rolled or hammered steel will become stiffer, and more brittle compared to the cast metal weapons.
You seem to be confusing work hardening with forging.
If you take a piece of metal (steel, but this also is true for copper, amongst others) and repeatedly bend it at the same point, it becomes harder, less tough. Eventually it will break.
If you take a piece of steel and you heat it, hammer it, heat it, hammer it, you do something which seems quite simple, but is in fact quite complex...
The heat treatment anneals the steel before hammering... effectively cancelling the work hardening that the previous hammering put into the steel.
The hammering modifies the microcrystaline structure of the steel.
The heat source modifies the chemical composition of the surface. A reducing flame removes certain elements; an oxydising flame removes others. Then you fold the piece of steel, incorporating this surface within the piece. Repeated folding and flatening distributes this modified composition throughout the piece.
The change in chemical composition changes the physical properties. The repeated annealing and work hardening also changes the physical properties.
I suspect, though, that most./ readers wouldn't know the difference between cementite, pearlite, martensite, and website.
So, what Pendray and Verhoeven have re-discovered, is the process of Wootz production. This is important for historical and archaeological reasons.
As for it being an economic non-starter, I think there are enough people out there prepared to pay BigShekels for one-off knives made from Wootz Damascus.
Note: I'm almost exclusively discussing European techniques.
I'm an amateur knifemaker. I don't forge blades yet (well, I've started one in
070A72 but not getting very far because of time and meteorological conditions: it's
too damn hot to spend time in the forge)... but I'm
studying the background and making up knives and bill-hooks by stock-removal
either from rolled bar or from forged blanks that I buy.
I can buy a piece of 'damascus' about 20cm × 5cm × 1cm
(i.e. 8" × 2" × 13/32") from my knife dealer, or I can buy a
part-finished blade in 'damascus'. I can even get a near-as-damn-it finished
bowie blade that just needs quillons, handle and pommel then sharpening.
These blanks and bars can even be made of stainless steels. Clearly this has
very little to do with the original Oriental process (stainless was invented in
Sheffield, England, in around 1916).
The term 'damascus' is used because of the technique of taking two steels
of different compositions and forge welding them together, and because the visual effect
is very similar.
The action of folding, hammering, repeating gives a final piece that has many many
layers of these different steels. When you clean up the finished piece with a
certain chemical (I forget the list of things used, though I seem to remember
iron sulphate and even citric acid), the difference in colour between the two
steels is accentuated.
Making and using modern 'damascus' steel responds primarily, to my mind, to aesthetic
rather than functional criteria. This is confirmed by the increasing use of
'damascus' amongst custom knifesmiths and hobbyists for making mitres, guards
and pommels. Modern steels are easily good enough for the
job of cutting and holding an edge. Indeed, for some jobs, you really should
only use stainless (knives that touch foodstuffs, including skinning and
hunting knives).
Up until the nineteenth century, and for some applications, into the first
couple of decades of the twentieth century, good steel was too expensive and
too brittle to be used alone. It is very common to find knives, axes, adzes
and other chopping tools that are made by welding a hard steel edge onto a
softer but tougher 'body'. This does not give the 'damascus' effect of wavy
lines throughout the tool. Another technique was to take a bar of the expensive
hard steel, a bar of the less expensive tough steel or iron, and twist the two
together. This technique is ideal for the forging of long blades such as swords.
This technique was known to the Vikings in Scandinavia and in England.
There are quite a few books that explain how to go about creating these modern
'damascus' steels. From the simple wavy pattern, to repeated geometric patterns. I've
even seen photographs of blades with legible text composed from 'damascus' blocks.
Getting back to the point, and to touch upon patents a little, is that these two
Americans have re-discovered that traces of Vanadium made a big difference... Well, I bet
that professor of metallurgy is kicking himself now. It is very well known that very small
amounts of Vanadium, Manganese, Chromium, etc, can change the physical properties of
steel. And since we're also talking about the micro-cystalline structure of a composite
material, he should have thought about this a little earlier... Take two steels, one of
which contains just enough of an element that increases toughness, make 'damascus' steel
from them. Simple? Perhaps so simple he overlooked it. Perhaps he thought "well, they
wouldn't have had access to Vanadium back then, so it's not worth looking into".
But then again, there are some very strange steels that have been produced (and may still
be being produced) in what we would call 'very primitive conditions' in India... For example
there is a very large pillar made of iron or steel (I forget which, and I forget where it is)
that has peculiar corrosion-resistant properties, supposedly due to "trace impurities"...
You should never overlook the improvements that can arise from letting "impurities" into
things... I bet the first time yeast found its way into the dough, it was considered an
"impurity".
The Germans were able to simply drive past the end of the Maginot line by taking a detour around the north, because the French government of the time thought "hey, we can save some money here... we don't need to extend it any further noth because nobody is going to be able to drive through the marshy Ardennes flatland..."
The penny-pinching government got it wrong. The Germans drove through the Ardennes.
According to the French, the people have never been defeated by the enemy. They are simply let down by incompetent leaders or are sold-out by traitors.
The analogy with firewalling an entire country would be that as soon as one [individual|organisation] finds out just where the government-organised "protection" stops, it will be circumvented. And all those nasty outsiders will be ably to flood the region with their [propaganda|pr0n|advertising].
In fact, what Gospodin Podkletnov seems to have discovered is the basis of the infinite improbability drive.
As you all know, the first application of the fundamentel research, would be a prototype which causes clothes to jump eighteen inches away from the girl wearing them, thus breaking the ice at parties...
This article is about the "high-end" of a low-performance architecture...
When I saw the headline, I thought "At last, a real comparison of x86 v. UltraSparc, Mips, Alpha, et al..." ... but no. Same old crap about Athlon and Pentium.
This ploy of Acme's sounds very nasty. It's tantamount to
privatisation of law enforcement.
A private company should not be able to levy fines for speeding.
The real purpose of fines is to discourage an illegal action.
If the laws are well made, then illegal actions are those which are
harmful to either society as a whole, or to individuals unable to
protect themselves. This includes pedestrians unable to protect their
soft bodies from out-of-control cars.
The danger, as I see it, is that a company may start to see fines as
a source of income, rather than as a tool to discourage undesirable actions.
This would in turn encourage the drafting of more and more unjust laws,
since the laws would be proposed with the aim of increasing revenue, rather
than with the aim of increasing the overall wellbeing of society.
Pushed to an extreme, this could result in a society where the number
of executions for serious crimes is in direct proportion to the revenue
that could be generated by selling the organs of the executed person.
We would have death penalties for more and more categories of crimes,
with mandatory recovery of organs from healthy subjects. We might even see
a situation where healthy but slightly guilty means a death sentence,
whereas in bad shape and very guilty means life imprisonment...
Death row would become an organ farm.
law != justice
for very high values of justice
and for privatised law.
You forgot to mention that the male haggis has long left legs and the female has long right legs. Males go round the hills anticlockwise, females clockwise. This is how the males and females meet; they mate, and make haggis-bairns (also called haggis-kins or haggis-lings)
At one time there were a thousand different types of apples,
some sweet, some tart, some red, some yellow, some green.
Now there are a handfull of types which are mass-farmed.
Er, not exactly accurate.
At one time, there was just one type of scraggly bush that bore tiny, round,
acidic, tart fruit. There was a similar type that bore similar fruit, but
of a slightly longer shape. These were the wild Apple and wild Pear.
Man got hold of them, started to cultivate them, and by his direct
intervention gave rise to the hundreds of distinct varieties of Apples and
Pears.
This was a Good Thing for man, since it meant:
increased yield from each tree,
possibility of growing a tree in a variety of environments,
specialized fruit:
for eating raw,
for cooking,
for cider,
for animal fodder.
Other fruit have undergone the same process. To name but a few:
the cherry,
the plum,
the peach.
This diversity, which many proclaim to be virtuous, was created by
man's actions.
In latter times, the majority of consumers have preferred to allow
agro-business to sell a restricted range of varieties that are especially
suited to mechanized production and current distribution methods.
The result is a narrow range of varieties, but so much cheaper.
This is, in general, what The People see as a Good Thing.
Right, I'll take my tongue a little out of my cheek, to mention that you
can still find many of the old varieties of apples, that there are people
(and not just bearded hippy ecologists) who try to encourage the preservation
and replanting of old varieties.
This thread has been drifting off-topic. Time to pull it back!
But there are so many ways of storing energy when it's plentiful, so you can liberate it later as electricity...
For example (a bit off topic, this is region-scale, not laptop-scale) use wind or tidal power to move water up behind a dam. Then later, when you need more electricity, release the water through turbines.
Look, if you need something, and you find that it wasn't installed, try looking for it on your Mandrake CDs.
For example, mount each CD in turn and do something like
find/mnt/cdrom -name "*pache*"
I've used RedHat, then Mandrake, for the past three or four years, and I've had very few problems... and most of the time, I get distributions of the coverdisks of magazines.
Often, things are spread over two CDs, so if you only do a basic install off the first CD, it's not surprising that there are a few things "missing"...
Or at least, it's very well hidden!
Most of the commentaries on these directives allow you to download a PDF of the full text of the directive being discussed.
This particular commentary has no link to such.
So all the posts on/. about how this directive will affect us and how it compares to the yanks' DMCA is premature.
FrontPage gives users the impression that they can write and publish
Webby stuff... and as long as nobody looks too closely, the HTML is just
about passable.
I look closely at the HTML documents I review and translate.
If it comes from ForntPage, I often have to correct the HTML as well!
When I first started doing Webby stuff, about four years ago, I went on
a four-day training course. One of the things the instructor was keen on,
was that we try a "WYSIWYG" editor, then look at the generated code, and then
directly code the HTML the "right way"...
Since then, I've tried several "WYSIWYG" editors (Hot Metal,
Netscape Page Composer, FrontPage) and I've also had quite a bit of experience
writing documents in FrameMaker and converting to HTML with WebWorks Publisher (but also writing in Applix, MS-Word, and others, and exporting the file as HTML)...
As far as I'm concerned, none of the "WYSIWYG" editors is any good!
The "WYSIWYG" part falls down very soon... you have to start doing "Insert tag"
and coding the things by hand in any case... and what you see in the editor
is very, very rarely anything like what you (or your users) see in a browser.
As for drafting the text in FrameMaker and converting, well that's an
entirely different philosophy. Use Frame to make documents for paper, and
generate Webby stuff from the basic Frame files. More or less like compiling
object code (HTML) from source code (Frame)... The point is that the
destination medium (web or paper) behaves in a certain way, so you convert the
format of the message (contents of the Frame file) to suit...
If your users are likely to need to produce good-quality Webby stuff, that
needs to be portable, you should teach them how to code by hand.
If they only need to publish small documents at infrequent times, supply
them with a restricted set of paragraph and character formats for a word
processor (StarOffice, ApplixWare, or some other) and use the application's
HTML Export feature.
What you are paying for with this "copyright tax" is the right to make private copies.
No, I already have that right. If I buy some copyrighted material,
I can make a copy for my own personal use with no problem.
The tax is not to allow me to copy, for my own personal use, copyrighted works.
I am specifically prohibited from making copies for distribution.
But the tax is not going to make it perfectly legal for me to make copies and
distribute them. If I pay a tax on each of 100 blank CDs, and I copy the latest Britney Spears
album and sell them on a street corner, I will be caught and prosecuted.
It will do me no good whatsoever to say "But I paid the copyright tax on the blank CDs,
so I'm within my rights".
The tax will not make it legal to copy and distribute copyrighted works.
I am also prohibited, by contract, from repackaging the
original medium and reselling it.
I am also prohibited (though I'm not sure if this is by statute or contract) from
hiring,
lending,
public performance,
broadcasting,
unless I get authorisation from the copyright holder, which is usually
delegated to some body representing the artists.
Now, that last bit, I just read from a Decca CD that I've got sitting on my desk.
Given that it's printed directly on the disc and is not
repeated on the packaging, I could say that I was not informed of this
clause at the moment of purchase, so it does not enter into the contract between
me and the retailer...
But I seriously doubt that such an argument would hold up in court.
The prosecution would say something like
"this clause is common knowledge, you honour; the defendant
has already puchased Compact Discs in the past, has had the opportunity to read this same
clause, and so in this instance cannot claim to be in ignorance of it".
No, this tax on blank CDs is an attempt by governments to squeeze a few more Euros
out of the public (some of us, believe it or not, work for a living) in
order to give it to some other people who don't, in my mind, do anything worthwhile.
I've a hard time seeing exactly why I would need this...
I'm serious about the Web development I do; HTML, JavaScript, some CGI in ksh
and oratcl... I'm about to dive back into PHP. OK, that's not CGI, but you'll
understand why I refer to it in a few moments...
Now, when I'm doing a script in ksh, I can almost always run the script
from the command line and see the generated responses coming through std out.
No need for any "client-side CGI" or emulators, or anything...
For other stuff, or if I really need to test over http, it's just sooooo
simple to set up Apache on, for example, 8088 (the port, not the CPU) and test
"for real" so to speak.
Everybody should be doing this! I recently ran into some pages with missing
images. When I got in touch with the "webmaster", his reply was
"Looks OK to me... can you go take another look?".
The problem turned out to be, he checks his site over the file system, so
images with spaces in the filenames still display... but over http, they don't.
All in all, this "client-side CGI" looks like a waste of time for the
people working on it (or is it like teaching Gothic syntax to 12 year-olds?
Worth doing as an exercise simply because of its difficulty...) and a would
be a waste of time for me to try to install it on my own machines.
Slashdot Mirror
No.
You seem to be confusing work hardening with forging.
If you take a piece of metal (steel, but this also is true for copper, amongst others) and repeatedly bend it at the same point, it becomes harder, less tough. Eventually it will break.
If you take a piece of steel and you heat it, hammer it, heat it, hammer it, you do something which seems quite simple, but is in fact quite complex...
The heat treatment anneals the steel before hammering... effectively cancelling the work hardening that the previous hammering put into the steel.
The hammering modifies the microcrystaline structure of the steel.
The heat source modifies the chemical composition of the surface. A reducing flame removes certain elements; an oxydising flame removes others. Then you fold the piece of steel, incorporating this surface within the piece. Repeated folding and flatening distributes this modified composition throughout the piece.
The change in chemical composition changes the physical properties. The repeated annealing and work hardening also changes the physical properties.
The walrus penile bone is quite commonly used for making knife handles.
It was also used in the 19th century for making toothpicks...
Excellent article!
I suspect, though, that most ./ readers wouldn't know the difference between cementite, pearlite, martensite, and website.
So, what Pendray and Verhoeven have re-discovered, is the process of Wootz production. This is important for historical and archaeological reasons.
As for it being an economic non-starter, I think there are enough people out there prepared to pay BigShekels for one-off knives made from Wootz Damascus.
There's a lot of confusion in the posts here...
Note: I'm almost exclusively discussing European techniques.
I'm an amateur knifemaker. I don't forge blades yet (well, I've started one in 070A72 but not getting very far because of time and meteorological conditions: it's too damn hot to spend time in the forge)... but I'm studying the background and making up knives and bill-hooks by stock-removal either from rolled bar or from forged blanks that I buy.
I can buy a piece of 'damascus' about 20cm × 5cm × 1cm (i.e. 8" × 2" × 13/32") from my knife dealer, or I can buy a part-finished blade in 'damascus'. I can even get a near-as-damn-it finished bowie blade that just needs quillons, handle and pommel then sharpening.
These blanks and bars can even be made of stainless steels. Clearly this has very little to do with the original Oriental process (stainless was invented in Sheffield, England, in around 1916). The term 'damascus' is used because of the technique of taking two steels of different compositions and forge welding them together, and because the visual effect is very similar.
The action of folding, hammering, repeating gives a final piece that has many many layers of these different steels. When you clean up the finished piece with a certain chemical (I forget the list of things used, though I seem to remember iron sulphate and even citric acid), the difference in colour between the two steels is accentuated.
Making and using modern 'damascus' steel responds primarily, to my mind, to aesthetic rather than functional criteria. This is confirmed by the increasing use of 'damascus' amongst custom knifesmiths and hobbyists for making mitres, guards and pommels. Modern steels are easily good enough for the job of cutting and holding an edge. Indeed, for some jobs, you really should only use stainless (knives that touch foodstuffs, including skinning and hunting knives).
Up until the nineteenth century, and for some applications, into the first couple of decades of the twentieth century, good steel was too expensive and too brittle to be used alone. It is very common to find knives, axes, adzes and other chopping tools that are made by welding a hard steel edge onto a softer but tougher 'body'. This does not give the 'damascus' effect of wavy lines throughout the tool. Another technique was to take a bar of the expensive hard steel, a bar of the less expensive tough steel or iron, and twist the two together. This technique is ideal for the forging of long blades such as swords. This technique was known to the Vikings in Scandinavia and in England.
There are quite a few books that explain how to go about creating these modern 'damascus' steels. From the simple wavy pattern, to repeated geometric patterns. I've even seen photographs of blades with legible text composed from 'damascus' blocks.
Getting back to the point, and to touch upon patents a little, is that these two Americans have re-discovered that traces of Vanadium made a big difference... Well, I bet that professor of metallurgy is kicking himself now. It is very well known that very small amounts of Vanadium, Manganese, Chromium, etc, can change the physical properties of steel. And since we're also talking about the micro-cystalline structure of a composite material, he should have thought about this a little earlier... Take two steels, one of which contains just enough of an element that increases toughness, make 'damascus' steel from them. Simple? Perhaps so simple he overlooked it. Perhaps he thought "well, they wouldn't have had access to Vanadium back then, so it's not worth looking into".
But then again, there are some very strange steels that have been produced (and may still be being produced) in what we would call 'very primitive conditions' in India... For example there is a very large pillar made of iron or steel (I forget which, and I forget where it is) that has peculiar corrosion-resistant properties, supposedly due to "trace impurities"...
You should never overlook the improvements that can arise from letting "impurities" into things... I bet the first time yeast found its way into the dough, it was considered an "impurity".
The Germans were able to simply drive past the end of the Maginot line by taking a detour around the north, because the French government of the time thought "hey, we can save some money here... we don't need to extend it any further noth because nobody is going to be able to drive through the marshy Ardennes flatland..."
The penny-pinching government got it wrong. The Germans drove through the Ardennes.
According to the French, the people have never been defeated by the enemy. They are simply let down by incompetent leaders or are sold-out by traitors.
The analogy with firewalling an entire country would be that as soon as one [individual|organisation] finds out just where the government-organised "protection" stops, it will be circumvented. And all those nasty outsiders will be ably to flood the region with their [propaganda|pr0n|advertising].
In fact, what Gospodin Podkletnov seems to have discovered is the basis of the infinite improbability drive.
As you all know, the first application of the fundamentel research, would be a prototype which causes clothes to jump eighteen inches away from the girl wearing them, thus breaking the ice at parties...
This article is about the "high-end" of a low-performance architecture...
When I saw the headline, I thought "At last, a real comparison of x86 v. UltraSparc, Mips, Alpha, et al. .."
... but no. Same old crap about Athlon and Pentium.
Not even a mention the Itanium, let alone a date.
Is the plural of Pentium "Pentia"?
Is the plural of Itanium "Itania"?
I recently got two files at home... One is an Excel spreadsheet, the other is a Word file.
Here's how to extract the file and read the contents.
dd bs=137216 skip=1 if=1U_PentiumPrices.doc.pif of=1U_PentiumPrices.doc
The other file, I stripped off the infection in the same way, and opened the spreadsheet in Gnumeric.
Now, I didn't get Leonid Kushma's diary, nor George Bush's holiday book list. Nor Jacque Chirac's list of numbered Swiss bank accounts... I wish...
Jefferson was dictating his ideas for the American Constitution to his secretary.
He was concerned about guaranteeing the freedom of American Citizens. He wanted them to be able to make their own choices about their lives.
This ploy of Acme's sounds very nasty. It's tantamount to privatisation of law enforcement.
A private company should not be able to levy fines for speeding.
The real purpose of fines is to discourage an illegal action. If the laws are well made, then illegal actions are those which are harmful to either society as a whole, or to individuals unable to protect themselves. This includes pedestrians unable to protect their soft bodies from out-of-control cars.
The danger, as I see it, is that a company may start to see fines as a source of income, rather than as a tool to discourage undesirable actions.
This would in turn encourage the drafting of more and more unjust laws, since the laws would be proposed with the aim of increasing revenue, rather than with the aim of increasing the overall wellbeing of society.
Pushed to an extreme, this could result in a society where the number of executions for serious crimes is in direct proportion to the revenue that could be generated by selling the organs of the executed person.
We would have death penalties for more and more categories of crimes, with mandatory recovery of organs from healthy subjects. We might even see a situation where healthy but slightly guilty means a death sentence, whereas in bad shape and very guilty means life imprisonment...
Death row would become an organ farm.
law != justice
for very high values of justice
and for privatised law.
You forgot to mention that the male haggis has long left legs and the female has long right legs. Males go round the hills anticlockwise, females clockwise. This is how the males and females meet; they mate, and make haggis-bairns (also called haggis-kins or haggis-lings)
You mean, a strain of fungus that only eats your competitor's blend of ingredients?
Biological warfare in the global marketplace.
Er, not exactly accurate.
At one time, there was just one type of scraggly bush that bore tiny, round, acidic, tart fruit. There was a similar type that bore similar fruit, but of a slightly longer shape. These were the wild Apple and wild Pear.
Man got hold of them, started to cultivate them, and by his direct intervention gave rise to the hundreds of distinct varieties of Apples and Pears.
This was a Good Thing for man, since it meant:
Other fruit have undergone the same process. To name but a few:
This diversity, which many proclaim to be virtuous, was created by man's actions.
In latter times, the majority of consumers have preferred to allow agro-business to sell a restricted range of varieties that are especially suited to mechanized production and current distribution methods. The result is a narrow range of varieties, but so much cheaper. This is, in general, what The People see as a Good Thing.
Right, I'll take my tongue a little out of my cheek, to mention that you can still find many of the old varieties of apples, that there are people (and not just bearded hippy ecologists) who try to encourage the preservation and replanting of old varieties.
This thread has been drifting off-topic. Time to pull it back!
Just because it's written on the page in question doesn't mean it's true!
I could write a page with the warning "You must be wearing a read heat to be able to read this site". That doesnt mean it's true.
Wake up.
LIke I mentioned, this was 13/14 yr old stuff.
But there are other ways of making a sustainable system... that have been discussed here on /. and elsewhere.
You can build a 2-step fuel cell (terminology?)/
But there are so many ways of storing energy when it's plentiful, so you can liberate it later as electricity...
For example (a bit off topic, this is region-scale, not laptop-scale) use wind or tidal power to move water up behind a dam. Then later, when you need more electricity, release the water through turbines.
As I understand it, the fuel-cell does this:
Now, if you want to use a solar cell to generate some electricity, you can run the reaction backwards, electrolysing the water thus:
The point being, that you need to store the O2 and H2 given off by electrolysis, so you can use it later for the catalytic reaction.
This stuff was taught in chemistry and physics when I was 13 - 14 yrs old.
Look, if you need something, and you find that it wasn't installed, try looking for it on your Mandrake CDs.
For example, mount each CD in turn and do something like
I've used RedHat, then Mandrake, for the past three or four years, and I've had very few problems... and most of the time, I get distributions of the coverdisks of magazines.
Often, things are spread over two CDs, so if you only do a basic install off the first CD, it's not surprising that there are a few things "missing"...
How can you possibly pretend that Ruby is better than Korn Shell + grep + sed + awk ?
You gotta be kidding!
This is how a real Unixer does it:
a="Hello"
b=${#a}
I'd like to see you beat that for readability!
Or at least, it's very well hidden! Most of the commentaries on these directives allow you to download a PDF of the full text of the directive being discussed. This particular commentary has no link to such. So all the posts on /. about how this directive will affect us and how it compares to the yanks' DMCA is premature.
It's really easy to disperse demonstrators, if you hold your conferences at the right time, in the right place.
I.e., you organise a conference in, for example, Halifax in February.
You have a problem with demonstrators? Just borrow the town fire brigade's fire engine, and hose the demonstrators!
How many soaking-wet demonstrators want to look like a brass monkey?
FrontPage gives users the impression that they can write and publish Webby stuff... and as long as nobody looks too closely, the HTML is just about passable.
I look closely at the HTML documents I review and translate. If it comes from ForntPage, I often have to correct the HTML as well!
When I first started doing Webby stuff, about four years ago, I went on a four-day training course. One of the things the instructor was keen on, was that we try a "WYSIWYG" editor, then look at the generated code, and then directly code the HTML the "right way"...
Since then, I've tried several "WYSIWYG" editors (Hot Metal, Netscape Page Composer, FrontPage) and I've also had quite a bit of experience writing documents in FrameMaker and converting to HTML with WebWorks Publisher (but also writing in Applix, MS-Word, and others, and exporting the file as HTML)...
As far as I'm concerned, none of the "WYSIWYG" editors is any good! The "WYSIWYG" part falls down very soon... you have to start doing "Insert tag" and coding the things by hand in any case... and what you see in the editor is very, very rarely anything like what you (or your users) see in a browser.
As for drafting the text in FrameMaker and converting, well that's an entirely different philosophy. Use Frame to make documents for paper, and generate Webby stuff from the basic Frame files. More or less like compiling object code (HTML) from source code (Frame)... The point is that the destination medium (web or paper) behaves in a certain way, so you convert the format of the message (contents of the Frame file) to suit...
If your users are likely to need to produce good-quality Webby stuff, that needs to be portable, you should teach them how to code by hand.
If they only need to publish small documents at infrequent times, supply them with a restricted set of paragraph and character formats for a word processor (StarOffice, ApplixWare, or some other) and use the application's HTML Export feature.
No, I already have that right. If I buy some copyrighted material, I can make a copy for my own personal use with no problem.
The tax is not to allow me to copy, for my own personal use, copyrighted works.
I am specifically prohibited from making copies for distribution.
But the tax is not going to make it perfectly legal for me to make copies and distribute them. If I pay a tax on each of 100 blank CDs, and I copy the latest Britney Spears album and sell them on a street corner, I will be caught and prosecuted.
It will do me no good whatsoever to say "But I paid the copyright tax on the blank CDs, so I'm within my rights".
The tax will not make it legal to copy and distribute copyrighted works.
I am also prohibited, by contract, from repackaging the original medium and reselling it.
I am also prohibited (though I'm not sure if this is by statute or contract) from
- hiring,
- lending,
- public performance,
- broadcasting,
unless I get authorisation from the copyright holder, which is usually delegated to some body representing the artists.Now, that last bit, I just read from a Decca CD that I've got sitting on my desk.
Given that it's printed directly on the disc and is not repeated on the packaging, I could say that I was not informed of this clause at the moment of purchase, so it does not enter into the contract between me and the retailer...
But I seriously doubt that such an argument would hold up in court.
The prosecution would say something like
No, this tax on blank CDs is an attempt by governments to squeeze a few more Euros out of the public (some of us, believe it or not, work for a living) in order to give it to some other people who don't, in my mind, do anything worthwhile.
Nobody tried to register these domain names yet?
I've a hard time seeing exactly why I would need this...
I'm serious about the Web development I do; HTML, JavaScript, some CGI in ksh and oratcl... I'm about to dive back into PHP. OK, that's not CGI, but you'll understand why I refer to it in a few moments...
Now, when I'm doing a script in ksh, I can almost always run the script from the command line and see the generated responses coming through std out.
No need for any "client-side CGI" or emulators, or anything...
For other stuff, or if I really need to test over http, it's just sooooo simple to set up Apache on, for example, 8088 (the port, not the CPU) and test "for real" so to speak.
Everybody should be doing this! I recently ran into some pages with missing images. When I got in touch with the "webmaster", his reply was "Looks OK to me... can you go take another look?".
The problem turned out to be, he checks his site over the file system, so images with spaces in the filenames still display... but over http, they don't.
All in all, this "client-side CGI" looks like a waste of time for the people working on it (or is it like teaching Gothic syntax to 12 year-olds? Worth doing as an exercise simply because of its difficulty...) and a would be a waste of time for me to try to install it on my own machines.
I seem to remember reading the term "bake-off" applied to the windings of a transformer.
The wire is usually insulated with a "varnish". To "cure" the varnish, i.e., stabilise it, you run a current through the wire that heats it.
This completes the polymerisation, and presumably drives off any residual solvents.
The process of heating the wire or wound coil / bobbin is known as "baking off", or doing a "bake-off".