Kids should get some basics on where things come from. How steel is made. How farming works. How electricity is generated and distributed. How cars are made. Where tap water comes from, and where sewerage goes. How houses are built and what's inside the walls.
At the micro level, they should learn basic electrical circuits, basic gears and mechanical linkages, basic hand tools up to an electric drill, and basic woodworking up to building a box or birdhouse.
Not Z80 programming.
Infrastructure is mandatory. Nostalgia is optional.
The Super Bowl was at Stanford once, in 1985. The local attitude was "yawn". Nobody cared. I was on the Stanford campus at the time, but on the other side of campus at the time, and it had zero impact over there.
Have you read NUREG 1150, the NRC accident study that includes Peach Bottom? 18 hours after station blackout, core melting will start. The most likely risk is a fire knocking out power.
"This
means
that
the
dominant
plant
damage
states
will
be
driven
by
events
that
fail
a
multitude
of
systems
(i.e.,
reduce
the
redundancy
through
some
common-mode
or
support
system
failure)
or
events
that
only
require
a
small
number
of
systems
to
fail
in
order
to
reach
core
damage.
The
station
blackout
plant
damage
state
satisfies
the
first
of
these
requirements
in
that
all
systems
ultimately
depend
upon
ac
power,
and
a
loss
of
offsite
power
is
a
relatively
high
probability
event.
The
total
probability
of
losing
ac
power
long
enough
to
induce
core
damage
is
relatively
high,
although
still
low
for
a
plant
with
Peach
Bottom's
design.
"
That's the problem. Lose power with that class of plant, and there will be a meltdown. That's what happened at Fukushima. The reactor survived the earthquake and tsnuami, but the backup power system wiring did not. They had 13 backup generators and a trailer-mounted generator, but some of the backup generators and the power connection point were flooded, and they had the wrong cables for the trailer-mounted generator.
Social networks have a life cycle. If they become cool, they grow. They grow too big, become uncool, the cool people leave, and they decline. Past top social networks include The Well, AOL, Geocities, and Myspace. Facebook's web traffic peaked in 2012.
A key problem for Facebook: they don't have a phone. Google has a phone OS, and uses it to lock users in and spy on them. Facebook doesn't have that power.
As long as a nuclear plant has US standards for quality and testing instead of Japanese standards, we're all set.
Fukushima Daiichi had four General Electric reactors. The same reactor design is used in several US plants. Peach Bottom in Pennsylvania is one. All operating plants of that design will melt down if they lose cooling water flow for more than about 18 hours.
It's an input to the Drake equation. That's worth looking at again.
When Drake wrote it, most of the numbers were guesses, but we now know that exoplanets are not rare.
I suspect the reason we haven't heard from anybody is that the lifetime of high-power technological civilizations is only a few hundred to a thousand years. We're only about 200 years into industrial society, and we've already burned through most of the easy to get natural resources.
I saw a fistfight on the corner of Market and 6th.
Sounds about normal. But localized. Also, it's just a fistfight, not a gunfight or a drive-by. For that you go to Oakland.
Twitter is at 9th and Market. That moved gentification a block further. There's construction on Market between 7th and 8th.
There's a giant indoor mall at 5th and Market, anchoring the other end of the vise that's closing on 6th St.
This "pre-ordering" thing has gotten out of hand when someone takes $2 million in pre-orders for a food product. Even worse, their current payment policy:
"When is my card charged?
Since we have already reached our fundraising goal, your card will be charged immediately."
Since they promised shipment in "early 2014", and it's early 2014,
If they don't start shipping in volume within days, they're going to run into trouble with the FTC's Mail Order Rule. (The Mail Order Rule can be summarized as "ship within 30 days of promised delivery date or offer a refund; after 60 days, send a refund unless the customer explicitly gives you more time in writing").
I met Lewandowsky when he was an undergrad at Berkeley, building a self-driving motorcycle, while also running a startup to sell a two-screen display for field use at construction sites with a player for drawings. I was impressed. He does tend to deliver on his schemes.
The Google bus thing is impressive. Google now has a huge bus fleet. They're all the same, they're all huge, and they're all white and unmarked. They're more visible than the public bus lines, because they're concentrated in a few areas. Yesterday, I was caught in a traffic jam of Google buses in Mountain View.
One of those areas is the Mission District in San Francisco.
It's an OK low rent neighborhood, but not great or particularly cool. (SOMA, pre Dot Com Boom 1.0 was cool - lots of art galleries, performance spaces, clubs, warehouse parties - the fun things that need big, cheap spaces. That's over.)
I have friends living in the Mission. I've been there many times. It's not really being "gentrified". It's just that rents are going up on existing buildings, which is annoying residents. SOMA and Dogpatch have been redeveloped, with most of the old buildings replaced and most of the rest converted to residential lofts or such.
SF is driving out low-income people. Mayor Brown said a few years ago that no one making less than $50K a year should live in SF. Really. The Mission was one of the few cheap neighborhoods left that was merely poor, not awful. SF still has a few bad cheap neighborhoods, but they're under attack, building by building. The 6th Street corridor is still a druggie and flophouse area. But go a hundred feet off 6th and there are luxury lofts. The area of Market Street around 6th to 8th was also a big druggie/homeless area. Then Twitter HQ moved in there. As that area gets gentrified, the 6th St. corridor will be cut off from the Tenderloin across Market. We'll know that's happened when the last strip club there closes.
MIT's "nanotechnology" articles are getting really bad. Their press office overhypes every little effect someone demonstrates into "big new product really cheap real soon now".
For a really important domain, there's MarkMonitor. Their real business is searching for trademark infringement, but they're also a domain registrar. A typical MarkMonitor domain is "cbs.com". If you have to ask how much their domain registration costs, you can't afford it. If anything goes wrong with a MarkMonitor domain, alarms go off and technicians and lawyers swing into action to get it fixed immediately.
Network Solutions seems to be trying to move into that territory. But they're botching the job.
Read the patent. It's not about shipping unordered items to the customer. It's about shipping items, packed for delivery to an undesignated customer, to a shipping hub near the customer. If the customer orders it as predicted, a box gets a full delivery address on the label and goes on the truck; if not, it's held, sent back, or sold to someone else.
Amazon can sometimes avoid air shipment, yet still provide fast delivery, by doing this. The patent is about analyzing those tradeoffs in real-time and optimizing.
This takes careful management, or the final shipping hubs will choke with boxed unsold inventory. The final hubs aren't full scale fulfuilment centers with big inventory, order picking, and packing; they're just box handling operations. If the system detects a partial truckload going somewhere and empty space at a destination hub, that's a good time to preposition some items likely to get ordered soon.
The level of coordination this implies is impressive.
This is probably because they want the signature checker to fit in the CD boot loader. For historical reasons, bootable CDs imitate a floppy during the initial boot process, and contain an image of a 1.44MB floppy with a FAT file system. When you boot an PC-type x86 machine from CD, that simulated floppy (the file "floppy54.fs" for OpenBSD) is read by the BIOS and a file from it is executed.
This process is so retro that the initial program loaded is executed in 16-bit X86 mode.
No, Firefox isn't safer. Mozilla sold out last year.. This came up when Wips bought up a number of plug-ins, including BlockSite, and installed spyware with a ransomware "opt-in" feature. (Opt in, or we block Flickr, etc.)
Mozilla policy:"These features (spyware, etc.) cannot be introduced into an update of a fully-reviewed add-on; the opt-in change process must be part of the initial review."
Jorge Villalobos, Mozilla management-level employee:
That's outdated, since we don't enforce that policy. As long as the feature is opt in, it is acceptable to introduce it in an update.
63 add-ons from Wips were found by a search last year.
There's some very good HVAC control technology that hasn't yet made it to the home. Here's a way to build a product that does that.
The basic kit consists of the cool-looking "thermostat" controller, and a window fan. The window fan unit has sensors and an RF link to the controller. The sensors include inside and outside temperature, humidity, CO2 level, noise level, and light level. The controller has the same set of sensors. The controller can turn on heat, A/C, or HVAC only, and has full control over the window fan unit.
Now we're ready to apply some smarts to HVAC control. The basic idea is to use outside air and recirculation when possible. Big building systems have done this automatically for decades, but somehow it never made it to the home. The problem isn't component cost - it's the difficulty of configuring such systems. That has to be fully automatic for the home.
So the controller spends the first few days of its operating life learning the thermodynamics of the house. When heat or A/C is started, how long does it take for the effects to show up at the thermostat? What's the rate of rise and fall? If it starts the fan blowing air inward when it's colder or hotter outside, how long does it take before the effect shows up at the controller's sensors? In a few days, the controller should have all that calibrated.
Why all the sensors? The outside temperature sensor tells the controller what the fans will do to inside temperature. The CO2 sensor tells the system how crowded the house is. When CO2 is higher than normal inside, but not outside, it's time to crank up the fans in exhaust mode. When CO2 is very low, the house is nearly empty and air can be recirculated. The noise level sensor is used to decide how high the fans can go before they become annoying. If someone is having a loud party and the CO2 level is up, the fans can be run at max. The outside temperature sensor tells the controller what the fans will do to inside temperature. The outside light level sensor is used to figure out the day/night cycle and length of day. After some time, the system will know the approximate date and latitude.
That's the base system. Add-ons include more fans, controls for built-in fans such as attic fans, humidifiers, and so forth. For larger houses, multiple controllers can be used, and will coordinate their operation. (Coordination is essential in multiple-zone HVAC, or you spend money cooling air you just heated, or vice versa.) For new houses, more of this could be built in, but the base unit plus a window fan is enough to get going. So it can be sold as a consumer product.
Note that this doesn't need to connect to the "cloud". It doesn't need to "phone home". It doesn't need your ZIP code so it can connect to some place and get outside air temp. (It might offer a WiFi interface so you can talk to it via a browser, but that's not essential.) It has a lot more smarts tha the "Nest", and will make a house more comfortable.
This should start appearing on low-end tablets within months. Especially the ones that use the Allwinner CPU. 100% China-controlled technology at last.
There are standard procedures for this sort of thing. If the Government seizes regular financial assets such as stocks or bonds, the U.S. Marshalls Service sends them to a licensed broker to be sold. Less liquid assets are sold off at auctions. Here's the current list of auctions. There's a list of used stuff available, from fur coats to USB cables. And lots of bling - gold chains, Rolex watches, gold and silver bars, men's diamond bracelets... Want a cross necklace with 171 diamonds? They've got that. (Some of this stuff just screams "I am a drug dealer.")
Liquidating Bitcoins will be easier than unloading much of that overpriced crap.
Right. A lot of effort goes into cockpit design to keep pilot workload manageable and minimize "head down time". Vehicle "infotainment" systems seem to lack that.
On the other hand, you also need to use 2-pass algorithms to compute Mean Absolute Deviation, whereas STD can be easily calculated in one pass. And you still need standard deviation as it relates directly to the second moment about the mean.
Right. Some common measures in statistics date from the paper and pencil era, back when computation was really expensive. The same issue applies to least mean squares curve fitting, which is cheap to compute but overweights values far from the curve. This is well known, and was recognized decades ago. This is not something Talib "discovered", or even popularized.
(If you want to annoy Taleb and his flunkies, ask hard questions about the actual performance of his funds in years other than 2008.)
The curse of the chattering classes
on
If I Had a Hammer
·
· Score: 1
It's sucked being a worker since about 1973, which was when wages per hour worked peaked in the US. That was also the year the auto companies in Detroit started requiring a high school diploma for new hires. It took decades for the "chattering classes" who write op-eds to notice this. Today, 14% of the US workforce makes all the stuff - that's manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture put together. That was 40% around 1950, and 90% around 1900. US industrial production is at an all-time high. There was a drop after 2008, but it's back up. The US still outproduces China, with 3x the population. (Not for much longer, though; China will pass the US soon, maybe this year.)
If you were an industrial worker from 1945 to 1973, your real income doubled or tripled. You probably had a union and a good pension plan. That's so over. In the US, anyway.
It took decades for the "chattering classes" who write op-eds to notice this. But now they have to compete with Demand Media drones turning out cheap filler. Not just for online content; the "fluff" sections ("Living", "Drive", "Food and Wine", etc.) of many newspapers are produced by Demand Media. A degree in journalism from Yale isn't enough any more. So we're finally seeing more op-eds about the terrors of automation.
The list of things computers can do is getting longer, rapidly. The list of things people can do gets longer very slowly. While it's hard to get a computer to do a job the first time, once it's been done, replicating software is cheap. When computing replaces another kind of job, deployment today is very fast. That's new. It used to take longer to crush a whole sector of employees.
Slashdot Mirror
Kids should get some basics on where things come from. How steel is made. How farming works. How electricity is generated and distributed. How cars are made. Where tap water comes from, and where sewerage goes. How houses are built and what's inside the walls.
At the micro level, they should learn basic electrical circuits, basic gears and mechanical linkages, basic hand tools up to an electric drill, and basic woodworking up to building a box or birdhouse.
Not Z80 programming.
Infrastructure is mandatory. Nostalgia is optional.
The Super Bowl was at Stanford once, in 1985. The local attitude was "yawn". Nobody cared. I was on the Stanford campus at the time, but on the other side of campus at the time, and it had zero impact over there.
Well, now he can sue Google. He's not bound by Google's EULA; he's signed up with Microsoft's Hotmail.
Have you read NUREG 1150, the NRC accident study that includes Peach Bottom? 18 hours after station blackout, core melting will start. The most likely risk is a fire knocking out power. "This means that the dominant plant damage states will be driven by events that fail a multitude of systems (i.e., reduce the redundancy through some common-mode or support system failure) or events that only require a small number of systems to fail in order to reach core damage. The station blackout plant damage state satisfies the first of these requirements in that all systems ultimately depend upon ac power, and a loss of offsite power is a relatively high probability event. The total probability of losing ac power long enough to induce core damage is relatively high, although still low for a plant with Peach Bottom's design. "
That's the problem. Lose power with that class of plant, and there will be a meltdown. That's what happened at Fukushima. The reactor survived the earthquake and tsnuami, but the backup power system wiring did not. They had 13 backup generators and a trailer-mounted generator, but some of the backup generators and the power connection point were flooded, and they had the wrong cables for the trailer-mounted generator.
At least Linux is still under the GPL.
I'm sort of sad to see GCC in decline, but it's a very old compiler.
The ice industry never got that kind of power, but the salt industry did.
Social networks have a life cycle. If they become cool, they grow. They grow too big, become uncool, the cool people leave, and they decline. Past top social networks include The Well, AOL, Geocities, and Myspace. Facebook's web traffic peaked in 2012.
A key problem for Facebook: they don't have a phone. Google has a phone OS, and uses it to lock users in and spy on them. Facebook doesn't have that power.
As long as a nuclear plant has US standards for quality and testing instead of Japanese standards, we're all set.
Fukushima Daiichi had four General Electric reactors. The same reactor design is used in several US plants. Peach Bottom in Pennsylvania is one. All operating plants of that design will melt down if they lose cooling water flow for more than about 18 hours.
It's an input to the Drake equation. That's worth looking at again. When Drake wrote it, most of the numbers were guesses, but we now know that exoplanets are not rare.
I suspect the reason we haven't heard from anybody is that the lifetime of high-power technological civilizations is only a few hundred to a thousand years. We're only about 200 years into industrial society, and we've already burned through most of the easy to get natural resources.
I saw a fistfight on the corner of Market and 6th.
Sounds about normal. But localized. Also, it's just a fistfight, not a gunfight or a drive-by. For that you go to Oakland.
Twitter is at 9th and Market. That moved gentification a block further. There's construction on Market between 7th and 8th. There's a giant indoor mall at 5th and Market, anchoring the other end of the vise that's closing on 6th St.
This "pre-ordering" thing has gotten out of hand when someone takes $2 million in pre-orders for a food product. Even worse, their current payment policy:
"When is my card charged?
Since we have already reached our fundraising goal, your card will be charged immediately."
Since they promised shipment in "early 2014", and it's early 2014, If they don't start shipping in volume within days, they're going to run into trouble with the FTC's Mail Order Rule. (The Mail Order Rule can be summarized as "ship within 30 days of promised delivery date or offer a refund; after 60 days, send a refund unless the customer explicitly gives you more time in writing").
I met Lewandowsky when he was an undergrad at Berkeley, building a self-driving motorcycle, while also running a startup to sell a two-screen display for field use at construction sites with a player for drawings. I was impressed. He does tend to deliver on his schemes.
The Google bus thing is impressive. Google now has a huge bus fleet. They're all the same, they're all huge, and they're all white and unmarked. They're more visible than the public bus lines, because they're concentrated in a few areas. Yesterday, I was caught in a traffic jam of Google buses in Mountain View.
One of those areas is the Mission District in San Francisco. It's an OK low rent neighborhood, but not great or particularly cool. (SOMA, pre Dot Com Boom 1.0 was cool - lots of art galleries, performance spaces, clubs, warehouse parties - the fun things that need big, cheap spaces. That's over.) I have friends living in the Mission. I've been there many times. It's not really being "gentrified". It's just that rents are going up on existing buildings, which is annoying residents. SOMA and Dogpatch have been redeveloped, with most of the old buildings replaced and most of the rest converted to residential lofts or such.
SF is driving out low-income people. Mayor Brown said a few years ago that no one making less than $50K a year should live in SF. Really. The Mission was one of the few cheap neighborhoods left that was merely poor, not awful. SF still has a few bad cheap neighborhoods, but they're under attack, building by building. The 6th Street corridor is still a druggie and flophouse area. But go a hundred feet off 6th and there are luxury lofts. The area of Market Street around 6th to 8th was also a big druggie/homeless area. Then Twitter HQ moved in there. As that area gets gentrified, the 6th St. corridor will be cut off from the Tenderloin across Market. We'll know that's happened when the last strip club there closes.
Right. Mode parent up.
MIT's "nanotechnology" articles are getting really bad. Their press office overhypes every little effect someone demonstrates into "big new product really cheap real soon now".
For a really important domain, there's MarkMonitor. Their real business is searching for trademark infringement, but they're also a domain registrar. A typical MarkMonitor domain is "cbs.com". If you have to ask how much their domain registration costs, you can't afford it. If anything goes wrong with a MarkMonitor domain, alarms go off and technicians and lawyers swing into action to get it fixed immediately.
Network Solutions seems to be trying to move into that territory. But they're botching the job.
Read the patent. It's not about shipping unordered items to the customer. It's about shipping items, packed for delivery to an undesignated customer, to a shipping hub near the customer. If the customer orders it as predicted, a box gets a full delivery address on the label and goes on the truck; if not, it's held, sent back, or sold to someone else.
Amazon can sometimes avoid air shipment, yet still provide fast delivery, by doing this. The patent is about analyzing those tradeoffs in real-time and optimizing. This takes careful management, or the final shipping hubs will choke with boxed unsold inventory. The final hubs aren't full scale fulfuilment centers with big inventory, order picking, and packing; they're just box handling operations. If the system detects a partial truckload going somewhere and empty space at a destination hub, that's a good time to preposition some items likely to get ordered soon.
The level of coordination this implies is impressive.
It's "opt in or else". If you don't opt in, it messes up your browser and is hard to uninstall.
This is probably because they want the signature checker to fit in the CD boot loader. For historical reasons, bootable CDs imitate a floppy during the initial boot process, and contain an image of a 1.44MB floppy with a FAT file system. When you boot an PC-type x86 machine from CD, that simulated floppy (the file "floppy54.fs" for OpenBSD) is read by the BIOS and a file from it is executed.
This process is so retro that the initial program loaded is executed in 16-bit X86 mode.
No, Firefox isn't safer. Mozilla sold out last year.. This came up when Wips bought up a number of plug-ins, including BlockSite, and installed spyware with a ransomware "opt-in" feature. (Opt in, or we block Flickr, etc.)
Mozilla policy: "These features (spyware, etc.) cannot be introduced into an update of a fully-reviewed add-on; the opt-in change process must be part of the initial review."
Jorge Villalobos, Mozilla management-level employee: That's outdated, since we don't enforce that policy. As long as the feature is opt in, it is acceptable to introduce it in an update.
63 add-ons from Wips were found by a search last year.
Right, you need a fan with vent louvers, so when the fan isn't running, no air flows.
There's some very good HVAC control technology that hasn't yet made it to the home. Here's a way to build a product that does that.
The basic kit consists of the cool-looking "thermostat" controller, and a window fan. The window fan unit has sensors and an RF link to the controller. The sensors include inside and outside temperature, humidity, CO2 level, noise level, and light level. The controller has the same set of sensors. The controller can turn on heat, A/C, or HVAC only, and has full control over the window fan unit.
Now we're ready to apply some smarts to HVAC control. The basic idea is to use outside air and recirculation when possible. Big building systems have done this automatically for decades, but somehow it never made it to the home. The problem isn't component cost - it's the difficulty of configuring such systems. That has to be fully automatic for the home.
So the controller spends the first few days of its operating life learning the thermodynamics of the house. When heat or A/C is started, how long does it take for the effects to show up at the thermostat? What's the rate of rise and fall? If it starts the fan blowing air inward when it's colder or hotter outside, how long does it take before the effect shows up at the controller's sensors? In a few days, the controller should have all that calibrated.
Why all the sensors? The outside temperature sensor tells the controller what the fans will do to inside temperature. The CO2 sensor tells the system how crowded the house is. When CO2 is higher than normal inside, but not outside, it's time to crank up the fans in exhaust mode. When CO2 is very low, the house is nearly empty and air can be recirculated. The noise level sensor is used to decide how high the fans can go before they become annoying. If someone is having a loud party and the CO2 level is up, the fans can be run at max. The outside temperature sensor tells the controller what the fans will do to inside temperature. The outside light level sensor is used to figure out the day/night cycle and length of day. After some time, the system will know the approximate date and latitude.
That's the base system. Add-ons include more fans, controls for built-in fans such as attic fans, humidifiers, and so forth. For larger houses, multiple controllers can be used, and will coordinate their operation. (Coordination is essential in multiple-zone HVAC, or you spend money cooling air you just heated, or vice versa.) For new houses, more of this could be built in, but the base unit plus a window fan is enough to get going. So it can be sold as a consumer product.
Note that this doesn't need to connect to the "cloud". It doesn't need to "phone home". It doesn't need your ZIP code so it can connect to some place and get outside air temp. (It might offer a WiFi interface so you can talk to it via a browser, but that's not essential.) It has a lot more smarts tha the "Nest", and will make a house more comfortable.
This should start appearing on low-end tablets within months. Especially the ones that use the Allwinner CPU. 100% China-controlled technology at last.
Where do you download the source?
There are standard procedures for this sort of thing. If the Government seizes regular financial assets such as stocks or bonds, the U.S. Marshalls Service sends them to a licensed broker to be sold. Less liquid assets are sold off at auctions. Here's the current list of auctions. There's a list of used stuff available, from fur coats to USB cables. And lots of bling - gold chains, Rolex watches, gold and silver bars, men's diamond bracelets... Want a cross necklace with 171 diamonds? They've got that. (Some of this stuff just screams "I am a drug dealer.")
Liquidating Bitcoins will be easier than unloading much of that overpriced crap.
Right. A lot of effort goes into cockpit design to keep pilot workload manageable and minimize "head down time". Vehicle "infotainment" systems seem to lack that.
On the other hand, you also need to use 2-pass algorithms to compute Mean Absolute Deviation, whereas STD can be easily calculated in one pass. And you still need standard deviation as it relates directly to the second moment about the mean.
Right. Some common measures in statistics date from the paper and pencil era, back when computation was really expensive. The same issue applies to least mean squares curve fitting, which is cheap to compute but overweights values far from the curve. This is well known, and was recognized decades ago. This is not something Talib "discovered", or even popularized.
(If you want to annoy Taleb and his flunkies, ask hard questions about the actual performance of his funds in years other than 2008.)
It's sucked being a worker since about 1973, which was when wages per hour worked peaked in the US. That was also the year the auto companies in Detroit started requiring a high school diploma for new hires. It took decades for the "chattering classes" who write op-eds to notice this. Today, 14% of the US workforce makes all the stuff - that's manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture put together. That was 40% around 1950, and 90% around 1900. US industrial production is at an all-time high. There was a drop after 2008, but it's back up. The US still outproduces China, with 3x the population. (Not for much longer, though; China will pass the US soon, maybe this year.)
If you were an industrial worker from 1945 to 1973, your real income doubled or tripled. You probably had a union and a good pension plan. That's so over. In the US, anyway.
It took decades for the "chattering classes" who write op-eds to notice this. But now they have to compete with Demand Media drones turning out cheap filler. Not just for online content; the "fluff" sections ("Living", "Drive", "Food and Wine", etc.) of many newspapers are produced by Demand Media. A degree in journalism from Yale isn't enough any more. So we're finally seeing more op-eds about the terrors of automation.
The list of things computers can do is getting longer, rapidly. The list of things people can do gets longer very slowly. While it's hard to get a computer to do a job the first time, once it's been done, replicating software is cheap. When computing replaces another kind of job, deployment today is very fast. That's new. It used to take longer to crush a whole sector of employees.