missile attack isn't a task for its jets: it's a task for its defensive missiles. The viability or otherwise of carriers depends on the relative progress of tech for offensive versus defensive missiles. Thus far, defensive missiles seem to have the advantage: they can destroy incoming missiles on close to a one-to-one basis, and they're smaller and cheaper than an offensive missile capable of sinking a carrier.

      For more on this topic, I recommend the Naval Gazing series "Why the Carriers Are Not Doomed". Part 1 is here. Discussion on cruise-missile defence is mostly in part 2, here.

    3. Re:And our carriers are going the same route by DarthVain · · Score: 1

      Yes I remember reading about how vulnerable carriers are when the whole hypersonic missile issue come up a number of years ago. Basically as I recall it was that their seems to be a lot of "hype" (sorry) about the new technology and what it meant in terms to carrier defence. In that while yes, they would be very deadly, they aren't really all that needed. In that if a "real war" broke out with theaters that aren't just terrorists or rogue states, normal missiles would do just fine. In that while carriers have defense against them, because they would be such high value targets, if they EVER came within range, they would simply be saturated in that they would either try to overwhelm the defenses which shear volume of missiles, or just keep firing them until whatever anti-missile ammunition runs out... Even if they are larger and more expensive than their counter parts, the carrier itself is many many times that.

      Anyway if someone is trying to sink carriers in the nuclear age, we've got bigger problems...

  15. It may surprise US sailors by Hognoxious · · Score: 1

    It may surprise any readers who are current or former members of the US Navy, but Royal Navy ships are not "dry".

    So if nothing else, this would have prevented one's gin and tonic from getting warm. Because that just wouldn't do, old chap.

    --
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    1. Re: It may surprise US sailors by Type44Q · · Score: 1

      Rum, son; they carried rum. Do they still? I tend to doubt it...

    2. Re: It may surprise US sailors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They still had beer as recently as a decade ago.
      Most of the world's navies have more fun than the american navy.

    3. Re: It may surprise US sailors by Hognoxious · · Score: 1

      Rum? Not in the wardroom. That's for those in front of the mast.

      --
      Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  16. Where won't we scrape for news now? by damn_registrars · · Score: 1

    I know slashdot is hurting, but now we're scraping the side of UHaul trucks for stories?

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  17. Meshing works with enough current. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    But the mesh erodes a lot faster too, so you need high current low voltage DC, sturdy sacrificial anodes (compressed graphite or a dissimiliar metal. Graphite lasts longer, but some dissimiliar metals have better accretion rates/properties.)

    I kept running out of anode material when I experimented with this a few years back in a glass jar. The piece of steel screen I had was covered in a thin layer of chalky residue after about a week of constant accretion. However with anodes irregularly failing over shorter timeframes it didn't appear to accrete much after that point, despite a steady rate of bubbling and testing with 5V and 12V supplies.

    The ideal voltages mentioned in the Biorock research papers are ~1.25-1.5V in the saltwater, after other resistances. Supposedly the accretion efficiency drops precipitously above that as electrolysis results in unwanted byproducts like chlorine gas and sodium ions instead of hydrogen+oxygen products.

    1. Re:Meshing works with enough current. by Rei · · Score: 1

      But the mesh erodes a lot faster too, so you need high current low voltage DC, sturdy sacrificial anodes

      Mesh (cathode) erosion should be minimal to none; it's your cathode and the current is providing cathodic protection. And if you're providing DC current, your anode should not be sacrificial; it should be as inert as possible (e.g. graphite, titanium, precious metal, etc). But I've not done any experiments myself.

      Would the chalky residue not be brucite rather than aragonite? Brucite suggests that your current was too high; lower currents favour aragonite, which is what you want.

      --
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  18. Pronunciation? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Half a kook?
    have a kook?

  19. Forgotten. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Titanic II.

    How many nuclear engines does it need for transporting this ice's boat?

  20. Iceberg ship. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    "Over 90% of an iceberg's volume (and mass) is underwater."

    It's not an ice boat.

    It's not an ice carrier.

    It maybe an ice submarine.

  21. Famous cousin of.... by bandwidthcrisis · · Score: 1

    Geoffrey Pyke, cousin of the well-know 80s pop-star, Magnus Pyke.

  22. Carriers are obsolete sitting ducks. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Swarm drone attacks can take out any carrier. There's no real defense. A carrier is a big, relatively immobile target. It's fragile, as in, one or two breaks in the hull and the carrier is rendered ineffective (a.k.a. sunk). Fast missiles would work too, especially if the drone swarm kept everyone busy.

    What's needed are scalable, separable, waterborne drones, capable of launching it's own complement of fast missiles and airborne drones. We in the USA won't get that in a time frame that matters since military hardware production is now little more than a welfare program for the defense industry. Actually constructing a weapons system that would work against a modern AI driven, swarm oriented offense/defense system isn't on anybody's radar.

    Protecting the USA is no longer the goal. Protecting the vested interests of current military hardware providers is.

  23. Also covered on the 99% Invisible podcast by The+Raven · · Score: 1

    99% Invisible covered it last December as one of its mini stories. About 15 minutes long, and worth a listen. It's a very well edited podcast.

    --
    "I will trust Google to 'do no evil' until the founders no longer run it." Hello Alphabet.
  24. Not a good idea by aglider · · Score: 1

    Because of climate change, provided it exists at all.

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  25. HMS Brexit by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    HMS Brexit. At first it looked like a good idea.

  26. I Thought This Was Understood? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Great Power conflicts are the province of the nuclear triad.

    Carriers are for asymmetric conflicts with mid-power and smaller countries. Worrying about the loss of carriers during a war with Russia is a little like worrying about the fate of all those desert camo outfits in a war with Russia. It's not relevant. Only a fool would deploy them.

    Yes, the military sometimes does foolish things. Sure, a carrier or three might be deployed and lost against a large adversary. None of that makes the carrier an appropriate weapons system to deploy in that context. The military does know this.