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Engineering Experts Knew Italian Bridge Had Corrosion Problems Before It Collapsed, Report Says (apnews.com)

McGruber shares a report: Engineering experts determined in February that corrosion of the metal cables supporting the Genoa highway bridge had reduced the bridge's strength by 20 percent -- a finding that came months before it collapsed last week, Italian media reported Monday. Despite the findings, newsmagazine Espresso wrote that "neither the ministry, nor the highway company, ever considered it necessary to limit traffic, divert heavy trucks, reduce the roadway from two to one lanes or reduce the speed" of vehicles on the key artery for the northern port city. A large section of the Morandi Bridge collapsed Aug. 14 during a heavy downpour, killing 43 people and forcing the evacuation of more than 600 people living in apartment buildings beneath another section of the bridge.

141 comments

  1. Mamma Mia! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    its-a bigga bridge!

  2. The other mistake by SuperKendall · · Score: 3, Interesting

    If corrosion weekend the cables by 20% of so, it seems like the original design didn't leave nearly enough margin for error!

    I imagine they were not as concerned with 20% weakening thinking they had much more leeway.

    --
    "There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
    1. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      I Am Not An Engineer so there's probably more involved, but "20% weakening = collapse" (as it has been implicitly presented here) does sound like they were asking for it.

    2. Re:The other mistake by fredgiblet · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Read the wiki article on the bridge. They've been fighting it's design for it's entire life and were even starting to prepare a replacement.

    3. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It was during a downpour. The force of that much water slamming the bridge from above at terminal velocity probably had not been accounted for in the original calculations. It was enough to push it past its limit.

    4. Re:The other mistake by Freischutz · · Score: 4, Informative

      If corrosion weekend the cables by 20% of so, it seems like the original design didn't leave nearly enough margin for error!

      I imagine they were not as concerned with 20% weakening thinking they had much more leeway.

      It’s not just that, the bridge was hopelessly overloaded by traffic. There is a longstanding bypass project which has been fiercely opposed by the Five Star Movement for years. The Five Star Movement’s leaders, who now run Italy, actually cracked jokes about warnings that this bridge might collapse at regular intervals since the first warnings in 2012 or 2013. They are now trying to blame the EU (which gave them money for infrastructure sanitation) for the whole ugly mess.

    5. Re:The other mistake by bobbied · · Score: 2

      Time to accelerate those replacement plans I guess.

      --
      "File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
    6. Re:The other mistake by bobbied · · Score: 1

      If corrosion weekend the cables by 20% of so, it seems like the original design didn't leave nearly enough margin for error!

      I imagine they were not as concerned with 20% weakening thinking they had much more leeway.

      But I'm inclined to believe that they thought they had enough margin in the bridge to keep using it. The question is if they didn't understand the structural design well enough to know that 20% was dangerous, or that they underestimated the loss of strength.

      Likely, the issue is a mixture of both. The engineers likely missed something important in the bridge's weakened state and the structure was substandard for the conditions. Much like the bridge that fell into the Mississippi river in the USA recently, which had structural decencies which where under estimated, and was loaded more than expected.

      --
      "File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
    7. Re:The other mistake by Immerman · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It's been a lot of years since engineering school, but I seem to recall the recommended safety margins for most things were 100%-500%, so yes, a 20% weakening causing collapse would be a symptom of serious under-engineering.

      However, Wikipedia says this bridge is 51 years old, and that engineers have been expressing concern over its safety since the early 90s, with numerous other static and dynamic weaknesses being uncovered over the years, due to both degredation, and weakness in available computer modeling in the 60s.

      Apparently traffic has quadrupled since it was built as well, so it's probably been under a lot more stress than it was really designed for. And to top it all off, eye witnesses say it was struck by lightning just before the collapse - and I would imagine conducting that kind of amperage (~30kA typical) could heat a cable enough to weaken it considerably. You'd think good engineering would factor in lightning strikes on a tall bridge like this, and they probably did, but it was probably just one stress too many on an old bridge.

      --
      --- Most topics have many sides worth arguing, allow me to take one opposite you.
    8. Re:The other mistake by Thelasko · · Score: 4, Interesting

      AvE posted a great video on this bridge. The designer of the bridge didn't like adding extra reinforcing. This was probably for aesthetics. This made maintenance of the bridge difficult as structural components couldn't be repaired while the bridge was in service.

      --
      One of our competitors trademarked the term "hypothesis". From now on, we will call them "boneheaded ideas".
    9. Re:The other mistake by SuperKendall · · Score: 1

      Thanks, I actually did skim through the article for something like that but missed a Wiki link if it was there. I wonder how many other bridges are under-designed and just waiting to spring... You'd hope governments around the world would take events like this as a wake-up call to pay more attention to assessments.

      --
      "There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
    10. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    11. Re:The other mistake by iMadeGhostzilla · · Score: 2

      I've read about an engineering principle they used in England in the Middle Ages to make bridges safer: bridge constructors were required to sleep for two weeks under the bridge after it was constructed. With their families.

    12. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

      Thanks, I actually did skim through the article for something like that but missed a Wiki link if it was there. I wonder how many other bridges are under-designed and just waiting to spring... You'd hope governments around the world would take events like this as a wake-up call to pay more attention to assessments.

      America's bridges are safe. President Obama spent $1 trillion on shovel-ready projects to fix all our infrastructure issues.

    13. Re:The other mistake by mikeiver1 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Though I generally agree with your assessment of the issues there are a few I can take an alternate view of.

      First is that the strike to the cables would not have lasted long enough to cause heat induced weakening of them, But... The high current upon entering the the wet concrete could have caused the water to flash over to steam and maybe induce cracking in the structure.

      Second is the rebar embedded in the concrete supports has definitely corroded leading to weakened bonding and compromised structure internally. All concrete structures suffer this issue over time. Some deal with it by using epoxy coated rebar, some use composite rebar, and others use stainless steel to stave off this inevitable failure.

      Third is that the bridge was carrying four times the original traffic it was designed for and at speeds likely far in excess of those thought prudent at the time of design and build. This again added to the stressed induced on the structure and I would submit accelerated its failure.

      It is very likely that there were one or more engineers blowing the caution horn for some time now. It is also likely that they were flatly ignored, removed from the job, or sent elsewhere to silence them. Nice to see that the higher ups that lost their jobs at Morton Thiokol found new places to work and ways to kill others.

    14. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Ponte Morandi...opened on 4 September 1967. So, provable safe since 18 September 1967. No need to revisit the issue, eh?

    15. Re:The other mistake by DarkOx · · Score: 1

      Not a civil or structural engineer but I know for roofs and stuff you usually build for 1.4 times the estimated required carrying capacity (weight of covers and potential snow loads etc). That is 1.4 times the max weight you ever think you'd need to support.

      Assuming the same convention is used for bridges; a 20% weakening still means it would be adequate to support loads it was designed to carry. However from the sounds of things it was also over loaded. Taken those two issues together -> problems.

      Still the headline may or may not be misleading. For example all kinds of bridges in this country are classified as deficient; but that just mean they don't meet certain safety margins - not that anyone thinks they are in danger of failure. If one did fail though people would no doubt say "engineers knew there were problems."

      I guess the take away here is those safety margins exist for a reason - its good to keep them as it prevents disasters like this from happening!

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    16. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Take a closer look at the fragments of the bridge. There is almost no rebar in the concrete. Just a thin layer near the surface and there also seems to be a hollow core in some parts.

      Unless the design called for this (I doubt it), it is very likely that there was some 'optimization' going on during construction. After all, rebar is expensive and concrete costs money.

    17. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Interesting

      It's been a lot of years since engineering school, but I seem to recall the recommended safety margins for most things were 100%-500%, so yes, a 20% weakening causing collapse would be a symptom of serious under-engineering.

      IAAME (I Am An Mechanical Engineer). For civil engineering projects, a safety factor of 3 to 4 would be normal and more than likely would be documented

      However, Wikipedia says this bridge is 51 years old, and that engineers have been expressing concern over its safety since the early 90s, with numerous other static and dynamic weaknesses being uncovered over the years, due to both degradation, and weakness in available computer modeling in the 60s.

      Years after it was built, the DESIGNER of the bridge expressed concerns about its safety. Because of pollutants in the air, the weather pattern around the bridge, and the unique design of the bridge, he specifically said that corrosion on its parts was greater than he had observed in other bridges of this same design. HE warned that they really needed to watch this bridge closely for corrosion problems. And because of the lack of computer modeling, that normally causes good engineers (which I believe the bridge designer to have been) to over specify the safety factor. I think this is a clear case of the authorities not doing maintenance on a bridge that clearly needed extra maintenance and it just caught up to them. Gordon

    18. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's been a lot of years since engineering school, but I seem to recall the recommended safety margins for most things were 100%-500%, so yes, a 20% weakening causing collapse would be a symptom of serious under-engineering.

      However, Wikipedia says this bridge is 51 years old, and that engineers have been expressing concern over its safety since the early 90s, with numerous other static and dynamic weaknesses being uncovered over the years, due to both degredation, and weakness in available computer modeling in the 60s.

      Apparently traffic has quadrupled since it was built as well, so it's probably been under a lot more stress than it was really designed for. And to top it all off, eye witnesses say it was struck by lightning just before the collapse - and I would imagine conducting that kind of amperage (~30kA typical) could heat a cable enough to weaken it considerably. You'd think good engineering would factor in lightning strikes on a tall bridge like this, and they probably did, but it was probably just one stress too many on an old bridge.

      They also probably had limited original design details to perform a holistic assessment of bridge capacity. Then there is always the possibility that flawed materials existed in some parts of the bridge that wasn't readily apparent.

    19. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A medieval bridge opening would have been such a major event. The whole town coming to it, dancing on it, and then decades of pent up demand for transportation. Wouldn't be too hard to find something to test it with, like driving huge loads of construction materials or timber.

    20. Re:The other mistake by MightyYar · · Score: 2

      Yeah, the design's use of prestressed concrete cables with zero redundancy is borderline baffling. It's a visually stunning design (especially given the era), but come on! I've also never seen suspension bridge (ok, technically cable-stayed bridge) where they span two suspended portions with nothing but a more-or-less standard concrete segment. Maybe this was common at one time, but most of the recent ones seem to overlap the stays.

      --
      W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
    21. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      America's bridges are safe. President Obama spent $1 trillion on shovel-ready projects to fix all our infrastructure issues.

      Don't worry, Trump signed an executive order on Day 1 moving that money to pay for security during his golf trips.

    22. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So the constructors and their families slept under the bridge for the first two weeks? The point wasn't that the bridge had to last two weeks to be proven safe. The point was that the birdge makers had to be abso-frigging-lutely sure that the bridge will not fall down during the first two weeks to protect themselves and their families.

    23. Re: The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Your faith in governments and belief in their benevolence may be misplaced.

    24. Re:The other mistake by SGDarkKnight · · Score: 1

      After a quick search on the bridge history, you'll see the original engineer (Riccardo Morandi) wrote about the corrosion back in 1979 and warned that it would need maintenance soon due to the sea air and pollution from a nearby steel mill.

      This was the city's own fault for not following up with it for over 40 years.

      --

      ...A no smoking section in a restaurant is like having a no peeing section in a swimming pool...
    25. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No way! Next thing you're going to try to tell me, is that Trump wants to let individual states decide safety standards on their own...for like...the air and stuff!

    26. Re:The other mistake by ItsJustAPseudonym · · Score: 1

      The Five Star Movement’s leaders, who now run Italy, actually cracked jokes about warnings that this bridge might collapse at regular intervals...

      Links, please?

    27. Re:The other mistake by Solandri · · Score: 2
      Engineering safety margins (you calculate the maximum stresses, figure out how string the structure would need to be to withstand it, then build it x times stronger) are typically:
      • Missiles and experimental aircraft - 1.1 to 1.25x
      • Aircraft carrying passengers - 1.5x
      • Boats - 2.0 to 2.5x
      • Cars - 3x
      • Static structures like buildings - 10x

      These are general rule of thumb. Specific parts may have higher or lower safety margins depending on how predictable or unpreditable the stresses will be. I would imagine bridges fall under the same category as buildings. Although suspension bridges have always been a bit of a balancing act between weight and strength. Some quick googling suggests the safety margin for the suspension elements is typically 2.0 to 4.0.

      Also, if you're using metal, corrosion is inevitable. Even stainless steel will corrode (it called stainless, not stainnever). You need to adhere to a strict regimen of inspecting the metal parts for corrosion and protecting it painting, lubricating, replacing). It sounds like this bridge used pre-stressed concrete stays instead of metal wire stays. Concrete is extremely strong in compression, but weak in tension. If you pre-compress it with metal rebar, that can make it usable in tensile applications where you normally wouldn't think it would work. Basically, the rebar is pulling the concrete in compression more than the load is pulling it in tension, so the concrete remains in net compression and doesn't fall apart. But that balancing act between tension and compression is highly dependent on the metal rebar suffering minimal corrosion and retaining its strength.

      Tempered glass is another example of how pre-stressing a fragile material to keep it under compression can make it stronger (strong enough to survive being shot by a bullet).

    28. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The bridge should have had a safety factor of at least 10. Therefore one only needed to worry once it lost 90% of its strength. So, somebody skimped on steel and concrete during construction.

    29. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      When steel snaps, it can flash sparks. So on a big structure like that, the 'lightning' could have been sparks from the breaking steel.

    30. Re:The other mistake by Joce640k · · Score: 0

      It was designed by Calatrava, so no surprises there. Everything he designs falls to pieces (and/or causes accidents). Google something like "calatrava disaster", I'm sure you'll get plenty of hits.

      No, I have no idea why he's so famous or why people have paid him billions to design so much stuff.

      --
      No sig today...
    31. Re: The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Designed by Calatrava ? No.

    32. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They are now trying to blame the EU (which gave them money for infrastructure sanitation

      Blatantly false. The EU cannot "give" any money to Italy, because Italy is actually a net contributor to the EU budget: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

      Given the skyrocketing polls for Eurosceptic parties, I think the EU should find more capable trolls than you to defend its reputation, or the next election for the so called "EU parliament" will be also the last one.

    33. Re:The other mistake by fph+il+quozientatore · · Score: 2

      They took it offline now (surprise!), but it's still available in the Internet Archive. Google-translated version: https://translate.google.com/t... "We are then told, in turn, the tale of the imminent collapse of the Morandi Bridge"

      --
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      Hell Segmentation fault

    34. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So is creating and maintaining software like bridge building after all then?

    35. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I suspect that the weight of water deposited on the bridge would be a much more significant factor than the droplet impacts, but then again, neither of us are engineers.

    36. Re: The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Same goes for all humans in power. It's a self-upfucking system. Power is mentally damaging.

    37. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, that was to settle the bill left over from Obama's golfing trips to Hawaii.

    38. Re:The other mistake by omfglearntoplay · · Score: 1

      Bridges are ugly already... sad that somebody would risk killing people to make something ugly slightly less ugly.

    39. Re: The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Here's the typical conversation between engineers and managers:
      E: we have to stop this, the bridge will collapse!
      M: Go home and relax. I just checked, there is no problem.

    40. Re:The other mistake by pilaftank · · Score: 5, Informative

      It was designed by Calatrava

      The Ponte Morandi bears the name of its designer:
      Riccardo Morandi

      "Bridges by Morandi have proved to require extensive maintenance and repairs over the years to pass bridge safety inspections. The third span of Ponte Morandi collapsed in Genoa, on 14 August 2018, causing 43 fatalities."

      --
      dna.js
    41. Re:The other mistake by Hoi+Polloi · · Score: 2

      I think it was already accelerated at about 9.8 m/s^2

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    42. Re:The other mistake by bobbied · · Score: 2

      I think it was already accelerated at about 9.8 m/s^2

      Given the gravity of the situation, I believe you are right.

      --
      "File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
    43. Re:The other mistake by presidenteloco · · Score: 1

      What were the error bars on the 20% estimate in the engineering study?

      Could have been 20% plus or minus 10% or something like that.

      --

      Where are we going and why are we in a handbasket?
    44. Re:The other mistake by SigmundFloyd · · Score: 1

      The Five Star Movementâ(TM)s leaders, who now run Italy, actually cracked jokes about warnings that this bridge might collapse at regular intervals since the first warnings in 2012 or 2013.

      Have you got a source for this?

      --
      Knowledge is power; knowledge shared is power lost.
    45. Re:The other mistake by arglebargle_xiv · · Score: 2

      The Full Calatrava gives all the gory details. To his credit, it does list one single project that didn't go over budget or fail. However, although the Ponte Morandi is worthy of the likes of Calatrava or Frank Lloyd Wright, just the name "Ponte Morandi" tells you it was a Riccardo Morandi design, and he's no Calatrava. He's also been safely dead for several decades, so he can't be sued.

    46. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It was designed by Calatrava, so no surprises there.

      Calatrava wasn't even a teenager when the bridge we're discussing started being built...

    47. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ha, ha, yeah, how exactly are you guys still on about that? Self-awareness of hypocrisy isn't your strong suit, is it?

    48. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So now the culprit is the Five Star Movement for a bunch of blog post?
      How about the disastrous privatization made by past governaments, who gave away (at sale prices) the management of highways to a handful of greedy a..hole (who rised the tolls becoming the most expensive in europe, and cutted the maintenaince to the point that they can have 60% of the revenue as net profit) ?

      PS: for the money, Italy is a net contributor of the UE.

      captcha: unmask

    49. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If corrosion weekend the cables by 20% of so, it seems like the original design didn't leave nearly enough margin for error!

      The thing with margins for error is: they might actually been used by an actual error, leaving no remaining margin for other things.

    50. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I am starting to see a pattern, regardless of where in the world these types of things are happening. Safety concerns are raised by engineers, people in power/overseers ignore them, and then tragedy strikes. I don't even know if this will ever change since this is a global problem, and science is under attack. I guess just make things as public and transparent as possible and try to get citizens involved.

    51. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Civil engineering uses something called a 'factor of safety'. It is essentially just a multiplier that is usually dictated by a regulating agency, but is typically something like 1.5 or 2.0. So, in theory, a structure can support 1.5x or 2.0x of the load it is designed for.

      So yes, an across the board reduction of 20% in bearing capacity should not have resulted in failure. However, two things. First, it was likely experiencing more load than it was designed for over 50 years ago. Second, it was likely not an across the board reduction of 20%. Some cables/mounts may have weathered very little and been close to 100% of their original bearing capacity, while others may have been severely weathered and below 50%. And, once one cable fails, it can result in a cascading failure among even the strongest of the neighboring cables.

      What I find interesting is that the central pier collapsed. That isn't typical of suspension bridge failures. Usually, just the bridge deck tears off and falls.

      My guess is that the failure was due to a multitude of issues: overloading, corrosion, form-over-function based design, etc.

    52. Re:The other mistake by ebvwfbw · · Score: 1

      That was months before. Who knows what it was when it failed. Sometimes when things start corrode they take off like crazy. That's why preventative maintenance is important.

    53. Re:The other mistake by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't know about Italy, but Greece has been a money hole for the EU since it's inception, and basically a parasite on the economies of the other countries. I don't know if you can blame the EU for this bridge; I'd say if it weren't for the EU, all of Greece and Italy would face ending up like those evacuated apartments under the bridge.

    54. Re:The other mistake by Agripa · · Score: 1

      I've also never seen suspension bridge (ok, technically cable-stayed bridge) where they span two suspended portions with nothing but a more-or-less standard concrete segment. Maybe this was common at one time, but most of the recent ones seem to overlap the stays.

      The concrete segment is a box girder albeit a very flat one. You may have seen similar spans where the traffic is inside of the box girder instead of on top but they are the same thing.

    55. Re:The other mistake by MightyYar · · Score: 1

      I did not know they were box girders. It's not their use of a box girder that is unusual, it's how there are three cable-stayed sections with no overlap in stays. Not only is there no overlap, they bridge the section between cable-stayed sections with these freestanding concrete sections. If you do a Google search for cable stayed bridge, you will see almost all of them with more than one cable stayed section have significant overlap between stayed sections, or the part that it bridges is much smaller than what you see here. There was a very high proportion of non-stayed to stayed deck in this bridge.

      --
      W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
    56. Re:The other mistake by Agripa · · Score: 1

      I did not know they were box girders. It's not their use of a box girder that is unusual, it's how there are three cable-stayed sections with no overlap in stays. Not only is there no overlap, they bridge the section between cable-stayed sections with these freestanding concrete sections. If you do a Google search for cable stayed bridge, you will see almost all of them with more than one cable stayed section have significant overlap between stayed sections, or the part that it bridges is much smaller than what you see here. There was a very high proportion of non-stayed to stayed deck in this bridge.

      I have seen them at either end of suspension bridges which use riveted girders. I suspect in this case it was done to add expansion joints between the cable stayed spans.

    57. Re:The other mistake by MightyYar · · Score: 1

      Yes, but typically a suspension bridge has giant anchorages at the end. In this Italian design, it looks like the towers are free-standing (aside from the trivial amount of rigidity added by the concrete sections with expansion joints). I'm sure the math all worked out, but it does stand out in the design. I suppose it let them use lower towers to span the same distance.

      --
      W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
    58. Re:The other mistake by SigmundFloyd · · Score: 1

      Of course not. Trolls don't have sources.

      --
      Knowledge is power; knowledge shared is power lost.
  3. That makes sense by omnichad · · Score: 0

    If the bridge was only over-engineered by 20%, then it would be a disaster to keep using it. That sounds like way too small a margin. They must have underestimated how badly damaged the cable was. If you're looking for someone to blame, it's the people who estimated the strength loss factor, not the people who did nothing once they found out.

    1. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'm no civil engineer or architect, but couldn't we also expect deterioration to accelerate since February?

    2. Re:That makes sense by jiriw · · Score: 2

      Unless the bridge was already built less strong than specified and the extra 20% was just the tipping point, or there were other factors involved that made the bridge collapse...
      Another example: In Italy, many things are built outside specification due to mafia involvement... because taking shortcuts made it possible to pocket construction money. I'm not saying it happened here but it's just to give you another possibly 'far fetched' explanation.

      You shouldn't put the blame on someone specific (also named: scapegoating) unless research into this catastrophe has a chance to finish and hopefully will find out what really happened... And lets pray that can be done without politics involved because this collapse already seems to be a highly laden subject in that regard.

    3. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If the bridge was only over-engineered by 20%, then it would be a disaster to keep using it. That sounds like way too small a margin.

      I've also been seeing stories saying that the amount of traffic on that bridge has gone up considerably over the years.

      Which means the load has gone up, and the strength has gone down.

      I fear this bridge is going to become an engineering case study of how not to build a bridge.

      Either way, it sounds like they had lots of warnings, and didn't take nearly enough steps to prevent this.

    4. Re:That makes sense by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 1

      it's the people who estimated the strength loss factor, not the people who did nothing once they found out.

      They both failed at their jobs resulting in loss of life, by the sound of it. And maybe both will see jail time; after all Italy prosecuted a couple of geologists for failing to predict an earthquake.

      --
      If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
    5. Re:That makes sense by lgw · · Score: 4, Informative

      If the bridge was only over-engineered by 20%, then it would be a disaster to keep using it.

      It seems like the engineers have been opposed to this bridge design from the beginning, pointing out the impending disaster since 2012, and advising limiting traffic and building an alternate route. But good luck getting politicians in a democracy to spend money on infrastructure (even when given money by the EU specifically for infrastructure).

      --
      Socialism: a lie told by totalitarians and believed by fools.
    6. Re:That makes sense by Immerman · · Score: 2

      It was an old bridge (circa '67), with lots of other problems too - including the fact that traffic had quadrupled since it was designed. Engineers have been expressing concerns since the 90s. And witnesses say it was also struck by lightning just before collapsing. So it wasn't a simple matter of just corrosion-weakened cables.

      But yes, if it was only over-engineered by 20% it would have collapsed decades ago.

      --
      --- Most topics have many sides worth arguing, allow me to take one opposite you.
    7. Re:That makes sense by lgw · · Score: 5, Insightful

      They both failed at their jobs resulting in loss of life, by the sound of it.

      If by "failed" you mean "consistently warned about the impending disaster for the past 6 year, while politicians openly mocked the warnings", then sure.

      And maybe both will see jail time

      Probably so. It's not like the politicians who blocked funding of an alternate route are going to let any consequences affect themselves.

      --
      Socialism: a lie told by totalitarians and believed by fools.
    8. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If the bridge was only over-engineered by 20%, then it would be a disaster to keep using it.

      Doesn't that depend entirely on what is considered a 100% load?

      If you're looking for someone to blame, it's the people who estimated the strength loss factor, not the people who did nothing once they found out.

      Whether or not they deserve blame depends entirely on if they were being honest about their assessment. To further clarify what I mean by that, I don't mean that they believed they were telling the truth. I mean that they followed proper procedures when coming to their conclusion, and that anyone else qualified to assess bridges would have come to the same conclusion.

    9. Re:That makes sense by Zontar_Thing_From_Ve · · Score: 0

      it's the people who estimated the strength loss factor, not the people who did nothing once they found out.

      They both failed at their jobs resulting in loss of life, by the sound of it. And maybe both will see jail time; after all Italy prosecuted a couple of geologists for failing to predict an earthquake.

      I know this is going to sound like typical American xenophobia, but it's really not. I really wish what I was going to say wasn't accurate. Given how this is Italy, like in most of the EU (I would count France and the soon to leave UK as among the few exceptions) they might convict the people involved for the loss of life, but they won't serve much time at all because in the EU there's a general belief that you have to rehab criminals and you can't actually punish them. Think I'm being ridiculous? There's a recent case in Spain where some rapists got out of jail after a few months because their lawyers are appealing the verdict and it would just be too cruel to keep convicted rapists in jail while the appeal drags on. Another recent case in Germany had a step-father and a mother who sold their son to a pedophile for abuse. Step-dad got 10 years. Mom got about 12. Pedophile dude got about 10. And Germany says these sentences are "really long". But don't worry. I'm sure about halfway through, at most, the legal system will start to feel sorry for them and they'll start getting weekend releases and so on. So in Italy, which by the way has been incredibly lenient over the years to hardened criminals, I'd guess maybe they get 10 years tops for this and they'll actually serve 1 to 2 years for it.

    10. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't know about typical American xenophobia, but it does sound like typical American (lack of) knowledge of the outside world. You clearly don't know much about European countries. Oh, and don't believe everything American media tell you.

    11. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's not like the politicians who blocked funding of an alternate route are going to let any consequences affect themselves.

      https://science.slashdot.org/story/12/10/22/1634219/scientists-who-failed-to-warn-of-quake-found-guilty-of-manslaughter

      This is the same country that imprisoned scientists for claiming it's not possible to predict in advance how bad an earthquake will end up being.

      The government spun it saying they interpreted "unpredictable" to mean everything would be peaches and cream, and when an earthquake later happened and killed people, blamed all the deaths on the scientists who didn't predict the unpredictable.

    12. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The case in Spain caused protests both in Spain an other European countries - and people don't USUALLY critizise the courts much, out of respect. So you can't bring that as an example.
      But if you think 10 years in prison is too short, you really should re-consider your attitudes. And think of facts like that it's not COMPLETELY impossible that the courts are wrong. And take into account that it's possible to have extra measures at the end if these people might still be a danger to others at the end of the sentence.
      What would be a reasonable time according to you?
      But in terms of principles, prison servers the main means of protecting the population from criminals.Punishment is not a very noble goal, and the studies done show that long prison sentences etc. do in fact NOT work for preventing crime.
      What is your argument for longer sentences? Is it more than serving your feelings of hate? Does you think hate makes for good politics? And for those who care about it (supposedly more of those in the US than Europe), how does all that align with Christian ideals?
      (and I don't find what you wrote xenophobic, but I can't agree with the ethical principles it shows)

    13. Re:That makes sense by Nidi62 · · Score: 1

      There's a recent case in Spain where some rapists got out of jail after a few months because their lawyers are appealing the verdict and it would just be too cruel to keep convicted rapists in jail while the appeal drags on.

      Were they granted bail going into the trial? If so, it seems reasonable to me that if the defendant was eligible for pre-trial bail then that bail should be extended for an appeal. Reduces the chance that someone innocent spends time behind bars. Of course on the other hand they also miss out on time served if they are guilty.

      --
      The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for it to be pitted against a slightly greater evil
    14. Re:That makes sense by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 1

      Step-dad got 10 years. Mom got about 12. Pedophile dude got about 10. And Germany says these sentences are "really long".
      Considering that a human being lives about 80 years, yes, that is really long.

      I'm sure about halfway through, at most, the legal system will start to feel sorry for them and they'll start getting weekend releases and so on.
      And what is wrong with that? Revenge very much?

      --
      Cost free eBook I read (by iBook/Kobo/Amazon/ObookO/Gutenberg etc.): "The Green Odyssey" by Philip Jose Farmer.
    15. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      even when given money by the EU specifically for infrastructure

      The EU cannot "give" any money to Italy, because Italy is actually a net contributor to the EU budget: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

      And with money it loses by staying in the EU, maybe Italy would have more resources for infrastructure maintenance.

    16. Re: That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      He's actually right. The justice system is listing hard to port all over Europe, with criminals mostly receiving very light sentences. There is always an excuse and/or a procedural fault and/or a human rights issue at play.

      Just to give you an idea how bad things are: a former minister of justice J.O. was married to a organized crime member who was arrested twice for drug trafficking. When she divorced and wed a new lawyer, the ex was the best man.
      The ex also got a well paid sinecure job inside the justice department and a cosy appartement provided by the uni. Link (in Dutch, use Google translate): https://re-act.be/2015/04/01/ex-crimineel-van-onkelinx-abbes-guenned-krijgt-luxe-appartement-van-de-ulb/

    17. Re:That makes sense by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 1

      Please read the original post: "the people who did nothing once they found out". Those are the ones who failed. Not the people warning about the issues with that bridge, but the people ignoring those warnings.

      --
      If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
    18. Re:That makes sense by Interfacer · · Score: 1

      Just a wild guess: you think that the US style federal prison, with gang rape, extortion, and senseless violence is just what the doctor ordered?

    19. Re:That makes sense by SigmundFloyd · · Score: 1

      after all Italy prosecuted a couple of geologists for failing to predict an earthquake.

      This bullshit again? They were prosecuted for saying there was no risk and that people should go back home.

      --
      Knowledge is power; knowledge shared is power lost.
    20. Re: That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Having them and using them are two different things.

    21. Re:That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They were prosecuted because their _boss_ said that there was no risk and that people should go back home (and enjoy some wine). He was prosecuted too, but the actual political pressure to say that probably came from above anyway, so they were basically all scapegoats. Anyway, when it comes down to it, what he said about the odds was basically accurate (the statement about smaller earthquakes preventing big ones is generally considered to be scientifically inaccurate though). Chances were that there wouldn't be a big earthquake, there just was. They weren't able to predict it, and the quack who supposedly did appears to be just a stopped clock.

    22. Re: That makes sense by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Sure. In the meantime, let's just dismantle the EU which takes away Italy's own money, and leave it to the Italians. Then, and only then, if they won't use it to maintain their infrastructure, they'll be the ones to blame.

  4. private owned toll road the profit lost from an sh by Joe_Dragon · · Score: 1

    private owned toll road the profit lost from an shutdown is to high just fix in place.

  5. Italian Engineering by ArchieBunker · · Score: 1

    Beautiful but also fragile. See Ferrari or Lamborghini.

    --
    Only the State obtains its revenue by coercion. - Murray Rothbard
    1. Re:Italian Engineering by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It wouldn't be Italian if it didn't look like it was going to fall apart at any time. They have that leaning tower thing too.

  6. Bridge engineers always consider overload by SuperKendall · · Score: 2

    Itâ(TM)s not just that, the bridge was hopelessly overloaded by traffic.

    Have you ever driven in New York City? Every bridge is totally full of traffic nearly 24x7, during rush hour basically parked (it took me an hour once to cross George Washington bridge leaving NYC near rush hour). That happens every day, including in driving rainstorms... bridges are usually built assuming the bridge is packed with trucks, during the worst storm imaginable (including many feet of snow, far worse than rain), then use safety margins well beyond that. It seems the designers of this bridge cut some corners.

    --
    "There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
    1. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It seems the designers of this bridge cut some corners.

      Italian engineering for you. Probably wasn't the designers, but the construction companies that made some "equivalent substitutions."

    2. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      wasn't there a story about a Japanese steel company faking the test reports for their steel? i wonder if the metal used during the construction wasn't up to spec. iirc, the story said the metal corroded faster than normal, and that would fit here.

    3. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by PrimaryConsult · · Score: 1

      The lower level of the GWB was originally designed to hold trains. I'd imagine it's safer to be in a completely stopped traffic jam on that bridge than it would be standing on an arbitrary piece of land.

    4. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by Freischutz · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Itâ(TM)s not just that, the bridge was hopelessly overloaded by traffic.

      Have you ever driven in New York City? Every bridge is totally full of traffic nearly 24x7, during rush hour basically parked (it took me an hour once to cross George Washington bridge leaving NYC near rush hour). That happens every day, including in driving rainstorms... bridges are usually built assuming the bridge is packed with trucks, during the worst storm imaginable (including many feet of snow, far worse than rain), then use safety margins well beyond that. It seems the designers of this bridge cut some corners.

      I’ve driven in all kinds of places. However, the real question is: Have you ever observed the dysfunctional cocktail of corruption, populism and incompetence otherwise known as Italian politics at work? In this case you have a steadily deteriorating bridge whose load carrying capacity is rapidly decreasing, that may not have been built to specs in the first place due to corruption and that was being subjected to traffic loads and thereby vibrations that its decayed structure could not handle. And the whole time there is a political cat fight going on with a bunch of populists wingnuts who are blocking the replacement bypass project, staging protests against any repair work and ridiculing anybody who spoke out about the danger of the situation. The bottom line is that this bridge should have been replaced and decommissioned at least ten years ago.

    5. Re: Bridge engineers always consider overload by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Jeeeesus its been what, 10 years since he was president? Give it a rest libtard

    6. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by GoTeam · · Score: 1

      Not sure about the Japanese steel company, but the company providing the wires for the Brooklyn bridge was sending faulty wires for construction: https://www.jamesmaherphotogra.... (search that page for faulty) Although I didn't see it listed in the article I provided, I believe the company providing the wires would send a spool of wire for inspection (that they had purchased from a company that made good wire). Once that spool passed, they would accept all the wire in that load for bridge construction. They'd then divert the spool of good wire and use it for inspection the next time they delivered a batch.

    7. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Have you ever observed the dysfunctional cocktail of corruption, populism and incompetence otherwise known as Italian politics at work?

      I've observed the corruption of the german politicians instead, and their blatant cover-up of the Volkswagen emission scandal, probably as a result of most of them being on VW's payroll (including german EU officials), which caused a number of victims several orders of magnitude higher than the bridge in Genoa.
      In any civilized country they would have probably been hanged already, in germany they are still there getting kickbacks from VW every month instead.

    8. Re: Bridge engineers always consider overload by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't believe the George Washington Bridge was ever president. I could be wrong though.

    9. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by SuperKendall · · Score: 1

      Iâ(TM)ve driven in all kinds of places. However, the real question is: Have you ever observed the dysfunctional cocktail of corruption, populism and incompetence otherwise known as Italian politics at work?

      That's why I mentioned NYC - maybe corruption is worse in Italy than NYC, but honestly it would take more convincing,

      --
      "There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
    10. Re: Bridge engineers always consider overload by arglebargle_xiv · · Score: 1

      I think the OP was referring to George Washinton. OTOH he never needed any bridges.

    11. Re:Bridge engineers always consider overload by danbert8 · · Score: 1

      Yep, but when it was discovered the added an additional safety factor on top of what they had already and the cables are probably way over conservative now. Which probably is why the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing and probably will for another century.

      --
      Yes it's an anecdote! Were you expecting original research in a Slashdot comment?
  7. Re:private owned toll road the profit lost from an by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So what you're saying is that the government failed in its role of delivering oversight of private road companies for the betterment of the people?

    So what possesses you to think that they'd be any better at providing oversight of a government owned bridge?

    Apparently the answer to private industry failures is more government and the answer to government failures is more government.

  8. long time between inspections? by magarity · · Score: 0

    the bridge was built in the 60's and they just last year got around to inspecting it for corrosion and weakening?

    1. Re:long time between inspections? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Welcome to Italy. They all just got back from a 40 year-long lunch break.

  9. Re:private owned toll road the profit lost from an by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    The main reason for government to privatize anything is to help their non-government corporate friends make tax-payer money. The second reason is so that when shit inevitably happens due to all the profit taking instead of maintenance, the government can pass the blame out of government so their political greedy ass can keep it's 'job'.

  10. Like many other things in Italy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The bridge was in constant need of repairs throughout its lifetime , which allowed politicians to distribute contracts to friends and get richer. Overall, a big success. Then one day, they decided to go fully private ( i.e. giving it to other "friends" ), and thats when things went wrong, because basically you eliminate the need of contracts, they just sat on it , collecting tools and waiting for it to collapse, because basically it's cheaper to re-build and give minimal compensation to the eventual victims, in the long term.

    1. Re:Like many other things in Italy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Flamebait

      The bridge was in constant need of repairs throughout its lifetime

      That's basically true of every large bridge on Earth. This particular bridge was a POS from inception, but the fact that it needed constant repair and maintenance isn't informative.

      Then one day, they decided to go fully private ( i.e. giving it to other "friends" )

      But I though Italy was "socialist." I've been told many times Italy is "socialist" and is much better than USA and so this kind of failure can't happen because the smart "socialists" are handling everything.

  11. Factor of Safety by GrumpyDiver · · Score: 0

    At the time the bridge was built, I suspect that the factor of safety used in the design was likely 2x (200%), so having a reduction of 20% of load carrying capacity would not have raised any alarm bells as the bridge would not have been anywhere near its design limits. Obviously either the original factor of safety was calculated incorrectly or the the examination underestimated the weakening of the bridge due to corrosion. The bad weather and lightening strike could have also been a factor in its collapse. Let's wait until the cause of failure is determined by a thorough failure analysis, rather than making statements that have no technical backup.

  12. Corrosion on I-278 in Brooklyn by michaelmalak · · Score: 1
  13. Re:private owned toll road the profit lost from an by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I am curious. Where did the toll monies go? Obviously not into maintaining the bridge.

  14. re: cutting corners by King_TJ · · Score: 3, Informative

    One article I read said there was a good likelihood the bridge was constructed using less concrete than specified, because the mafia was heavily involved in bidding for these projects at the time. One of their favorite ways to win low bids for construction was skimping on the concrete used.

  15. Re:We knew Moscow Donald was a traitor by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    you're a fucking retard, you do know this, right?

  16. Can we stop judging before proper investigation? by kiviQr · · Score: 1

    Twitter will not solve the "mistery" - a proper investigation will do. I know it will take time but at least it will cut sensationalism. Just give it a time.

  17. Re:private owned toll road the profit lost from an by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    No, the answer to both these issues is better government. Just because your local shithole has terrible government it does not follow that good government is impossilble.

  18. I-35w bridge collapse was USA's wake-up-call! by Joe_Dragon · · Score: 2

    I-35w bridge collapse was USA's wake-up-call!

  19. Corrosion problems on Forth Road Bridge in Scotlan by Pop69 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    When they identified corrosion problems with the main cables on this bridge, they installed dehumidifiers for the cables. They also built a replacement bridge and now use the older bridge as a public transport route, a traffic level it can easily cope with. Perhaps this should have been done with this bridge too ?

  20. Re: cutting corners by SuperKendall · · Score: 1

    One article I read said there was a good likelihood the bridge was constructed using less concrete than specified

    Sad if so - you'd really hope there would be final checks in place to prevent things like that from crippling a major building project!

    --
    "There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
  21. 20% strength reduction from what? by hey! · · Score: 1

    So the bridge is 0.8 * X strong. How big is X? How big did X need to be?

    A two-fold factor of safety is normal in projects like this, so if the bridge is 0.8 * X strong, it should still be 60% than it needs to be. And civil engineers tend to be a cautious lot; after several rounds of review of something like a bridge it tends to end up grossly over-designed as each engineer adds an additional margin of safety to the prior engineer's work. So there should be no way that a bridge that has lost 20% of its strength is dangerous.

    So this raises a number of questions. Did the inspectors miss something? Was the bridge improperly designed for the load it was carrying? Was it not built according to the design? Those are all possibilities. It could be a combination of them.

    The Kansas City Hyatt pedestrian bridge collapse was due to two factors. First, the original design did not meet building codes; but even so the design should have been able to support as many people on the bridge as could fit. Second, changes were made to the design as the bridges were constructed, such that the bridges could barely support their own weight. Now had the original design been as strong as the code called for, the disaster wouldn't have happened. Had it been built to the original, inadequate design, the disaster wouldn't have happened.

    The point is disasters can be complicated affairs involving many errors. While in this case the rust no doubt contributed to the failure, it may not be the only thing that went wrong.

    --
    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    1. Re:20% strength reduction from what? by jbengt · · Score: 1

      A two-fold factor of safety is normal in projects like this, so if the bridge is 0.8 * X strong, it should still be 60% than it needs to be.

      Margins of safety and safety factors are used for several good reasons, and are used to account for aging, because of idealizations used in the calculations, or because of other uncertainties. If you think that it's OK to be below the safety factors, you're thinking wrong. Anyway, according to TFA:

      Espresso reporter Fabrizio Gatti told SKY TG24 that a 20 percent reduction in strength would not be significant in a modern bridge, but on a structure with the known defects of the Morandi Bridge it should have merited swifter, more decisive action.

    2. Re:20% strength reduction from what? by hey! · · Score: 1

      What I'm saying is that it depends on context. Nonetheless, if a 20% reduction in strength caused the bridge to fail catastrophically, then the bridge was unsafe at full strength.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    3. Re:20% strength reduction from what? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You're correct that the Hyatt bridge wasn't built as designed.

      The thing is, it couldn't be built as designed -- the threads for the support nuts were in the middle of a long shaft. How do you get the nuts onto that shaft? Worse, apparently there was no structural analysis done of the changed design. Henry Petroski's excellent To Engineer is Human has a chapter on this, which is a bit clearer than the Wikipedia article.

    4. Re: 20% strength reduction from what? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Espresso reporter"

      Only in Italy.

    5. Re:20% strength reduction from what? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hyatt bridge collapsed because fabricator said original design could not be installed, so he suggested that the lower walkway be attached to the upper with it's own rod, thus placing it's entire weight on the upper wakway rod connection, a nut and washer. Nut and washer pulled through welded seam on the horizontal box beam. Engineer did not check this change and people died.

  22. The problem was known much earlier by mi · · Score: 4, Informative

    The bridge's sorry state was known years ago. A certain political party used the "environmentalist" demagoguery to keep the status quo.

    And now the same people are blaming the company that built and maintained the structure:

    Transport Minister Danilo Toninelli, a member of the governing Five Star Movement (M5S), called for the immediate resignation of the company's top management Wednesday.

    "First of all the top executives of Autostrade have to resign," he said in a message on Facebook. "If they can't manage the motorways, then the state will do it."

    Because the government is so good at everything...

    --
    In Soviet Washington the swamp drains you.
  23. Nah! by mschaffer · · Score: 1

    It's much more fun to jump on the bandwagon then to heed reason and empirical observation.

  24. Why not? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If Twitter is good enough for Elon musk to design a rescue system for stranded children in a cave, it must be good enough to solve any "mistery"---even this one.

  25. Sorry Libertarians... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Many highways in Italy are run by for-profit commercial companies. It is in the corporation's fiscal interests to sacrifice the public's safety in search of greater profits -- so the public is put at risk.

    Most times the additional risk doesn't matter; this time it did.

    That is why countries with common sense does not privatize critical public services like roads, health care, the fire/police departments, etc. When you introduce the profit motive into the equation, all sorts of bad things happen despite what Libertarians and others claim.

  26. Re: cutting corners by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    The final checkers would be threatened or bribed.

  27. Reduce speed? by superdave80 · · Score: 1

    ... or reduce the speed"

    I'm having trouble figuring out how a reduce speed would reduce the load on a bridge. Anybody have an idea how that works?

    1. Re:Reduce speed? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Higher speed leads to more vibrations. "Load" is not only static load, i.e. just the accumulated mass of all vehicles on the bridge. Aside from that and the vibrations caused by the vehicles, there's also wind load.

    2. Re:Reduce speed? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Not much effect on static loading, but the characteristics of the dynamic load would change. The frequency components of the dynamic loading would shift higher with faster traffic on it. Perhaps the natural damping of the structure is not as effective at higher frequencies.

      Imagine a widget held together by bolts. If you shake it at 1-2Hz, it may stay together no problem. If you mechanically vibrate it at 200Hz, all the bolts loosen and the widget falls apart. Maybe it's something like that.

      Also, think of any force imparted on the bridge from any unevenness of the road surface. Imagine going over a speed bump at 5mph vs. 25mph. The force felt by the car is also being felt by the road (in equal and opposite way) per Mr. Newton.

      Not saying these are THE reasons, but I can imagine some combination of it being true.

    3. Re:Reduce speed? by ebvwfbw · · Score: 1

      Flex. Bridges bend. So do the things on it. Gives it more time to adjust. This isn't that much of a big deal generally. There is also side load. If everything is going straight then that's fine. It's when you have a semi or some other big load and they change lanes. So you're talking say 80,000 Lbs for a fully loaded semi and now you want to move it say 20' to the right or left. Something has to exert that pressure on it. If you're going slow it's not so bad. You're still going up and down for the most part. Going fast and now you have a side load to deal with. Exceed the capacity of whatever it is holding you up and you have a failure. People have a bad day.

  28. Re: cutting corners by arglebargle_xiv · · Score: 1

    This is what an earlier poster was referring to with the observation that "the construction companies made some 'equivalent substitutions'". These sorts of shenanigans are SOP in Italian civil works projects, you just get used to it after awhile.

  29. One of government's oldest problems by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It is a nearly universal law of politics and government that politicians LOVE to spend money on shiny new stuff and ribbon cutting ceremonies. They LOVE to claim credit for bringing their people new, bright-and-shiny, sparkly new benefits, machines, buildings, parks, dams, bridges, and other infrastructure.

    It is also a nearly universal law of politics and government that politicians HATE to spend money on old utilitarian stuff the public either never sees or sees so often that they take it for granted.

    The result: New stuff gets built, but once built its maintenance begins to be neglected and that neglect eventually dwindles toward zero. Eventually that new stuff becomes old stuff that will never get adequate attention until it fails in a catastrophic way that kills a bunch of people, or until something similar fails that way and the politicians panic enough to briefly spend a pile of money on maintenance on all similar things to the one that failed - after which the neglect resumes.

  30. That's the trouble with facism by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It may make the trains run on time, but it also makes cars fall from the sky.

  31. Italy and India by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Italy is India of europe

    1. Re:Italy and India by ebvwfbw · · Score: 1

      Really? I thought Italy was the Italy of Europe.

    2. Re:Italy and India by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And you're The Idiot of Slashdot instead.

  32. Built-in Vulnerability by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Like all other products that are being built in modern world, planned obsolescence has been built into buildings, and bridges

    Many bridges that we use daily, many skyscrapers which millions and millions of people work in, the cars we drives, the planes we fly in, the trains we ride, have planned vulnerability built in

    This bridge will not be the only one which failed. More buildings will fall, bridges break, in the coming days, weeks, months and years

    Happy living

  33. That's paranoia and too much faith in planning by presidenteloco · · Score: 1

    The universe is entropic (tending toward higher entropy - lower organization)

    Stuff breaks down.

    You don't need to plan to have things fail. They will fail by default.

    All you need is insufficient planning, budget, and execution of how to make them last unexpectedly long.

    --

    Where are we going and why are we in a handbasket?