I only showed the first step of the process, converting a message text into five digit code groups. If that was transmitted, it could be cracked by a cryptanalyst in minutes. The step that makes it secure is the one time pad. Using the previous message:
The encoded plaintext is added to the one time pad with modulo 10 arithmetic, a single digit at a time. The result is the encrypted message, ready for transmission. The recipient of the message reverses the process by subtracting the one time pad from the received message, again with modulo 10 arithmetic, a single digit at a time.
Assuming the one time pad was properly generated from a true random number source, there are no statistical anomalies in the encrypted message that could aid a cryptanalyst.
The message is encoded into numbers before it is encrypted and transmitted. Here is an example of an encoding table:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S N E G O P A 7 B C D F H I J 8 K L M Q R T U 9 V W X Y Z /.
The letters on the first line (S N E G O P A) are encoding to the single digits 0 through 6. The letters on the second, third and fourth lines are encoded to double digit numbers. For example:
Well regulated, in the context of a militia, meant drilled, trained and proficient. Think of a well regulated watch. Here are some usage examples from the OED.
The U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command had something similar with their "Sky King" broadcasts on the high frequency bands. They sent out coded messages at regular intervals using SSB (single sideband) voice. This was one of the systems for sending EAMs (emergency action messages) to SAC's nuclear armed bombers. When listening, you never knew if the message was "testing" or "nuke Moscow".
You can already do that in many places. I can order a pizza on the web from Pappa John's and the order is automagically relayed to a printer at the local franchise.
I think fiber to the home will replace the current DSL and cable modem kludges. The fiber will provide a multi-gigabit/sec interface to the neighborhood network. There will be thousands of IP multicast video streams available on the network, some free, some requiring a subscription. This will result in the death of conventional CATV systems. It will also destroy the economic base of local broadcast television stations. High-speed international data links will shrink the world to the point that regional broadcasting and distribution will become an anachronism. Telephone service over copper wire will disappear, replaced by wireless and VOIP.
One method to improve the performance, even with current technology, might be to get rid of the well known structure of hard discs though. As it has been for years now discs are platters with a fixed logical structure. 512 sectors, N sectors per cylinder, N cylinders per platter.
It has already happened. The heads, tracks and cylinders that you see in the BIOS setup screen on a PC have no basis in reality. That is just a software compatibility kludge for PC operating systems. If you look at the SCSI specification, you will find no mention of heads, tracks and cylinders, the disk is addressed as an array of logical blocks. IDE drives can use logical block addressing, similar to SCSI, or heads, tracks and cylinders. Due to the use of techniques such as Zoned Bit Recording (ZBR), the number of sectors per track is not a constant. The IDE drive translates the physical sector address provided by the CPU to/from an internal sector address that reflects the actual layout of the drive. I've seen SCSI drives with larger sector sizes but they are rare.
Most of the resistance to widescreen nowadays is coming from North America, where there's an almost irrational resistance to change.
I blame the marketing people at the TV manufacturers. I would love to have a wide screen TV. The European and Japanese web sites of the TV manufacturers show a nice selection of wide screen TVs. The problem is that none of them are available in the USA. I've looked in the local electronics stores and the only wide screen models are the super-expensive HDTV receivers.
Why don't we use the ITU-R-601 digital video format for everything? It is an uncompressed, digital form of PAL and NTSC. The data rate is 270 Mb/sec, which shouldn't be a problem over the short distances used for equipment interconnects. It would avoid the expense and artifacts introduced by multiple compression/decompression operations in the video path.
If you are building a system on your own time, as a hobby, or as a learning experience, fine.
In a business environment, it doesn't make sense to waste staff hours building PCs from parts unless their is a very good reason for doing it. Part of engineering is knowing which tasks should be done in-house and which tasks should be farmed out to other firms or accomplished with COTS products.
I recently bought one of the low-end IBM Netfinity servers for use as a Linux system. I was very impressed with the quality of the system. The hardware was high quality, with lots of little features to make life easier for the administrator and installer. It was tested and certified for a number of server operating systems, including Linux. The case has good airflow and thermal design. The hard drives have rubber shock mounts to reduce vibration and noise. The system makes almost no noise when running. It included a complete and well-written set of documentation, diagnostics and setup software, and a three year on-site service warranty. IBM also has a web site with useful software and hardware technical support information, device drivers and software updates. I don't mean this to be a commercial for IBM, my point is that IBM added considerable value to the system in comparison to a generic box assembled from parts. The price was about $2500, including 128 MB of ECC RAM, 9 GB fast/wide SCSI hard drive and 10/20 GB SCSI tape drive.
I worry that the shift to broadband Internet access may result in major problems.
Despite repeated predictions of their imminent demise, there are still large numbers of dialup ISPs. If you don't like your current dialup ISP, or they don't like you, there are plenty of alternate ISPs.
Broadband internet access is much more centralized. If you are lucky, you have the choice between cable and DSL. Both controlled by large corporations who are, or would like to become, vertically integrated media conglomerates.
ISPs are not common carriers. They can refuse to provide service, or discontinue service, at their convenience. If they say no servers, no Napster, no VOIP, no streaming video, no "weird" operating systems or computers, you can accept it or go elsewhere. If you have controversial social or political views, they may cut you off your service.
With broadband, there might not be any alternate service provider available. You may have the choice between access on MediaConglomo's terms or no access at all. You are fair game for anything that "enhances shareholder value". You are a consumer unit with your finger on a "buy button". Your eyeballs have been sold to MediaConglomo's corporate partners.
As far as I am concerned, a sixteen year old gang banger or enforcer for the local crack dealer is not a "child". If they commit an adult crime, they should be prepared to pay an adult penalty.
Intelligent NIC with Failover
on
Linux Failover?
·
· Score: 2
I worked on a distributed systems project that needed high reliability LAN connections. The solution we used was a custom NIC that had two Ethernet interfaces and a 68000 with 512K of RAM on a single PCB. Each system broadcast heartbeat messages on all attached LANs. If a primary LAN failed or became partitioned, all systems automatically switched to the backup LAN. This was transparent to the processes sending and receiving data on the network since the NIC routed packets to the Ethernet interface designated as active by the system's LAN monitoring and failure detection software.
I don't think the Shuttle is a realistic choice for the launch vehicle. Any payload on the Shuttle has to meet a very high safety standard since it is a manned vehicle. Several tons of liquid fuel and oxidizer is an extreme hazard. A developmental flight on a new launch vehicle would be more realistic. The problem is that these flights have a high failure rate.
As far as the French and German governments were concerned, they were not French and German citizens, they were Jews. The French government and the French police were more than happy to ship their Jewish brethren off to the extermination camps. They did not require any assistance from the Germans.
The most infamous of these mass arrests was the so-called grande rafle du Vél' d'Hiv' which took place in Paris on the 16th and 17th July 1942. The Vélodrome d'Hiver was a large indoor sports arena situated on the rue Nélaton near the Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissment of Paris. In a vast operation codenamed vent printanier, the French police rounded up 12, 884 Jews from Paris and its surrounding suburbs. These were mostly adult men and women but there were around 4,000 children amongst them. The rounding up was made easier by the large number of files on Jews complied and held by Vichy authorities since 1940. The French police, headed by René Bousquet, were entirely responsible for this operation and not one German soldier assisted.
I think you're confusing the CPU and the OS. A CPU is not designed for higher or lower load. It always runs at 100%, regarless of whether there's load of 10 or nothing but the idle loop to run.
While not strictly the CPU, I would consider the design of the I/O system to be important for high load situations. PC hardware wastes huge numbers of CPU cycles on brain-damaged I/O interfaces and devices. The interrupt latency on common PC operating systems, such as Windows NT, is poor. Many device drivers are poorly written. The PC world seems to be stuck in the MS-DOS era of I/O system design, kludges piled on top of kludges.
The Supreme Court has struck down laws that prohibit anonymous speech. See Talley v. California for an example. Anonymous speech has a long history in the United States. Anonymous political pamplets were widely distributed before the Revolutionary War.
I would love to have books available in digital format. If you saw the piles of books in my home, you would understand why. That said, I refuse to buy any product that tracks book purchases by user, locks the book to a single computer, or prevents the user from giving or lending the book to someone else. I should be able to buy an electronic book anonymously and do anything with it that I could do with a paper book.
I haven't seen an electronic book system that meets my requirements. The trend seems to be to push "intellectual property control" at the expense of everything else.
Just one note: it is illegal for most organizations to require you to provide your SSN.
I wish it was true, but it isn't. See the Social Security Number FAQ. Private organizations are free to request your SSN and may decline to provide service if you refuse to give it to them. The legal restrictions (Privacy Act) on gathering SSNs only apply to government agencies.
Is there any college or university left that is willing to stand up for academic freedom? Not just the trendy views of politically correct faculty members, but views that irritate large corporations, so-called progressives, professional victims and politicians?
Substantial portions of OS/2 were written by Microsoft. It was originally a joint IBM-Microsoft project. Microsoft and IBM split up the project after OS/2 1.2. Microsoft would have to sign off on any attempt to open source OS/2. The chance of that is about as good as the chance of Natalie Portman becoming my love slave.
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Every time I buy RAM, it sends a destructive wave back through time, causing a natural or man-made disaster in the RAM industry.
73758 40855 40850 (encoded plaintext)
64270 19371 16214 (one time pad)
37928 59126 56064 (encrypted message)
The encoded plaintext is added to the one time pad with modulo 10 arithmetic, a single digit at a time. The result is the encrypted message, ready for transmission. The recipient of the message reverses the process by subtracting the one time pad from the received message, again with modulo 10 arithmetic, a single digit at a time.
37928 59126 56064 (encrypted message)
64270 19371 16214 (one time pad)
73758 40855 40850 (encoded plaintext)
Assuming the one time pad was properly generated from a true random number source, there are no statistical anomalies in the encrypted message that could aid a cryptanalyst.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 .
S N E G O P A
7 B C D F H I J
8 K L M Q R T U
9 V W X Y Z /
The letters on the first line (S N E G O P A) are encoding to the single digits 0 through 6. The letters on the second, third and fourth lines are encoded to double digit numbers. For example:
F = 73
I = 75
R = 84
S = 0
T = 85
P = 5
O = 4
S = 0
T = 85
In code groups:
73758 40855 4085X
(X indicates null padding to fill last group)
Well regulated, in the context of a militia, meant drilled, trained and proficient. Think of a well regulated watch. Here are some usage examples from the OED.
The U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command had something similar with their "Sky King" broadcasts on the high frequency bands. They sent out coded messages at regular intervals using SSB (single sideband) voice. This was one of the systems for sending EAMs (emergency action messages) to SAC's nuclear armed bombers. When listening, you never knew if the message was "testing" or "nuke Moscow".
You can already do that in many places. I can order a pizza on the web from Pappa John's and the order is automagically relayed to a printer at the local franchise.
I think fiber to the home will replace the current DSL and cable modem kludges. The fiber will provide a multi-gigabit/sec interface to the neighborhood network. There will be thousands of IP multicast video streams available on the network, some free, some requiring a subscription. This will result in the death of conventional CATV systems. It will also destroy the economic base of local broadcast television stations. High-speed international data links will shrink the world to the point that regional broadcasting and distribution will become an anachronism. Telephone service over copper wire will disappear, replaced by wireless and VOIP.
It has already happened. The heads, tracks and cylinders that you see in the BIOS setup screen on a PC have no basis in reality. That is just a software compatibility kludge for PC operating systems. If you look at the SCSI specification, you will find no mention of heads, tracks and cylinders, the disk is addressed as an array of logical blocks. IDE drives can use logical block addressing, similar to SCSI, or heads, tracks and cylinders. Due to the use of techniques such as Zoned Bit Recording (ZBR), the number of sectors per track is not a constant. The IDE drive translates the physical sector address provided by the CPU to/from an internal sector address that reflects the actual layout of the drive. I've seen SCSI drives with larger sector sizes but they are rare.
I blame the marketing people at the TV manufacturers. I would love to have a wide screen TV. The European and Japanese web sites of the TV manufacturers show a nice selection of wide screen TVs. The problem is that none of them are available in the USA. I've looked in the local electronics stores and the only wide screen models are the super-expensive HDTV receivers.
No problem. The formula is a trade secret, not a trademark or patent. Just don't call it Coke(TM) or Coca-Cola(TM).
sizeof(short) == 2
sizeof(int) == 4
sizeof(long) == 4
sizeof(void *) == 8
Microsoft says it's for Win32 portability reasons. I think it's brain damaged.
Why don't we use the ITU-R-601 digital video format for everything? It is an uncompressed, digital form of PAL and NTSC. The data rate is 270 Mb/sec, which shouldn't be a problem over the short distances used for equipment interconnects. It would avoid the expense and artifacts introduced by multiple compression/decompression operations in the video path.
In a business environment, it doesn't make sense to waste staff hours building PCs from parts unless their is a very good reason for doing it. Part of engineering is knowing which tasks should be done in-house and which tasks should be farmed out to other firms or accomplished with COTS products.
I recently bought one of the low-end IBM Netfinity servers for use as a Linux system. I was very impressed with the quality of the system. The hardware was high quality, with lots of little features to make life easier for the administrator and installer. It was tested and certified for a number of server operating systems, including Linux. The case has good airflow and thermal design. The hard drives have rubber shock mounts to reduce vibration and noise. The system makes almost no noise when running. It included a complete and well-written set of documentation, diagnostics and setup software, and a three year on-site service warranty. IBM also has a web site with useful software and hardware technical support information, device drivers and software updates. I don't mean this to be a commercial for IBM, my point is that IBM added considerable value to the system in comparison to a generic box assembled from parts. The price was about $2500, including 128 MB of ECC RAM, 9 GB fast/wide SCSI hard drive and 10/20 GB SCSI tape drive.
Despite repeated predictions of their imminent demise, there are still large numbers of dialup ISPs. If you don't like your current dialup ISP, or they don't like you, there are plenty of alternate ISPs.
Broadband internet access is much more centralized. If you are lucky, you have the choice between cable and DSL. Both controlled by large corporations who are, or would like to become, vertically integrated media conglomerates.
ISPs are not common carriers. They can refuse to provide service, or discontinue service, at their convenience. If they say no servers, no Napster, no VOIP, no streaming video, no "weird" operating systems or computers, you can accept it or go elsewhere. If you have controversial social or political views, they may cut you off your service.
With broadband, there might not be any alternate service provider available. You may have the choice between access on MediaConglomo's terms or no access at all. You are fair game for anything that "enhances shareholder value". You are a consumer unit with your finger on a "buy button". Your eyeballs have been sold to MediaConglomo's corporate partners.
As far as I am concerned, a sixteen year old gang banger or enforcer for the local crack dealer is not a "child". If they commit an adult crime, they should be prepared to pay an adult penalty.
I worked on a distributed systems project that needed high reliability LAN connections. The solution we used was a custom NIC that had two Ethernet interfaces and a 68000 with 512K of RAM on a single PCB. Each system broadcast heartbeat messages on all attached LANs. If a primary LAN failed or became partitioned, all systems automatically switched to the backup LAN. This was transparent to the processes sending and receiving data on the network since the NIC routed packets to the Ethernet interface designated as active by the system's LAN monitoring and failure detection software.
I don't think the Shuttle is a realistic choice for the launch vehicle. Any payload on the Shuttle has to meet a very high safety standard since it is a manned vehicle. Several tons of liquid fuel and oxidizer is an extreme hazard. A developmental flight on a new launch vehicle would be more realistic. The problem is that these flights have a high failure rate.
From France and the Final Solution:
While not strictly the CPU, I would consider the design of the I/O system to be important for high load situations. PC hardware wastes huge numbers of CPU cycles on brain-damaged I/O interfaces and devices. The interrupt latency on common PC operating systems, such as Windows NT, is poor. Many device drivers are poorly written. The PC world seems to be stuck in the MS-DOS era of I/O system design, kludges piled on top of kludges.
We organize a grassroots level campaign...
Hmmm...
My lobbying group is "grassroots populism" and your lobbying group is "scumsucking special interest lobbyists". Right.
The Supreme Court has struck down laws that prohibit anonymous speech. See Talley v. California for an example. Anonymous speech has a long history in the United States. Anonymous political pamplets were widely distributed before the Revolutionary War.
I haven't seen an electronic book system that meets my requirements. The trend seems to be to push "intellectual property control" at the expense of everything else.
I wish it was true, but it isn't. See the Social Security Number FAQ. Private organizations are free to request your SSN and may decline to provide service if you refuse to give it to them. The legal restrictions (Privacy Act) on gathering SSNs only apply to government agencies.
Is there any college or university left that is willing to stand up for academic freedom? Not just the trendy views of politically correct faculty members, but views that irritate large corporations, so-called progressives, professional victims and politicians?
Substantial portions of OS/2 were written by Microsoft. It was originally a joint IBM-Microsoft project. Microsoft and IBM split up the project after OS/2 1.2. Microsoft would have to sign off on any attempt to open source OS/2. The chance of that is about as good as the chance of Natalie Portman becoming my love slave.