That corresponds to a wavelength of 72nm, which is way past purple, just past near UV and into the extreme UV part of the spectrum. Real sunburn, electron ejection, cats-living-with-dogs territory.
I must disagree. Radio is inherently a 'broadcast' medium in that nearly anyone can intercept a radio transmission. That does not, however, imply that all radio transmissions are broadcasts.
The laws that are on the books and common sense are on my side; transmissions intended for public receipt are broadcasts; all other radio transmissions are not _by law_ and by common sense.
The meaning of that word is well defined in engineering and it's EXACTLY what WIFI does.
Yes, broadcast is well-defined; transmissions intended to be received by any and all receivers is a broadcast, everything else is not. The medium does not define what is and is not a broadcast, the intent (and sometimes the law) does. Whether you're talking radio, ethernet, or any other means of communication, that's the definition.
WiFi does _not_ transmit data for receipt of all, there are explicit destination addresses on every data frame. The only tiny little part of wifi that could possibly be interpreted as broadcast is the SSID frame. That _is_ intended for all to hear, and is therefore a broadcast. Note that I never said google couldn't receive and record the SSID's.
...you yourself indicate how special legislation had to be passed to make eavesdropping on such broadcasts illegal.
Eavesdropping on those transmissions was always illegal. The legislation was to make breaking that law difficult by restricting the availability of receivers capable of receiving the transmission.
There is no such exception law for WIFI - it would make things like public hotspots a legal nightmare as you struggle to define what constitutes permission.
Explain, then, why people have been convicted of crimes related to using someone else's wifi.
Instead the technology allows for the means to make broadcasts in this spectrum private if so desired - by encrypting them.
They are legally private regardless of encryption. Encryption only makes illegal interception more difficult. To eliminate any gray areas, turning off SSID broadcast (yes, it's a broadcast) makes the most sense.
Deliberate (and considering that nature of modern wifi's - generally intentional) failure to use the privacy feature must then default to the base legal position: that since it's a broadcast, it's INTENDED to be public. No, that is exactly 180 degrees from legal precedent. EVEN TRANSMITTED IN THE CLEAR, if a transmission is not intended for your receipt, regardless of how trivial that reception is, it is not a broadcast and can therefore get you in hot water for receiving it. If all wifi is broadcast and therefore intended for the public, you won't have any issue with me grabbing your WPA-encrypted banking information frames and decoding them, would you? The technical and legal aspects of what is and is not a broadcast are not always in line, and are sometimes out of phase.
Since a lot of such wifi broadcasts ARE intended to be public (again - public access hotspots spring to mind) this is the only REASONABLE position to take.The permission to use free wifi comes from either the de facto use of 'public' or 'freewifi' as the SSID or from the combination of the 'Free Wifi' sticker on the door and the SSID. Note that most free sites make you click thru an agreement which offers you access.
So your cellphone conversations are 'broadcast'? If that's the technical definition, all radio transmissions are broadcasts, so why is there a distinction?
That may be the popular usage of the word broadcast, but that's not what we're discussing.
...the government won't need half of what it's taking in right now.
Sadly, half a little under the actual figure. As best as I can tell, 56.74% of FY2010 spending is sucked up by Social Security, Unemployment/welfare/other, Medicare, and Medicaid. Throw Health and Human Services and HUD in there, and the figure rises to 60.3%.
That doesn't include all of the other welfare leakage points that have crept into the tax system as 'credits'.
Unless you use old automobile radiators, intentionally adulterate your product, or intentionally disregard common-sense safety practices, I don't think you'll accidentally blind yourself. As the article says, most if not all of the methanol will be in the 'foreshot', so discarding it will result in the least chance of methanol poisoning.
I see 'medicalizing' marijuana as a boon to kickstarting the hemp industry. Their waste (stems, twigs, etc) is the raw material for the hemp industry. It would be essentially free, since the marijuana industry probably won't have any use for it. Since there's no hemp industry now, there won't be a shortage of raw materials until the hemp industry takes off.
PS - the Comm Act of '34 contains this definition:
"BROADCASTING.--The term ''broadcasting'' means the dissemination of radio communications intended to be received by the public, directly or by the intermediary of relay stations."
I disagree that wifi data meets the definition of a broadcast; rather, it is a non-public communication transmitted without encryption. The only definitions of 'broadcast' I could find at the FCC website were related to specific broadcast services (AM, FM, TV, etc)
47CFR73 Sec. 73.14 AM broadcast definitions. A broadcast station licensed for the dissemination of radio communications intended to be received by the public and operated on a channel in the AM broadcast band.
Also there are rules in the Amateur service (Part 97) that forbid broadcast transmissions intended for the public.
The crux of the biscuit is that broadcasts are, by definition, intended for public receipt. Wifi data is not intended for public receipt and the service under which Wifi equipment operates is not licensed as a broadcast service (it is unlicensed, in fact).
Remember back in the day when HBO, etc were transmitted in-the-clear over C band satellites? I could tune in and watch it with no trouble, but the law said even though it was transmitted in-the-clear you could not legally watch it unless you were a subscriber.
Did you know that the old-school pagers used in-the-clear transmissions? I could've easily transcribed every single pager transmission in the greater Richmond area (as well as ones intended for those with 'satellite' pagers that worked nationwide). It would not have been legal, however.
How about the old 49 MHz cordless phones/baby monitors, analog cell phones, etc? They were all in the clear, and special federal legislation was enacted to prevent eavesdropping - they forced scanner manufacturers to block the analog cell frequencies.
What google did by collecting anything other that the SSID was equivalent to transcribing private pager data and making it publicly available - that certainly would be illegal.
15000 C puts the peak spectral wavelength at about 190 nm, which is solidly in the near UV spectrum. Guard against 'sun' burn while using it! I've been 'sun' burned a few too many times arc welding. I tend to forget to cover the vee at the top of my shirt.
For anyone curious, as I was, what the surface temperature of our star is: 5500 degrees C
Which you can derive from noting the Sun's yellow color (approximately 570–590 nm) and applying Planck's Law or Wein's Displacement Law in reverse. Note that this pic shows the 5500 degree C peak aligns well with 500-600 nm.
From the Wein's Displacement article:
" * The surface temperature (or more correctly, the effective temperature) of the Sun is 5778 K. Using Wien's law, this temperature corresponds to a peak emission at a wavelength of 2.89777 million nm K/ 5778 K = 502 nm = about 5000 Å. This wavelength is fairly in the middle of the most sensitive part of land animal visual spectrum acuity. Even nocturnal and twilight-hunting animals must sense light from the waning day and from the moon, which is reflected sunlight with this same wavelength distribution. Also, the average wavelength of starlight maximal power is in this region, due to the sun being in the middle of a common temperature range of stars.
[See for example the article color, because of the spread resulting in white light. Due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light by the atmosphere this white light is separated somewhat, resulting in a blue sky and a yellow sun]."
1) Make a call to a random barber shop in Iran or Afghanistan. 2) Say "Al Qaeda", "terrorist", and "spy" very clearly. 3) Play the tapes of your family members' stories. 4) Get a copy of the transcripts from your lawyer at your espionage trial.
It could be that the road geometry is incorrect in the database in your GPS. My in-car nav system (2003 Mini Cooper S) used to not recognize roads in my part of Hanover County, VA - they displayed on the screen, but the nav system would not include them in routes.
The instant you crossed the county line or turned onto one of these roads, you'd get the dreaded "You are not on a digitized road" message. I learned to hate that message, even though it was delivered in the most dulcet of tones.
The only benefit token ring ever really had over ethernet (aside from the 16mb/s vs 10 mb/s signaling speed) was deterministic behavior. When you're doing a full motion cockpit simulator in the late 80's, token ring was the choice. In real-time, deterministic behavior is your friend.
I worked with ethernet back in the days of 10Base5 that used vampire taps that were installed by drilling a freakin' hole into gigantic RG8-like uber-shielded coax that was run straight down the long axis on the building. Users would run these huge AUI cables to the vampire tap to gain access. You could only tap the cable every 2.5 meters, so in a crowded office you'd have loops of coax with piles of taps thrown on top of each other in the drop ceiling. Note that each segment only allowed 100 taps.
Assuming those 3 loops in the picture are 300 km per east-west leg (the max width of Ireland is 280km) including the north-south parts of the loop, the total fiber length is 6 * 300km = 1800km = 1800000m. The speed of light in fiber is approximately 200e6 m/s vs. 300e6 m/s for a vacuum. That makes the total fiber 'length' about 9ms. At 2.5 TB/s, all of the fiber only contains about 22.5GB at any one instant.
Slashdot Mirror
Did I say Richmond VA? I meant Richmond CA, that's right, California....that's the ticket.
That corresponds to a wavelength of 72nm, which is way past purple, just past near UV and into the extreme UV part of the spectrum. Real sunburn, electron ejection, cats-living-with-dogs territory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagnetic-Spectrum.png
I must disagree. Radio is inherently a 'broadcast' medium in that nearly anyone can intercept a radio transmission. That does not, however, imply that all radio transmissions are broadcasts.
The laws that are on the books and common sense are on my side; transmissions intended for public receipt are broadcasts; all other radio transmissions are not _by law_ and by common sense.
The meaning of that word is well defined in engineering and it's EXACTLY what WIFI does.
Yes, broadcast is well-defined; transmissions intended to be received by any and all receivers is a broadcast, everything else is not. The medium does not define what is and is not a broadcast, the intent (and sometimes the law) does. Whether you're talking radio, ethernet, or any other means of communication, that's the definition.
WiFi does _not_ transmit data for receipt of all, there are explicit destination addresses on every data frame. The only tiny little part of wifi that could possibly be interpreted as broadcast is the SSID frame. That _is_ intended for all to hear, and is therefore a broadcast. Note that I never said google couldn't receive and record the SSID's.
Eavesdropping on those transmissions was always illegal. The legislation was to make breaking that law difficult by restricting the availability of receivers capable of receiving the transmission.
There is no such exception law for WIFI - it would make things like public hotspots a legal nightmare as you struggle to define what constitutes permission.
Explain, then, why people have been convicted of crimes related to using someone else's wifi.
Instead the technology allows for the means to make broadcasts in this spectrum private if so desired - by encrypting them.
They are legally private regardless of encryption. Encryption only makes illegal interception more difficult. To eliminate any gray areas, turning off SSID broadcast (yes, it's a broadcast) makes the most sense.
Deliberate (and considering that nature of modern wifi's - generally intentional) failure to use the privacy feature must then default to the base legal position: that since it's a broadcast, it's INTENDED to be public.
No, that is exactly 180 degrees from legal precedent. EVEN TRANSMITTED IN THE CLEAR, if a transmission is not intended for your receipt, regardless of how trivial that reception is, it is not a broadcast and can therefore get you in hot water for receiving it. If all wifi is broadcast and therefore intended for the public, you won't have any issue with me grabbing your WPA-encrypted banking information frames and decoding them, would you? The technical and legal aspects of what is and is not a broadcast are not always in line, and are sometimes out of phase.
Since a lot of such wifi broadcasts ARE intended to be public (again - public access hotspots spring to mind) this is the only REASONABLE position to take.The permission to use free wifi comes from either the de facto use of 'public' or 'freewifi' as the SSID or from the combination of the 'Free Wifi' sticker on the door and the SSID. Note that most free sites make you click thru an agreement which offers you access.
So your cellphone conversations are 'broadcast'? If that's the technical definition, all radio transmissions are broadcasts, so why is there a distinction?
That may be the popular usage of the word broadcast, but that's not what we're discussing.
...the government won't need half of what it's taking in right now.
Sadly, half a little under the actual figure. As best as I can tell, 56.74% of FY2010 spending is sucked up by Social Security, Unemployment/welfare/other, Medicare, and Medicaid. Throw Health and Human Services and HUD in there, and the figure rises to 60.3%.
That doesn't include all of the other welfare leakage points that have crept into the tax system as 'credits'.
...blinding myself...
Unless you use old automobile radiators, intentionally adulterate your product, or intentionally disregard common-sense safety practices, I don't think you'll accidentally blind yourself. As the article says, most if not all of the methanol will be in the 'foreshot', so discarding it will result in the least chance of methanol poisoning.
Think of the poor birds that live downwind! No tern will be left unstoned.
Think of the poor birds downwind! No tern will be left unstoned.
I see 'medicalizing' marijuana as a boon to kickstarting the hemp industry. Their waste (stems, twigs, etc) is the raw material for the hemp industry. It would be essentially free, since the marijuana industry probably won't have any use for it. Since there's no hemp industry now, there won't be a shortage of raw materials until the hemp industry takes off.
Goat meat happens to be very tasty - I prefer it to lamb. It's very difficult to find if you don't have a decent ethnic market around.
#1 Pork in all of its glorious incarnations
#2 Beef
#3 Goat
#4 Chicken/turkey
#5 lamb
#6 soylent green
PS - the Comm Act of '34 contains this definition:
"BROADCASTING.--The term ''broadcasting'' means the dissemination of radio
communications intended to be received by the public, directly or by the intermediary of relay
stations."
I disagree that wifi data meets the definition of a broadcast; rather, it is a non-public communication transmitted without encryption. The only definitions of 'broadcast' I could find at the FCC website were related to specific broadcast services (AM, FM, TV, etc)
47CFR73 Sec. 73.14 AM broadcast definitions.
A broadcast station licensed for the dissemination of radio communications intended to be received by the public and operated on a channel in the AM broadcast band.
Also there are rules in the Amateur service (Part 97) that forbid broadcast transmissions intended for the public.
The crux of the biscuit is that broadcasts are, by definition, intended for public receipt. Wifi data is not intended for public receipt and the service under which Wifi equipment operates is not licensed as a broadcast service (it is unlicensed, in fact).
Remember back in the day when HBO, etc were transmitted in-the-clear over C band satellites? I could tune in and watch it with no trouble, but the law said even though it was transmitted in-the-clear you could not legally watch it unless you were a subscriber.
Did you know that the old-school pagers used in-the-clear transmissions? I could've easily transcribed every single pager transmission in the greater Richmond area (as well as ones intended for those with 'satellite' pagers that worked nationwide). It would not have been legal, however.
How about the old 49 MHz cordless phones/baby monitors, analog cell phones, etc? They were all in the clear, and special federal legislation was enacted to prevent eavesdropping - they forced scanner manufacturers to block the analog cell frequencies.
What google did by collecting anything other that the SSID was equivalent to transcribing private pager data and making it publicly available - that certainly would be illegal.
References:
Communications Act of 1934, as Amended (pdf)
http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs2-wire.htm
Ha! My inductively coupled plasma has 6000 degrees celsius!
<worfVoice>Then your "inductively coupled plasma" is weak!</worfVoice> lol
This one claims a temperature of 25000 F (13871 C), and this one claims 15000 C.
15000 C puts the peak spectral wavelength at about 190 nm, which is solidly in the near UV spectrum. Guard against 'sun' burn while using it! I've been 'sun' burned a few too many times arc welding. I tend to forget to cover the vee at the top of my shirt.
If it takes more energy to obtain the uranium than the uranium contains, you're not part of the solution ...
I didn't say it did, I said if it did it wouldn't be worth the trouble.
For anyone curious, as I was, what the surface temperature of our star is: 5500 degrees C
Which you can derive from noting the Sun's yellow color (approximately 570–590 nm) and applying Planck's Law or Wein's Displacement Law in reverse. Note that this pic shows the 5500 degree C peak aligns well with 500-600 nm.
From the Wein's Displacement article:
" * The surface temperature (or more correctly, the effective temperature) of the Sun is 5778 K. Using Wien's law, this temperature corresponds to a peak emission at a wavelength of 2.89777 million nm K/ 5778 K = 502 nm = about 5000 Å. This wavelength is fairly in the middle of the most sensitive part of land animal visual spectrum acuity. Even nocturnal and twilight-hunting animals must sense light from the waning day and from the moon, which is reflected sunlight with this same wavelength distribution. Also, the average wavelength of starlight maximal power is in this region, due to the sun being in the middle of a common temperature range of stars.
[See for example the article color, because of the spread resulting in white light. Due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light by the atmosphere this white light is separated somewhat, resulting in a blue sky and a yellow sun]."
[Emphasis mine]
See also:
http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/TahirAhmed.shtml
Just so you know, this was originally published here, and very recently re-published here without proper attribution.
If it takes more energy to obtain the uranium than the uranium contains, you're not part of the solution (no uranium-in-seawater pun intended).
1) Make a call to a random barber shop in Iran or Afghanistan.
2) Say "Al Qaeda", "terrorist", and "spy" very clearly.
3) Play the tapes of your family members' stories.
4) Get a copy of the transcripts from your lawyer at your espionage trial.
5) profit?
Johnny Cab!
It could be that the road geometry is incorrect in the database in your GPS. My in-car nav system (2003 Mini Cooper S) used to not recognize roads in my part of Hanover County, VA - they displayed on the screen, but the nav system would not include them in routes.
The instant you crossed the county line or turned onto one of these roads, you'd get the dreaded "You are not on a digitized road" message. I learned to hate that message, even though it was delivered in the most dulcet of tones.
...unboken...
Is that the illegitimate offspring of 'unbroken' and 'borked', or perhaps a potato that was not grown in Hoboken?
The only benefit token ring ever really had over ethernet (aside from the 16mb/s vs 10 mb/s signaling speed) was deterministic behavior. When you're doing a full motion cockpit simulator in the late 80's, token ring was the choice. In real-time, deterministic behavior is your friend.
I worked with ethernet back in the days of 10Base5 that used vampire taps that were installed by drilling a freakin' hole into gigantic RG8-like uber-shielded coax that was run straight down the long axis on the building. Users would run these huge AUI cables to the vampire tap to gain access. You could only tap the cable every 2.5 meters, so in a crowded office you'd have loops of coax with piles of taps thrown on top of each other in the drop ceiling. Note that each segment only allowed 100 taps.
Those were the days.
Whoosh!
Assuming those 3 loops in the picture are 300 km per east-west leg (the max width of Ireland is 280km) including the north-south parts of the loop, the total fiber length is 6 * 300km = 1800km = 1800000m. The speed of light in fiber is approximately 200e6 m/s vs. 300e6 m/s for a vacuum. That makes the total fiber 'length' about 9ms. At 2.5 TB/s, all of the fiber only contains about 22.5GB at any one instant.