The correct scientific terminology is cloning since the nuclear DNA from a donor cell was used to make the new organ. "Growing" is extremely imprecise and doesn't convey what was actually done.
I use www.dictionary.com. Most of the definitions for clone state an exact genetic copy, so any "cloning" techniques that only replace the nuclear DNA (not the mitochondrial DNA) aren't true clones (as mentioned in the article). However, by this definition, identical twins, triplets, etc. would be clones.
However, I concede that English is an imprecise language. I prefer the term "grow", since it is used to describe the process of cultivating an organism or tissue; I believe it applies in this case as well.
Regarding use of non-embryonic stem cells to create organs, there's no indication this will be workable for things like kidneys, so why not explore all avenues until more data is available?
I already addressed this; we do not condone the use of undesireables such as criminals for scientific experimentation, even though it is probably true that the rest of us would benefit. Creating organisms that have the potential to become human beings raises serious ethical questions that can't be easily discarded.
Just to be clear, it is true that embryonic stem cells hold a lot of promise, but so do stem cells in general. At least one Canadian researcher has had results in changing skin cells to stem cells and those stem cells into other types of tissue.
As long as other avenues of research remain that are less contentious, shouldn't we concentrate on those areas first? A moratorium on human embryo experiments does not mean that there will be less research, only that it will be in a different area (such as non-embryonic stem cell research). I do not believe any serious scientist worth their salt will give up research if one particular avenue in their field is closed to them.
There was a story on NPR a while back about how one variation of this was having sex with a girl child, even an infant. They interviewed a doctor who stated that he had treated multiple cases, including one where an infant _under_1_ was raped by extended family members for this purpose.
Using clear terminology, like "growing" instead of "cloning" when talking about a single organ could help discussions on the cloning debate.
It appears the the article's author is decidedly pro-cloning. They go on to state that the supposition that cloning won't result in viable, transplantable organ is a main reason people are against cloning.
I don't think that most people are against growing organs; even the pope thinks that therepudic research using non-embrionic stem cells is ok. This article seems to indicate that the author thinks people are against it because it can't be done, but since it can, it should be. In my experience, far more people have ethical problems with removing cells from an embrio, regardless of how the embrio is produced, with the intention of discarding the embrio after using some of its cells than with achieving similar results (growing a new organ) by techniques that do not involve the destruction of an embrio.
The important question should always be "should something be accomplished?", not "can something be accomplished?" When these questions are reversed, medical science could progress at a higher rate by using condemned criminals or other undesireables as research subjects.
I applaud advances in growing organs using non-embrionic stem cells; I pray for the day when using embrios for research is as universally seen as a morally repugnant.
They have state a goal of having a manned lunar outpost within 10 years.
The father of their space program was a Chinese man who help put the US in space, then went back to China.
When the US and USSR were competing, nobody knew if it was possible; now that question has been answered.
Russian has been selling China space-related technology. They have more experience in space than the US.
The US are 15 years behind schedule because the corporations started milking the system. The Chinese leadership just has to say "it shall be thus" and it is--the reason they haven't started sooner is because their leadership made the concious decision to work on other things first. Now they have turned the corner and decide that they want to go to the moon--permanantly.
And to top it off, they are (in theory) communists, so the capitalist US must oppose them! And as a bonus, they have a red flag, so we can just recycle the rhetoric about "the reds"!
It was initially very expensive. Development of the lunar lander guidance computer drove world-wide production of ICs in the 1960s. At one point, over 90% of all ICs _in_existance_ were in this project! Funding for Apollo is what drove the research and resulted in the basic building block of the modern computer. And without modern computers, a plethora of other inovations would not have come into existance, such as the Internet and anything else you can think of that had something to do with heavy number crunching.
What you are saying is stated as the first priority; Section 4.a.1 states:
(a) GOALS. - The Administrator shall set the following goals for the future activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's human space flight program:
(1) Within 8 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from low Earth orbit to the L 1 and L 2 Earth-Sun libration points and back for the purposes of assembling large-scale space structures such as would be required for scientific observatories, to the Earth-Moon libration points and back, and to lunar orbit and back.
...or something similar for the PC. Work is already hard enough; if we don't have a little freedom of the mind and the freedom to let it wander, it stagnates. Unfortunately, a number of managers probably wouldn't see it that way if they could glimpse into the collective consciousness of their work environment.
From Apple's knowlege base, it looks like you have to pay out of pocket if the recomended fixes don't work:
Apple computers are not designed to support copyright protected media that do not conform to such standards. Therefore, any attempt to use non standard discs with Apple CD drives will be considered a misapplication of the product. Under the terms of Apple's One-Year Limited Warranty, AppleCare Protection Plan, or other AppleCare agreement any misapplication of the product is excluded from Apple's repair coverage. Because the Apple product is functioning correctly according to its design specifications, any fee assessed by an Apple Authorized Service Provider or Apple for repair service will not be Apple's responsibility.
How common and cheap do you suppose gasoline was when the Wright brothers flew? A more accurate comparison would probably be ten or twenty years earlier when they were almost flying.
I don't think it was until after the automobile was mass produced that gasoline was so cheap and parachutes could usually be counted on to work. Besides, now we have more computational power than existed in the whole world at the time of early space flight in packages that weigh less than a pound and sensors to go along with them. One of the early (and continuing) problems with space flight was control and designing the parts. We also have 3D CAD tools that run on a PC rather than taking teams of engineers years to draw up and analysis tools for looking at data that far surpass anything available even 30 years ago. To top it off, we have research available as public archives detailing what various governments spent billions to find out.
With all that going for them, I think we'll see private space flight within a decade.
John adds about one update per week, usually on a Monday. If you read through the backlog, you'll see that the closest they've come is to being all suited up and having an ambulance on hand. They ended up aborting the attempt before anyone rode on it because of some technical problems.
Since then, they've made some real progress in control and consistancy, so I would expect a manned lander flight in the next few months. They tend to multitask so that they have some long term goals to aim for while achieving something meaningful on a regular basis.
What bugs me is that spam is not like other advertising in that it can cost me money or deny me service without me doing anything! Consider:
Telemarketing does not cost you anything that you are not already spending (unless they call you on a cell phone). Sure, if enough call you, their industry could deny you phone service (much like a denial of service attack). But phone calls are reletively expensive since they have to pay a real person for each call. If somebody wants to get a hold of you, they will get through.
Snail mail may fill up your mail box, but it doesn't cost you anything other than the time to throw it in the garbage.
Radio and TV ads don't cost you anything but time.
Email and Internet access are something that many people pay for based on volume (or time). If your name gets on the wrong list, a person could use up a significant portion of their monthly allocation to downloading garbage--and they wouldn't be able to do a thing about it. This form of advertisement actually deprives people of a commodity that they paid for.
Now if advertisers had to pay to send unsolicited email, perhaps through your ISP account, at least enough to cover the cost you would pay to download their messages, they might have a leg to stand on.
I tried this about a month ago when a Gator message popped up on my computer (Windows 98, yeah, yeah, I know) telling me it finished installing.
Gator what? "Honey, have you installed anything on the computer lately?" "No." "Are you sure?" "I haven't done anything accept email for a week."
Hmmph. Now I'm getting mad. I take a look at this Gator "thing", somewhat neverous that my PC has a virus.
Then I find a website in the about section. I go there and find a feedback address. Then I write a message to the effect than neither my wife nor I downloaded their program but it had installed itself. Under the circumstances, it appeared that they had illegally cracked my computer and installed software and, that if I did not receive a satisfactory explaination in 3 days, I was going to contact law enforcement.
This happened on a Saturday and I received a response by 10:30 AM Monday. I received an apologetic message stating that they were sorry if it was installed unsolicited and that many different companies distribute software that installs their product and that it must have been one of them.
I replied that I did no such thing willfully and if they did not give prompt, successful instructions on how to remove "Gator" from my PC, I would carry through on my threat of contacting law enforcement.
I received a final response within a day of my reply, followed the instructions, and Gator is gone. But if it ever comes back...
Repeat after me: "Economics killed the Soviet space shuttle".
Buran had 1 successful flight that was unmanned. Manned flights were planned but canceled because the Soviet economy fell apart.
Those Russian engineers have a lot more experience in manned space flight than the US. They hold ALL the records for duration, ALL records related to space stations and have flown many more cosmonauts than the US has flown astronauts.
Sputnik was put up by the Soviets. Yuri Gagarin was put up by the Soviets. The first space station was launched by the Soviets. They run far more supply missions to the ISS than the Americans.
And no, I am not a Russian; I am a fifth generation American who is deeply frustrated by the US space program.
The Russian space shuttle has a perfect 100% success rate; it was canceled for economic reasons. I would guess that jumpers from the Golden Gate have a lower, uh, "success" rate.
What do you get for your monney other than going on a plane that goes very high (tm) ?
Astronaut wings.
The only way to get them is by going to a high enough altitude; 100 km is high enough. Incidently, it will also get the X-prize for the company if it is the first to pull this off (think of the monetary incentives for early aviation; the X-prize is the equivalent for putting regular people in space).
Obviously this is a BAD IDEA, because some soldier's cloaking device will fail, he will be killed by some pathetic little humanoid and he will end up taking out a square mile with a thermo-nuclear explosion.
Or worse, he will be killed and we will have to give a primitive weapon to his killer as a trophy and abandon the planet.
Shouldn't there be some type of parsing punctuation between each number, since they are multi-character representations? Do Roman numerals have a fractional representation? This way, pi in the eye of the beholder...
It was a balanced molecule where two Boron atoms seemed to have their vallence atoms "shielded" from contact with other molecules. Considering that the flat layout is actually a representation of a 3D structure, I could see how the "leafs" could curl up so that nothing else could get to the Boron.
Her phone is a Nokia. I'm not sure if you have used one, but it has instructions about a paragraph long that are hard to get wrong. The phone is equipped with text help and verbal prompts when setting up the voice mail.
She didn't even want to look at the manual, much less try setting it up herself.
I think you are right...too many people have I-don't-want-to-waste-my-time-o-phobia, especialy when they think they can get someone else to do it.
I should have placed emphasis on SAME when I said the SAME problems of survival. Yes, both groups had to deal with physical survival, but I am refering more to the ABSENCE of specialists in many fields out in the Midwest at the same time that there were specialists in the Northeast.
Think of the kinds of jobs that dominated in both areas. In the Northeast, manufacuring and services. In the Midwest, agriculture. There were specialists in the Northeast to fix things when they broke, or places to buy new ones. In the Midwest, many people had to figure out how to fix it, make a replacement, or just do without.
I've been trying to get my wife to learn how to check her messages on her cell phone. The instructions in the manual are easy, but she just wants to be shown anyway and won't read the manual.
I don't know how many times I've heard "Just show me what I need to know; I don't want to learn all that other stuff" from any number of technophobes.
Ask Darwin. People in the midwest are the decendents of survivors back to the pioneer days. Throw in the great depression and you have a good enviroment for creating a population that is good at adapting.
Compare with the northeast, where most people are decended from people that have not had to deal with the same problems of basic survival. I'm not trying to knock northeasterners, but looking back 80 or 150 years, people in the northeast had specialists to solve their problems, while those that survived in the midwest had to be jacks-of-all-trades or go broke or worse.
I haven't downloaded mozilla because of its size and the speed of my connection. My connection also tends to freeze randomly; this results in dificulties with any downloads especialy those more than 1 MB in size.
Slashdot Mirror
I use www.dictionary.com. Most of the definitions for clone state an exact genetic copy, so any "cloning" techniques that only replace the nuclear DNA (not the mitochondrial DNA) aren't true clones (as mentioned in the article). However, by this definition, identical twins, triplets, etc. would be clones.
However, I concede that English is an imprecise language. I prefer the term "grow", since it is used to describe the process of cultivating an organism or tissue; I believe it applies in this case as well.
Regarding use of non-embryonic stem cells to create organs, there's no indication this will be workable for things like kidneys, so why not explore all avenues until more data is available?
I already addressed this; we do not condone the use of undesireables such as criminals for scientific experimentation, even though it is probably true that the rest of us would benefit. Creating organisms that have the potential to become human beings raises serious ethical questions that can't be easily discarded.
Just to be clear, it is true that embryonic stem cells hold a lot of promise, but so do stem cells in general. At least one Canadian researcher has had results in changing skin cells to stem cells and those stem cells into other types of tissue.
As long as other avenues of research remain that are less contentious, shouldn't we concentrate on those areas first? A moratorium on human embryo experiments does not mean that there will be less research, only that it will be in a different area (such as non-embryonic stem cell research). I do not believe any serious scientist worth their salt will give up research if one particular avenue in their field is closed to them.
Just recalling this make me feel ill.
It appears the the article's author is decidedly pro-cloning. They go on to state that the supposition that cloning won't result in viable, transplantable organ is a main reason people are against cloning.
I don't think that most people are against growing organs; even the pope thinks that therepudic research using non-embrionic stem cells is ok. This article seems to indicate that the author thinks people are against it because it can't be done, but since it can, it should be. In my experience, far more people have ethical problems with removing cells from an embrio, regardless of how the embrio is produced, with the intention of discarding the embrio after using some of its cells than with achieving similar results (growing a new organ) by techniques that do not involve the destruction of an embrio.
The important question should always be "should something be accomplished?", not "can something be accomplished?" When these questions are reversed, medical science could progress at a higher rate by using condemned criminals or other undesireables as research subjects.
I applaud advances in growing organs using non-embrionic stem cells; I pray for the day when using embrios for research is as universally seen as a morally repugnant.
The father of their space program was a Chinese man who help put the US in space, then went back to China.
When the US and USSR were competing, nobody knew if it was possible; now that question has been answered.
Russian has been selling China space-related technology. They have more experience in space than the US.
The US are 15 years behind schedule because the corporations started milking the system. The Chinese leadership just has to say "it shall be thus" and it is--the reason they haven't started sooner is because their leadership made the concious decision to work on other things first. Now they have turned the corner and decide that they want to go to the moon--permanantly.
And to top it off, they are (in theory) communists, so the capitalist US must oppose them! And as a bonus, they have a red flag, so we can just recycle the rhetoric about "the reds"!
First practical method of production in 1959.
It was initially very expensive. Development of the lunar lander guidance computer drove world-wide production of ICs in the 1960s. At one point, over 90% of all ICs _in_existance_ were in this project! Funding for Apollo is what drove the research and resulted in the basic building block of the modern computer. And without modern computers, a plethora of other inovations would not have come into existance, such as the Internet and anything else you can think of that had something to do with heavy number crunching.
(a) GOALS. - The Administrator shall set the following goals for the future activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's human space flight program: (1) Within 8 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from low Earth orbit to the L 1 and L 2 Earth-Sun libration points and back for the purposes of assembling large-scale space structures such as would be required for scientific observatories, to the Earth-Moon libration points and back, and to lunar orbit and back.
Apple computers are not designed to support copyright protected media that do not conform to such standards. Therefore, any attempt to use non standard discs with Apple CD drives will be considered a misapplication of the product. Under the terms of Apple's One-Year Limited Warranty, AppleCare Protection Plan, or other AppleCare agreement any misapplication of the product is excluded from Apple's repair coverage. Because the Apple product is functioning correctly according to its design specifications, any fee assessed by an Apple Authorized Service Provider or Apple for repair service will not be Apple's responsibility.
I don't think it was until after the automobile was mass produced that gasoline was so cheap and parachutes could usually be counted on to work. Besides, now we have more computational power than existed in the whole world at the time of early space flight in packages that weigh less than a pound and sensors to go along with them. One of the early (and continuing) problems with space flight was control and designing the parts. We also have 3D CAD tools that run on a PC rather than taking teams of engineers years to draw up and analysis tools for looking at data that far surpass anything available even 30 years ago. To top it off, we have research available as public archives detailing what various governments spent billions to find out.
With all that going for them, I think we'll see private space flight within a decade.
Since then, they've made some real progress in control and consistancy, so I would expect a manned lander flight in the next few months. They tend to multitask so that they have some long term goals to aim for while achieving something meaningful on a regular basis.
Telemarketing does not cost you anything that you are not already spending (unless they call you on a cell phone). Sure, if enough call you, their industry could deny you phone service (much like a denial of service attack). But phone calls are reletively expensive since they have to pay a real person for each call. If somebody wants to get a hold of you, they will get through.
Snail mail may fill up your mail box, but it doesn't cost you anything other than the time to throw it in the garbage.
Radio and TV ads don't cost you anything but time.
Email and Internet access are something that many people pay for based on volume (or time). If your name gets on the wrong list, a person could use up a significant portion of their monthly allocation to downloading garbage--and they wouldn't be able to do a thing about it. This form of advertisement actually deprives people of a commodity that they paid for.
Now if advertisers had to pay to send unsolicited email, perhaps through your ISP account, at least enough to cover the cost you would pay to download their messages, they might have a leg to stand on.
But they don't.
Gator what? "Honey, have you installed anything on the computer lately?" "No." "Are you sure?" "I haven't done anything accept email for a week."
Hmmph. Now I'm getting mad. I take a look at this Gator "thing", somewhat neverous that my PC has a virus.
Then I find a website in the about section. I go there and find a feedback address. Then I write a message to the effect than neither my wife nor I downloaded their program but it had installed itself. Under the circumstances, it appeared that they had illegally cracked my computer and installed software and, that if I did not receive a satisfactory explaination in 3 days, I was going to contact law enforcement.
This happened on a Saturday and I received a response by 10:30 AM Monday. I received an apologetic message stating that they were sorry if it was installed unsolicited and that many different companies distribute software that installs their product and that it must have been one of them.
I replied that I did no such thing willfully and if they did not give prompt, successful instructions on how to remove "Gator" from my PC, I would carry through on my threat of contacting law enforcement.
I received a final response within a day of my reply, followed the instructions, and Gator is gone. But if it ever comes back...
Buran had 1 successful flight that was unmanned. Manned flights were planned but canceled because the Soviet economy fell apart.
Those Russian engineers have a lot more experience in manned space flight than the US. They hold ALL the records for duration, ALL records related to space stations and have flown many more cosmonauts than the US has flown astronauts.
Sputnik was put up by the Soviets. Yuri Gagarin was put up by the Soviets. The first space station was launched by the Soviets. They run far more supply missions to the ISS than the Americans.
And no, I am not a Russian; I am a fifth generation American who is deeply frustrated by the US space program.
Astronaut wings.
The only way to get them is by going to a high enough altitude; 100 km is high enough. Incidently, it will also get the X-prize for the company if it is the first to pull this off (think of the monetary incentives for early aviation; the X-prize is the equivalent for putting regular people in space).
Or worse, he will be killed and we will have to give a primitive weapon to his killer as a trophy and abandon the planet.
She didn't even want to look at the manual, much less try setting it up herself.
I think you are right...too many people have I-don't-want-to-waste-my-time-o-phobia, especialy when they think they can get someone else to do it.
Think of the kinds of jobs that dominated in both areas. In the Northeast, manufacuring and services. In the Midwest, agriculture. There were specialists in the Northeast to fix things when they broke, or places to buy new ones. In the Midwest, many people had to figure out how to fix it, make a replacement, or just do without.
I don't know how many times I've heard "Just show me what I need to know; I don't want to learn all that other stuff" from any number of technophobes.
Compare with the northeast, where most people are decended from people that have not had to deal with the same problems of basic survival. I'm not trying to knock northeasterners, but looking back 80 or 150 years, people in the northeast had specialists to solve their problems, while those that survived in the midwest had to be jacks-of-all-trades or go broke or worse.
I haven't downloaded mozilla because of its size and the speed of my connection. My connection also tends to freeze randomly; this results in dificulties with any downloads especialy those more than 1 MB in size.