MS don't have good engineers, nVidia do, nFORCE is produced by nVidia in case the 'n' didn't give it away. There will be an nFORCE chipset for the Athlon, then the P4, however the nFORCE in the xBox interfaces with a P3-600.
They have Digital Radio in Europe, the BBC has been broadcasting since 1995 in its final format, it's based round the DAB standard, basically MPEG2 with COFDM encoding with the provision for datacasts or any type of data for that matter.
It's totally abstracted from the old FM system and uses a new set of frequencies, Band-III which around 200-230mhz, this used to be used for the very old 405 B&W TV service that dates back to WW2.
They shut of the service in the early eighties because it was clear absolutely everyone had moved onto colour/PAL. Then they started the 'Eureka 147' project to develop Digital Radio.
Unfortunately there isn't a whole lot of room left in the US spectrum to separately allocate bandwidth for digital radio, so Lucent have been developing IBOC, which resides as a FM subcarrier, so no need to allocate new frequencies. It works a little like the European RDS (Radio Data Services, station titles etc) except the performance is obviously better than RDS's 8bits/s (in fall fairness it is quite old).
The problem is the standard at the moment is susceptible to multipath problems and can degrade the existing FM broadcasts, the standard also relies on the old FM analogue broadcast at times, which kind of defeats the object.
However, if they get the problems sorted out and produce a reasonably cheap chipset it means you can have digital radio without new spectrum, a big plus! But Lucent could potentially be swimming against the tide since DAB has world-wide adoption and has been in use for a while (i.e. it's proven). I doubt the standard will reach very far internationally, but the US is obviously a big market in its own right.
Yeah... the BBC World Service's objective is to get its content on as many platforms at possible, whenever possible, they've linked upto a lot of FM stations for the last couple of years. They reach ~150 million people, I can't see why they shut off their SW feed, nice way to piss off your listenership:/
However, the overnight streams only usually news and analysis, obviously the FM channels don't have enough time to cover protracted sporting events.
Don't worry mate, overheating isn't exactly a long-term problem, the last three days were the English summer, it's all over now, evidently proven today. Blink and you could miss it.
I had an Athlon tripping alarms off when it hit 65c a couple of days ago, never seem that before.
You could built a 'similar' system from standard off the shelf PC parts which would be cheaper and faster, grab a MicroATX case for $25, uATX m'board for $110, a Celeron $60 (?), Hard Drive (~$100), and some RAM which is ridiculously cheap right now $30 (one benefit on an economy balancing on the edge). It adds up to about $300 if you need to buy everything, but any self-respecting techie has a box they can salvage components from.
The board has audio, video, Ethernet integrated, granted integrated components are often lacking, but this wont affect anything if you use it as a small server or NAT/Firewall box.
This is obviously different to the actual Cube, that being a true embedded system.
There's smaller FlexATX and NLX kit about too. The parts and thermal solutions are scarce though.
The Cube is a cute little box, however I can't help thinking $379 is a tad on the expensive side, true, it does have a 206mhz ARM chip and a nice case. Seems like an iPaq with ethernet.
However, iButton produce a java-based embedded computer called TINI that sells for $50, including Ethernet, RS232, 1-wire & can buses. A new version is due later this year which has a 10x speed increase, it also integrates all the functions of the device into a single chip, excluding flash.
First of all this isn't a powerline service to deliver data to your house they tried that already in Liverpool but the streetlamps started acting as RF transmitters, the idea was buried.
However, I know a company called Energis uses the high-voltage backbones to transmit data&voice between cities, this service gets nowhere near the local-loop and isn't available to consumers though.
Ok... HomePlug is just an internal thing like X10 or HomePNA for linking appliances etc, say linking your PC to an MP3 box on your hi-fi.
Noise on the phase may well be a problem, and there's the possibility you could sniff your neighbours network, I asume they've done some work with authentification to solve this. People already have this problem with X10, you can fit a filter to your main distribution box that kills any noise in either direction and stops X10 ingress. I have the feeling doing the latter might be beyond your Joe average, I guess they could fit filters to new houses, but new homes will most likely include 'proper' networking like ethernet.
Yeah... I have a DOCSIS modem from Motorola, they didn't start installing cable modems en masse in the UK until a standard was decided upon. They ran trials using ATM based modems around 1996 though.
My digital set-top-box has a DOCSIS modem in it too, which is used for the interactive stuff, there's a RJ45 on the back but it's redundant at the moment. I hear Pace are starting to make boxes with 802.11b built in, the idea is they will fit (or you buy) a wireless board for your PC and you're straight on the net. The cable company wouldn't have to bother wiring in a seperate cable modem and ethernet.
Yes... sorry, that should of read 'didn't include subsurface rights'.
Well... the fibre is buried into a conduit a few feet under the land, so I guess that could be seen as 'subsurface' in a sense, when leases use loose definitions like that it's no surprise the lawyers are jumping on it, even if the clause was actually there to protect mineral rights.
Obviously nobody thought of burying fibre back when great-great-grandfather hillbilly signed the lease back in 1870. As we know, lawyers love ambiguous definitions open to interpretation.
Somebody suggested they could move the fibre above surface by using modern day telegraph poles and avoid those issues. But now the fibres are in the ground the companies are up the creek without a paddle, the lawyers know they have to settle.
A company in the UK called Energis uses the Nation Grid as a telecommunications backbone, they route calls and data between cities over the existing power lines layed on pylons. I doubt the farmers could sue the electricity carriers because they haven't installed any extra fibre or cables, I guess the farms aren't as litigious either, but it's certainly a different purpose from which the pylons were originally intended.
Offers some insight... only 5% of fibre is in use, and it costs more to light fibre than lay them.
On top of all these problems all the farmers with railway tracks going through their land are suing because the fibre layed alongside the rails was unauthorised because the leases didn't include surface rights.
Compensation for the farmers has been cash and some of the fibre strands... so expect some new ISP's run by hillbillies, there's already a few about.
"The following ticket has been automatically issued because of speeding uses, your hire car was tracked going from NY to San Francisco in the space of 2 minutes, your car hit a peak speed of 2200mph during this journey, with an average speed of 2000mph, please note the maximum speed limit is 70mph.
Thank you for your time, this fine of $2200 is due in 21 Days."
Well, there were some desperate attempts to get rid of them before, look where that got them:/
I'm guessing it would cost too much in shipping to get rid of them like before, they may just go to landfill, it happens with companies quite often apparently, Palm were contemplating the same thing a few weeks ago with their excess inventories, they can't reduce prices and floor the market for their new models and take the company down the drain with it. So they just do the easiest thing, write the inventory off and destroy it, thereby preserving the current market for their goods.
I'm guessing archaeologists in a few hundred years time will find hundreds of these odd plastic 'probe' type things (right next to the pets.com puppets) and try and workout what the hell they were for.
It seems that promotion on NBC and the international distribution was the last "big push" for DC, if that didn't work, nothing will type of thing.
I received a USB cat last week here in the UK, it was quite slow and it was killing the i/o on my notebook, I presume it was something to do with power constraints, but they don't seem to be high quality.
I'm planning to print some barcodes out and do an inventory of my CD's, and maybe other stuff in the house "when I get round to it" (tm).
Thanks for the free scanner... sorry about the company (well?), it's a shame for the people who have lost their jobs, however you really need a reality check if you think joining a company will make you an IPO millionaire within months, it couldn't last indefinitely, and it couldn't be for everyone.
Just goes to show you really could smoke dope and construct business models in 1999, I guess it didn't look so preposterous back then either since everybody was wearing rose tinted glasses, it's surprising to see the high profile companies who invested in DC, it seems they were giving money out hand over fist to get a piece of the IPO pie.
Nothing schadenfreude here:) I know DC were a bit aloof, had a crazy businesses model and legal dept but they kept 225 techies employed for a few months... on the otherhand, `fsck em
Hrm... I don't get this, GSM has always included 107bit Elliptical Curve Crypto right from the start.
In fact, it was the first commercial mainstream product that included crypto, this caused a few political headaches apparently. This was meant to be the reason why it wasn't opened to peer-review, and consequentially cracked in 1998 by an Israeli team. It was secure for 9-10 years, which isn't too bad.
Elliptical Curve is pretty smart, it requires very little CPU cycles.
Well conventional thinking requires very high voltages and low currents, since this limits the loss on the cable, it also means the cable can be smaller and therefore limit resistance further.
However, even with a superconductor you'd need a massive cable (and therefore more cooling) to carry high currents, so the old high voltage method is better.
I can't really workout your safety perspective here, it's the current that kills you so it would be even more dangerous. Even with the lowest currents used on the power grid, if you're fried at 4000v or 64,000v you're still fucked either way.
I can't see how it over-reaches territory, if you deal with a foreign country then you must abide by their domestic laws, this has always been the case. As a US company, if you try and sell a product into the UK and it doesn't meet their safety requirements or whatever, it will be deemed illegal, despite the fact it may be legal under US law. This isn't imposing law on another country since you can still sell the (potentially) unsafe product to your US citizens legally.
Remember this only affects data concerning EU citizens, if you're an EU company then you cannot sell data on EU citizens to countries that have questionable data practices, if you're a US company dealing with EU people they you must do the same, obviously a US company can do whatever it likes with data on US citizens.
This does in fact does make some sense, if they didn't put restrictions on foreign countries then EU companies would just move their customer databases abroad and then do whatever they like with it, and because the country is outside EU law, citizens would have no legal control of their data, this would just undermine the whole purpose of the law.
If you've ever seen the "UK-Info" CD, which lets you find out in depth data about households by aggregates data from the British land registry, ordiance survery, electoral roll, company house records, acorn demographics, phone listings etc, they move this data to the Cayman Isles then process and cross reference it and sell it on a CD to the UK. If the CD was cross referenced in the UK it would break a number of data protection laws. Because the information can flow abroad then be sold back to the UK in an aggregated form, it's not illegal, which makes a mockery of the law, so they're trying to ensure citizens have rights on their data if its passed abroad (and choose if it even goes abroad).
The requirements are for companies dealing with EU citizens not just companies within the EU.
I can't see any law solving this issue easily, there are too many loopholes to deal with. As with the UK Info disc, lots of disparate forms of innocuous information are obtained which in themselves aren't a problem, it's when they're cross-referenced and interlinked it becomes an issue, I can't see how the EU can stop foreign countries processing this information.
Enshrining privacy in the law is an honourable pursuit, but ultimately frivolous, if they don't get industry backing it will never work since companies will just hire lawyers to exploit any tiny loophole in the law. Therefore how do we get companies to respect our data? What is commercial incentive for a company to do so?
Sealand is primarily supplied by GB I believe.
This would put them OUTSIDE the EU. Not that they would be above the pressure the EU could bring to the table, political and economic
Wrong I'm afraid, the United Kingdom is a fully qualified EU member state, the only part they don't subscribe to is the monetary union (Euro). Obviously the UK is not on the European mainland, this doesn't mean they're not part of the EU though.
Yeah, for current desktop machines there's PCI2.2 which is 32bit at 66mhz, which is around 2gbps of bandwidth (266MB/s).
The problem with 64bit PCI is the fact bandwidth is not equal across all slots, usually only the first two slots can do the full 66mhz @ 64bit. The rest drop to 33mhz or are old 32bit slots.
The fact that PCI works on a shared basis doesn't help either, usually if the Ethernet board is loaded that means some major data is being pulled or pushed over the SCSI board... which just creates a bottleneck.
Ideally, we need a point-to-point optical system, shame full optical switchs aren't practicable at the moment.
Yup, the PCI bus does ~1gbps or 133megabytes/sec, considering we have things like 1gbps Ethernet (~125meg/sec) and Ultra160meg SCSI... soon to be Ultra320, it's well under siege. I know these technologies aren't in the mainstream yet, but it certainly doesn't leave much headroom for growth when they do trickle down into general computers.
The above figures don't even include overhead either, obviously no bus performs to its optimum because no board is built for perfect bus timings.
As you said, the plan of over the last few years has been to shift everything off the PCI bus, graphics went to AGP and in most modern chipsets the south bridge has a dedicated 266MB/s link to the south bridge, rather than a standard PCI bus link. They've also took the ATA controller off the PCI bus and given it a dedicated channel to the north bridge.
Even by taking everything off the PCI bus... it's still hitting its limit, as for a bus that is nearly 10 years old, it's done quite well. It's not quite end-game yet though, remember PCI2.2 allows 64bit transfers, so they've effectively doubled the throughput and given it a little more breathing space, however this isn't a long-term solution.
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Nah... I think his leadership role is far great than his jumping/ape capabilities. He really knows how to rally those MS troops.
MS don't have good engineers, nVidia do, nFORCE is produced by nVidia in case the 'n' didn't give it away. There will be an nFORCE chipset for the Athlon, then the P4, however the nFORCE in the xBox interfaces with a P3-600.
They have Digital Radio in Europe, the BBC has been broadcasting since 1995 in its final format, it's based round the DAB standard, basically MPEG2 with COFDM encoding with the provision for datacasts or any type of data for that matter.
It's totally abstracted from the old FM system and uses a new set of frequencies, Band-III which around 200-230mhz, this used to be used for the very old 405 B&W TV service that dates back to WW2.
They shut of the service in the early eighties because it was clear absolutely everyone had moved onto colour/PAL. Then they started the 'Eureka 147' project to develop Digital Radio.
Unfortunately there isn't a whole lot of room left in the US spectrum to separately allocate bandwidth for digital radio, so Lucent have been developing IBOC, which resides as a FM subcarrier, so no need to allocate new frequencies. It works a little like the European RDS (Radio Data Services, station titles etc) except the performance is obviously better than RDS's 8bits/s (in fall fairness it is quite old). The problem is the standard at the moment is susceptible to multipath problems and can degrade the existing FM broadcasts, the standard also relies on the old FM analogue broadcast at times, which kind of defeats the object.
However, if they get the problems sorted out and produce a reasonably cheap chipset it means you can have digital radio without new spectrum, a big plus! But Lucent could potentially be swimming against the tide since DAB has world-wide adoption and has been in use for a while (i.e. it's proven). I doubt the standard will reach very far internationally, but the US is obviously a big market in its own right.
Add a capture card and it looks like a decent competitor to a multipurpose TiVO. Add Ethernet and you can stream the video where you want :)
Yeah... the BBC World Service's objective is to get its content on as many platforms at possible, whenever possible, they've linked upto a lot of FM stations for the last couple of years. They reach ~150 million people, I can't see why they shut off their SW feed, nice way to piss off your listenership :/
However, the overnight streams only usually news and analysis, obviously the FM channels don't have enough time to cover protracted sporting events.
Don't worry mate, overheating isn't exactly a long-term problem, the last three days were the English summer, it's all over now, evidently proven today. Blink and you could miss it.
I had an Athlon tripping alarms off when it hit 65c a couple of days ago, never seem that before.
Yeah... check this post. (legit link).
You could built a 'similar' system from standard off the shelf PC parts which would be cheaper and faster, grab a MicroATX case for $25, uATX m'board for $110, a Celeron $60 (?), Hard Drive (~$100), and some RAM which is ridiculously cheap right now $30 (one benefit on an economy balancing on the edge). It adds up to about $300 if you need to buy everything, but any self-respecting techie has a box they can salvage components from.
The board has audio, video, Ethernet integrated, granted integrated components are often lacking, but this wont affect anything if you use it as a small server or NAT/Firewall box.
This is obviously different to the actual Cube, that being a true embedded system.
There's smaller FlexATX and NLX kit about too. The parts and thermal solutions are scarce though.
The Cube is a cute little box, however I can't help thinking $379 is a tad on the expensive side, true, it does have a 206mhz ARM chip and a nice case. Seems like an iPaq with ethernet.
However, iButton produce a java-based embedded computer called TINI that sells for $50, including Ethernet, RS232, 1-wire & can buses. A new version is due later this year which has a 10x speed increase, it also integrates all the functions of the device into a single chip, excluding flash.
First of all this isn't a powerline service to deliver data to your house they tried that already in Liverpool but the streetlamps started acting as RF transmitters, the idea was buried.
However, I know a company called Energis uses the high-voltage backbones to transmit data&voice between cities, this service gets nowhere near the local-loop and isn't available to consumers though.
Ok... HomePlug is just an internal thing like X10 or HomePNA for linking appliances etc, say linking your PC to an MP3 box on your hi-fi.
Noise on the phase may well be a problem, and there's the possibility you could sniff your neighbours network, I asume they've done some work with authentification to solve this. People already have this problem with X10, you can fit a filter to your main distribution box that kills any noise in either direction and stops X10 ingress. I have the feeling doing the latter might be beyond your Joe average, I guess they could fit filters to new houses, but new homes will most likely include 'proper' networking like ethernet.
Yeah... I have a DOCSIS modem from Motorola, they didn't start installing cable modems en masse in the UK until a standard was decided upon. They ran trials using ATM based modems around 1996 though.
My digital set-top-box has a DOCSIS modem in it too, which is used for the interactive stuff, there's a RJ45 on the back but it's redundant at the moment. I hear Pace are starting to make boxes with 802.11b built in, the idea is they will fit (or you buy) a wireless board for your PC and you're straight on the net. The cable company wouldn't have to bother wiring in a seperate cable modem and ethernet.
Yes... sorry, that should of read 'didn't include subsurface rights'.
Well... the fibre is buried into a conduit a few feet under the land, so I guess that could be seen as 'subsurface' in a sense, when leases use loose definitions like that it's no surprise the lawyers are jumping on it, even if the clause was actually there to protect mineral rights.
Obviously nobody thought of burying fibre back when great-great-grandfather hillbilly signed the lease back in 1870. As we know, lawyers love ambiguous definitions open to interpretation.
Somebody suggested they could move the fibre above surface by using modern day telegraph poles and avoid those issues. But now the fibres are in the ground the companies are up the creek without a paddle, the lawyers know they have to settle.
A company in the UK called Energis uses the Nation Grid as a telecommunications backbone, they route calls and data between cities over the existing power lines layed on pylons. I doubt the farmers could sue the electricity carriers because they haven't installed any extra fibre or cables, I guess the farms aren't as litigious either, but it's certainly a different purpose from which the pylons were originally intended.
This was an NYTimes article published last week.
Offers some insight... only 5% of fibre is in use, and it costs more to light fibre than lay them.
On top of all these problems all the farmers with railway tracks going through their land are suing because the fibre layed alongside the rails was unauthorised because the leases didn't include surface rights.
Compensation for the farmers has been cash and some of the fibre strands... so expect some new ISP's run by hillbillies, there's already a few about.
I got mine from Time Interactive, that page says "The offer closes June 5, 2001" but the form still works, it's worth a try.
Maybe 'Tandy' (RadioShack) stock them? Not sure.
lol
"The following ticket has been automatically issued because of speeding uses, your hire car was tracked going from NY to San Francisco in the space of 2 minutes, your car hit a peak speed of 2200mph during this journey, with an average speed of 2000mph, please note the maximum speed limit is 70mph.
Thank you for your time, this fine of $2200 is due in 21 Days."
Well, there were some desperate attempts to get rid of them before, look where that got them :/
I'm guessing it would cost too much in shipping to get rid of them like before, they may just go to landfill, it happens with companies quite often apparently, Palm were contemplating the same thing a few weeks ago with their excess inventories, they can't reduce prices and floor the market for their new models and take the company down the drain with it. So they just do the easiest thing, write the inventory off and destroy it, thereby preserving the current market for their goods.
I'm guessing archaeologists in a few hundred years time will find hundreds of these odd plastic 'probe' type things (right next to the pets.com puppets) and try and workout what the hell they were for.
It seems that promotion on NBC and the international distribution was the last "big push" for DC, if that didn't work, nothing will type of thing.
I received a USB cat last week here in the UK, it was quite slow and it was killing the i/o on my notebook, I presume it was something to do with power constraints, but they don't seem to be high quality.
I'm planning to print some barcodes out and do an inventory of my CD's, and maybe other stuff in the house "when I get round to it" (tm).
Thanks for the free scanner... sorry about the company (well?), it's a shame for the people who have lost their jobs, however you really need a reality check if you think joining a company will make you an IPO millionaire within months, it couldn't last indefinitely, and it couldn't be for everyone.
Just goes to show you really could smoke dope and construct business models in 1999, I guess it didn't look so preposterous back then either since everybody was wearing rose tinted glasses, it's surprising to see the high profile companies who invested in DC, it seems they were giving money out hand over fist to get a piece of the IPO pie.
Nothing schadenfreude here :) I know DC were a bit aloof, had a crazy businesses model and legal dept but they kept 225 techies employed for a few months... on the otherhand, `fsck em
Hrm... I don't get this, GSM has always included 107bit Elliptical Curve Crypto right from the start.
In fact, it was the first commercial mainstream product that included crypto, this caused a few political headaches apparently. This was meant to be the reason why it wasn't opened to peer-review, and consequentially cracked in 1998 by an Israeli team. It was secure for 9-10 years, which isn't too bad.
Elliptical Curve is pretty smart, it requires very little CPU cycles.
Well conventional thinking requires very high voltages and low currents, since this limits the loss on the cable, it also means the cable can be smaller and therefore limit resistance further.
However, even with a superconductor you'd need a massive cable (and therefore more cooling) to carry high currents, so the old high voltage method is better.
I can't really workout your safety perspective here, it's the current that kills you so it would be even more dangerous. Even with the lowest currents used on the power grid, if you're fried at 4000v or 64,000v you're still fucked either way.
I can't see how it over-reaches territory, if you deal with a foreign country then you must abide by their domestic laws, this has always been the case. As a US company, if you try and sell a product into the UK and it doesn't meet their safety requirements or whatever, it will be deemed illegal, despite the fact it may be legal under US law. This isn't imposing law on another country since you can still sell the (potentially) unsafe product to your US citizens legally.
Remember this only affects data concerning EU citizens, if you're an EU company then you cannot sell data on EU citizens to countries that have questionable data practices, if you're a US company dealing with EU people they you must do the same, obviously a US company can do whatever it likes with data on US citizens.
This does in fact does make some sense, if they didn't put restrictions on foreign countries then EU companies would just move their customer databases abroad and then do whatever they like with it, and because the country is outside EU law, citizens would have no legal control of their data, this would just undermine the whole purpose of the law.
If you've ever seen the "UK-Info" CD, which lets you find out in depth data about households by aggregates data from the British land registry, ordiance survery, electoral roll, company house records, acorn demographics, phone listings etc, they move this data to the Cayman Isles then process and cross reference it and sell it on a CD to the UK. If the CD was cross referenced in the UK it would break a number of data protection laws. Because the information can flow abroad then be sold back to the UK in an aggregated form, it's not illegal, which makes a mockery of the law, so they're trying to ensure citizens have rights on their data if its passed abroad (and choose if it even goes abroad).
The requirements are for companies dealing with EU citizens not just companies within the EU.
I can't see any law solving this issue easily, there are too many loopholes to deal with. As with the UK Info disc, lots of disparate forms of innocuous information are obtained which in themselves aren't a problem, it's when they're cross-referenced and interlinked it becomes an issue, I can't see how the EU can stop foreign countries processing this information.
Enshrining privacy in the law is an honourable pursuit, but ultimately frivolous, if they don't get industry backing it will never work since companies will just hire lawyers to exploit any tiny loophole in the law. Therefore how do we get companies to respect our data? What is commercial incentive for a company to do so?
Yeah, for current desktop machines there's PCI2.2 which is 32bit at 66mhz, which is around 2gbps of bandwidth (266MB/s).
The problem with 64bit PCI is the fact bandwidth is not equal across all slots, usually only the first two slots can do the full 66mhz @ 64bit. The rest drop to 33mhz or are old 32bit slots.
The fact that PCI works on a shared basis doesn't help either, usually if the Ethernet board is loaded that means some major data is being pulled or pushed over the SCSI board... which just creates a bottleneck.
Ideally, we need a point-to-point optical system, shame full optical switchs aren't practicable at the moment.
Doh... that should be
"in most modern chipsets the south bridge has a dedicated 266MB/s link to the north bridge
Yup, the PCI bus does ~1gbps or 133megabytes/sec, considering we have things like 1gbps Ethernet (~125meg/sec) and Ultra160meg SCSI... soon to be Ultra320, it's well under siege. I know these technologies aren't in the mainstream yet, but it certainly doesn't leave much headroom for growth when they do trickle down into general computers.
The above figures don't even include overhead either, obviously no bus performs to its optimum because no board is built for perfect bus timings.
As you said, the plan of over the last few years has been to shift everything off the PCI bus, graphics went to AGP and in most modern chipsets the south bridge has a dedicated 266MB/s link to the south bridge, rather than a standard PCI bus link. They've also took the ATA controller off the PCI bus and given it a dedicated channel to the north bridge.
Even by taking everything off the PCI bus... it's still hitting its limit, as for a bus that is nearly 10 years old, it's done quite well. It's not quite end-game yet though, remember PCI2.2 allows 64bit transfers, so they've effectively doubled the throughput and given it a little more breathing space, however this isn't a long-term solution.