Seems unlikely in this case, but if we're talking some kind of super top secret installation
You didn't RTFA, or even TFS, did you. There was an ally involved. You don't have your super-top-secret shit anywhere near your allies, because you don't trust them.
If it's a white dwarf (WD), it's going to have an internal strength (stiffness) somewhere well above that of steel, but more importantly, very strong forces pulling it's material back together.
My non-calculated estimate on the WD's shape is that it would be a prolate ellipsoid of rotation, with the long axis pointing towards the primary. Not necessarily directly at the primary - there might be some displacement due to the residual rotational angular momentum of the WD.
The Moon would be ripped apart by the stresses produced in accelerating it towards the Earth. Your model wouldn't last long - probbly only a short fraction of an orbit.
But why do you need a fluid dynamics model? Consider a rock (a "test particle") on the far side of the Moon, and the forces on it - it's gravitational attraction by the Moon ; ditto from the Earth ; it's inertia. Will the forces on the test particle push it into the Moon, or away from the Moon? Repeat for next particle, with a slightly smaller Moon mass. You're treating the Moon as a strengthless agglomeration of weakly-interacting particles - which is one way of looking at a fluid.
If you are working inside a machine or cabinet, then yes, you'd power it down.
You power it down, then you put a padlock (to which you, and only you hold a key) though the isolating switch so that you need to physically break the isolator to be able to de-isolate the machine. Then you do the same to the hydraulic and pneumatic supplies, as well as the electrical supply. If mechanical power (e.g., belt drive from an overhead torque distribution system) is part of the supply, that gets locked-out too.
End of shift and the job is still continuing? Well, your replacement maintenance worker goes around the system with you, and where you remove one of your padlocks, they install one of theirs. Or, if there's only one shift, you go home taking the keys with you.
It's not fool-proof (I've had to attend a funeral courtesy of 3000psi of stored pressure putting a valve part though a guy's chest), but it is fairly effective at stopping machines from killing people. It's also at least 3 generations old.
No, the smart move in this case was to empty you place of anything they could steal and then carry on like an lunatic pork chop and force them to execute the warrant and then simply bring all the stuff back.
If the warrant has been worded properly, then it would cover seizing the person's goods, chattals and work equipment, wherever it is.
So the situation would work like this - the police force entry to the workplace and home (simultaneously, at 05:00 ; that's standard practice) ; they find nothing that is included on the warrant ; they can safely conclude then that the person named in the warrant is guilty of "attempting to defeat the ends of justice" (that's a big enough charge to proceed direct to being remanded in jail, no bail, no communication except with lawyers) ; the police then continue in hot pursuit of the missing equipment by raiding the neighbours (at 06:00 that same morning) as possible accessories, any known friends and associates. See how many times your friends, neighbours and families put up with that sort of thing happening at intervals of a few months, with all computing or photographic equipment being seized "for investigation" - for up to two years.
They're the police. They're not your friend, and they do not tolerate resistance.
"an apology and a 5,000 GBP donation to a migrants charity"
Ha ha ha, that would have made her spit babies bones (meaning she'd have had to make a nice baby fricassee to swallow the bones ; she'd have had the recipe and materials to hand).
Bird ancestors were frog ancestors, but there were a lot of other ancestors between the common ancestor of birds and frogs and the last common ancestor of all birds, but nothing else. Included in that list are the last common ancestors of birds, humans, and pterosaurs, but not the last common ancestor of birds and coelacanths.
Welcome to the wonderful world of cladistics! Everything is remarkably simple here apart from the terminology.
As you'll know, 90% of wildcat wells come up dry - or to be more precise, uneconomic.
From your comments, I gather that you ran the cables and set the geophones for the seismic crew, but didn't QC the data or interpret it. Important work - and why I'm perfectly happy to catch and process my own samples in amongst managing the other data collection aspects of drilling an exploration wildcat in 3km of water (with a 20-30% success rate, depending on oil prices a decade from now, and whether the Chinese want to invest in a 10 billion dollar gas-to-liquids plant in the middle of nowhere. Lead time ~15 years.)
Every area of volcanic activity that I've seen has precursory and post-activity thermal spring activity spread over a few tens of kilometres radius of the "centre" of activity, which itself can be of the order of ten km in diameter (I think Yellowstone is significantly bigger, but being foreign, I don't waste much time on it's details. We've certainly got volcanic centres 20 and 30km across here in Britain, though they've been mostly inactive for a few tens of millions of years.)
With regard to the thermal spring activity, I stand by my comment of
Which isn't very often.
If you look at a place like The Lake District while it was active, or Yellowstone today, yes, the whole area is ("was", for the Lake District) a seething mass of thermal springs. But since you're sitting in the middle of an active volcano, you expect things to be thermally active. Try to get to anywhere that is more than a few hundred metres from an active thermal channel and you'll need to get out of the area. Next time you're hill walking (say, in the Lake District - I don't know if Yellowstone allows random hill walking due to the number of people that get cooked by the thermal springs), look at Joe Random rockface and see all the white lines across it at a spacing of one to several metres. Even a good number of non-geologists can recognise them as quartz veins (with some other minerals), and every one of them represents a previous thermal channel in a network that conducted heat from a magma body at depth towards the surface. Some of that activity can continue moving heat for hundreds of millions of years after the patent volcanism dies down. In such a sub-surface environment, try getting several hundred metres from such a heat pipe.
Just because volcanic areas are dramatic, don't confuse them with being large. While it's true that most (~5,000,000 sq.km) of NW Europe (an area I know better than the USA) is at agricultural ashfall threat from a major Icelandic eruption, that doesn't mean that there is volcanic activity outside the 100,000 sq.km of Iceland. There's probably a greater area of related volcanic deposits (Skye, Mull, Rhum, Anton Doorn, Forties, at least one seamount whose name I've forgotten) in and around Britain but with damned few hot springs and a barely detectable increased heat flow, 50 million years after they were active.
Slashdot has adverts? Seriously? I've not see an advert on Slashdot since... it was some time back when I was on dial-up with Netscape, so say 2003 at the latest.
Haven't you ticked the "disable adverts because of your contributions to Slashdot" box any time in the last decade?
It's all in our heads really, there is no clear border between these layers, the Earth is just a mass with the center still warmer than the surface.
Contrary to Njovich's suggestion, rather than looking anything up, why don't you go and do an undergraduate course in geophysics, including doing some practical work on measuring and interpreting seismic waves from your very own sledgehammer. Then you'd know just how clear the boundaries are.
That's the great thing about science - you can just tell sceptics to go and repeat the experiments for themselves, in the confidence that it'll work (or your argument will move on to the incompetence of someone at performing experiments and taking measurements).
But we can measure the properties (particularly, the velocity of different types of sound waves) of model rock compositions in the laboratory with quite good accuracy. It tuns out that sonic velocity is fairly dependent on composition, water content (this report), and temperature, and the the compressional ("P") -wave velocity and the shear ("S") -wave vary in quite different ways with all three parameters. So the models are actually pretty tightly constrained by the oldest of geophysical techniques - seismic wave analysis. Both natural and artificial seismic waves.
Want to know who paid for a lot of this research? The military, because underground nuclear tests produce a lot of seismic waves, and looking closely at those waves from thousands of kilometres away tells you a LOT about the original explosion. Hence $$$$$ for research.
However the time for temperatures to equilibrate is a lot longer than human time scales. When I'm drilling holes in the ground and lowering temperature probes into them (and then letting temperatures equilibrate for several days - we know this takes time), we can see the effects of pulses of rapid sedimentation 10 to 12 million years ago a mere 2km below the mudline (so, 5km+ below the drill floor) as depressions in the geothermal profile.
Closer to the surface, exploration of deep caves in sub-arctic Canada and Norway reveals temperature profile kinks showing (it is argued, with modelling to back it up) the deglaciation of the areas 7-9 ka ago.
Once you get away from the first few hundred metres of the Earth's surface, heat transfer is sufficiently regular that you can predict the temperature at your depth of interest millennia in advance. (Unless something unexpected like a break through from a natural thermal spring happens. Which isn't very often.)
Fahrenheit is a much better system for measuring human weather temperatures.
(1) that's a very arguable assertion. Having worked at temperatures from -30 (-22) to +48 (+122), I'm really unclear what your perceived benefit to using Floppyhat degrees is. Feel free to defend your assertion.
(2) We're not talking about human-affecting weather.
I'd be happy the day that Fahrenheit is passed on to history
If you're under about 45, Fahrenheit has been dead your whole life ; if you're older than that then you might have been exposed to it in your youth and have some reason for wanting to nostalgically mention the dead units.
Try reading the FP instead of reading a hastily-written summary prepared by journalists who don't actually understand what they're regurgitating from the press release. There's a reason that scientists write papers, after all, rather than communicating by press release.
Personally, I take the presence of authigenic haematite as evidence that there was at least some organism in the environment increasing the oxygen activity of the system.
But there is zero evidence in the lab that amino acids self-assemble into self-replicating self-programming robots
Do try to keep within a couple of decades of the cutting edge. It is ages since self-catalysing oligonucleotides have been demonstrated in early-Earth analogues. It's not life, but it's another step in the right direction.
"Mystic" and "goat" in the same user name should probably have been a good warning.
Anyway, for the silent audience, I did a couple of other calculations last night. (Something you seem remarkably resistant too. Whether that's the "mystic" part of your chosen persona, or the "goat", I neither know nor care.) Given the respective diameters of the Sun and the Earth, and their spacing, it is a simple matter to calculate that the optical tail, the umbral shadow, of the Earth is around a million km long. How long the detectable terrestrial magneto-tail is, I don't know (it is a much more complex system). Say it's 10 times the length of the "optical tail" - 10 million km. That would mean that it had decayed into the noise background some 990 million km before it reached to the bow shock of Jupiter's magnetosphere. There's a lot of room in that estimate for the Earth's magneto-tail to be a lot longer and still have no significant influence on Jupiter on those (fairly rare) occasions when the two planets do come into a magnetic alignment.
This argument also explains why - as if it were needed - there has never been a recorded eclipse of the Sun by Earth, as seen from Jupiter. We've never seen Jupiter dimming as the Earth's shadow passes across it. Not just because such alignments are going to be very rare, but also because the Earth would occlude about 0.13% of the area of the Sun as seen from Jupiter.
Mr Goat also mystically proclaims a true fact - that a magnetic field for a planet extends to several times the radius of the planet. That is great, fine and marvellous ; and given the diameter of Jupiter at 143000km, that could easily mean a magnetic field a couple of million kilometres across. I'm totally relaxed with this fact, as I showed that the maximum separation of the projection of the Earth's orbit onto Jupiter's orbit is around 23 million km. So... since the orbits are not far from circular, the projection of the Earth's magneto-tail will fall outside the magnetic field of Jupiter for arounf 90% of Jupiter's orbit (if the Earth's magneto-tail is detectable at that range, which I'm deeply sceptical of for reasons set out above).
Nope, I feel no qualms at all about rejecting Mr Goat's hypothesis flat out. Unless he comes up with some quite strong mathematical arguments in support of his hypthesis, I don't consider it worth consideration. Sorry, Goat-mysticiser, but that's how science works. Because it's not mysticism.
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You didn't RTFA, or even TFS, did you. There was an ally involved. You don't have your super-top-secret shit anywhere near your allies, because you don't trust them.
It's "3", in base ten.
Oh, you mean the other end?
My non-calculated estimate on the WD's shape is that it would be a prolate ellipsoid of rotation, with the long axis pointing towards the primary. Not necessarily directly at the primary - there might be some displacement due to the residual rotational angular momentum of the WD.
But why do you need a fluid dynamics model? Consider a rock (a "test particle") on the far side of the Moon, and the forces on it - it's gravitational attraction by the Moon ; ditto from the Earth ; it's inertia. Will the forces on the test particle push it into the Moon, or away from the Moon? Repeat for next particle, with a slightly smaller Moon mass. You're treating the Moon as a strengthless agglomeration of weakly-interacting particles - which is one way of looking at a fluid.
You power it down, then you put a padlock (to which you, and only you hold a key) though the isolating switch so that you need to physically break the isolator to be able to de-isolate the machine. Then you do the same to the hydraulic and pneumatic supplies, as well as the electrical supply. If mechanical power (e.g., belt drive from an overhead torque distribution system) is part of the supply, that gets locked-out too.
End of shift and the job is still continuing? Well, your replacement maintenance worker goes around the system with you, and where you remove one of your padlocks, they install one of theirs. Or, if there's only one shift, you go home taking the keys with you.
It's not fool-proof (I've had to attend a funeral courtesy of 3000psi of stored pressure putting a valve part though a guy's chest), but it is fairly effective at stopping machines from killing people. It's also at least 3 generations old.
If the warrant has been worded properly, then it would cover seizing the person's goods, chattals and work equipment, wherever it is.
So the situation would work like this - the police force entry to the workplace and home (simultaneously, at 05:00 ; that's standard practice) ; they find nothing that is included on the warrant ; they can safely conclude then that the person named in the warrant is guilty of "attempting to defeat the ends of justice" (that's a big enough charge to proceed direct to being remanded in jail, no bail, no communication except with lawyers) ; the police then continue in hot pursuit of the missing equipment by raiding the neighbours (at 06:00 that same morning) as possible accessories, any known friends and associates. See how many times your friends, neighbours and families put up with that sort of thing happening at intervals of a few months, with all computing or photographic equipment being seized "for investigation" - for up to two years.
They're the police. They're not your friend, and they do not tolerate resistance.
Ha ha ha, that would have made her spit babies bones (meaning she'd have had to make a nice baby fricassee to swallow the bones ; she'd have had the recipe and materials to hand).
Or a cowboy-actor called Marion.
Welcome to the wonderful world of cladistics! Everything is remarkably simple here apart from the terminology.
That would explain why you didn't get very far with Schlumberger.
This is a language called "English". If you're an American, you might care to learn it one day.
I meant precisely what I typed : I was saying something contrary to his position.
As you'll know, 90% of wildcat wells come up dry - or to be more precise, uneconomic. From your comments, I gather that you ran the cables and set the geophones for the seismic crew, but didn't QC the data or interpret it. Important work - and why I'm perfectly happy to catch and process my own samples in amongst managing the other data collection aspects of drilling an exploration wildcat in 3km of water (with a 20-30% success rate, depending on oil prices a decade from now, and whether the Chinese want to invest in a 10 billion dollar gas-to-liquids plant in the middle of nowhere. Lead time ~15 years.)
Every area of volcanic activity that I've seen has precursory and post-activity thermal spring activity spread over a few tens of kilometres radius of the "centre" of activity, which itself can be of the order of ten km in diameter (I think Yellowstone is significantly bigger, but being foreign, I don't waste much time on it's details. We've certainly got volcanic centres 20 and 30km across here in Britain, though they've been mostly inactive for a few tens of millions of years.) With regard to the thermal spring activity, I stand by my comment of
If you look at a place like The Lake District while it was active, or Yellowstone today, yes, the whole area is ("was", for the Lake District) a seething mass of thermal springs. But since you're sitting in the middle of an active volcano, you expect things to be thermally active. Try to get to anywhere that is more than a few hundred metres from an active thermal channel and you'll need to get out of the area. Next time you're hill walking (say, in the Lake District - I don't know if Yellowstone allows random hill walking due to the number of people that get cooked by the thermal springs), look at Joe Random rockface and see all the white lines across it at a spacing of one to several metres. Even a good number of non-geologists can recognise them as quartz veins (with some other minerals), and every one of them represents a previous thermal channel in a network that conducted heat from a magma body at depth towards the surface. Some of that activity can continue moving heat for hundreds of millions of years after the patent volcanism dies down. In such a sub-surface environment, try getting several hundred metres from such a heat pipe.
Just because volcanic areas are dramatic, don't confuse them with being large. While it's true that most (~5,000,000 sq.km) of NW Europe (an area I know better than the USA) is at agricultural ashfall threat from a major Icelandic eruption, that doesn't mean that there is volcanic activity outside the 100,000 sq.km of Iceland. There's probably a greater area of related volcanic deposits (Skye, Mull, Rhum, Anton Doorn, Forties, at least one seamount whose name I've forgotten) in and around Britain but with damned few hot springs and a barely detectable increased heat flow, 50 million years after they were active.
Probably the most useful comment on this thread.
Slashdot has adverts? Seriously? I've not see an advert on Slashdot since ... it was some time back when I was on dial-up with Netscape, so say 2003 at the latest.
Haven't you ticked the "disable adverts because of your contributions to Slashdot" box any time in the last decade?
Contrary to Njovich's suggestion, rather than looking anything up, why don't you go and do an undergraduate course in geophysics, including doing some practical work on measuring and interpreting seismic waves from your very own sledgehammer. Then you'd know just how clear the boundaries are.
That's the great thing about science - you can just tell sceptics to go and repeat the experiments for themselves, in the confidence that it'll work (or your argument will move on to the incompetence of someone at performing experiments and taking measurements).
Want to know who paid for a lot of this research? The military, because underground nuclear tests produce a lot of seismic waves, and looking closely at those waves from thousands of kilometres away tells you a LOT about the original explosion. Hence $$$$$ for research.
"chutzpah", or "science"?
Closer to the surface, exploration of deep caves in sub-arctic Canada and Norway reveals temperature profile kinks showing (it is argued, with modelling to back it up) the deglaciation of the areas 7-9 ka ago.
Once you get away from the first few hundred metres of the Earth's surface, heat transfer is sufficiently regular that you can predict the temperature at your depth of interest millennia in advance. (Unless something unexpected like a break through from a natural thermal spring happens. Which isn't very often.)
(1) that's a very arguable assertion. Having worked at temperatures from -30 (-22) to +48 (+122), I'm really unclear what your perceived benefit to using Floppyhat degrees is. Feel free to defend your assertion.
(2) We're not talking about human-affecting weather.
If you're under about 45, Fahrenheit has been dead your whole life ; if you're older than that then you might have been exposed to it in your youth and have some reason for wanting to nostalgically mention the dead units.
Personally, I take the presence of authigenic haematite as evidence that there was at least some organism in the environment increasing the oxygen activity of the system.
Do try to keep within a couple of decades of the cutting edge. It is ages since self-catalysing oligonucleotides have been demonstrated in early-Earth analogues. It's not life, but it's another step in the right direction.
What do you think would remain of those papers if we discover opposite-handed life (or opposite-handed biochemical debris) on Europa?
Anyway, for the silent audience, I did a couple of other calculations last night. (Something you seem remarkably resistant too. Whether that's the "mystic" part of your chosen persona, or the "goat", I neither know nor care.) Given the respective diameters of the Sun and the Earth, and their spacing, it is a simple matter to calculate that the optical tail, the umbral shadow, of the Earth is around a million km long. How long the detectable terrestrial magneto-tail is, I don't know (it is a much more complex system). Say it's 10 times the length of the "optical tail" - 10 million km. That would mean that it had decayed into the noise background some 990 million km before it reached to the bow shock of Jupiter's magnetosphere. There's a lot of room in that estimate for the Earth's magneto-tail to be a lot longer and still have no significant influence on Jupiter on those (fairly rare) occasions when the two planets do come into a magnetic alignment.
This argument also explains why - as if it were needed - there has never been a recorded eclipse of the Sun by Earth, as seen from Jupiter. We've never seen Jupiter dimming as the Earth's shadow passes across it. Not just because such alignments are going to be very rare, but also because the Earth would occlude about 0.13% of the area of the Sun as seen from Jupiter.
Mr Goat also mystically proclaims a true fact - that a magnetic field for a planet extends to several times the radius of the planet. That is great, fine and marvellous ; and given the diameter of Jupiter at 143000km, that could easily mean a magnetic field a couple of million kilometres across. I'm totally relaxed with this fact, as I showed that the maximum separation of the projection of the Earth's orbit onto Jupiter's orbit is around 23 million km. So ... since the orbits are not far from circular, the projection of the Earth's magneto-tail will fall outside the magnetic field of Jupiter for arounf 90% of Jupiter's orbit (if the Earth's magneto-tail is detectable at that range, which I'm deeply sceptical of for reasons set out above).
Nope, I feel no qualms at all about rejecting Mr Goat's hypothesis flat out. Unless he comes up with some quite strong mathematical arguments in support of his hypthesis, I don't consider it worth consideration. Sorry, Goat-mysticiser, but that's how science works. Because it's not mysticism.
When did bloody Slashdot's atrocious entity-handling stop being able to present the degree symbol, "& deg ;" (without, of curse, the spaces)?