Also, "Rare-earth elements" is a group of elements, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.... If you read the Wikipedia page then you will see that 16 of the 17 elements are plentiful in the Earth's crust and so are not rare.
Therefore, "Rare-earth elements" is just a name and the "Rare" bit is not meaning rare. Perhaps when the elements were initially discovered that the elements were rare but most of these elements are plentiful.
For example, what is the difference between a mg and Mg ? Answer, mg is 10e-3 (a thousandth) of a gram and Mg is 10e6 (million) grams = 1000 kg = a tonne. That is a difference of a billion !! Therefore, case is extremely important. You would not want a 1Mg (a tonne) of painkillers for example.
Therefore, Kg is incorrect and should be written kg to mean 1000 grams.
Note kWh is the correct case but ironically is not a metric (SI) unit as it is essentially a marketing term used by electricity companies. The metric (SI) unit is J for Joules (energy). But KwH is definitely the wrong case.
In the metric system, if the quantity is a person's name such as Watt then the case is uppercase such as W.
gram is not a person's name and therefore it is a lower-case g. Similarly metre is not a person's name so it is a lower-case m.
Newtons are N, Joules are J, Pascals are P, Teslas are T, Henrys are H, Celsius is C etc.
Please take some time to study the metric (SI) unit rules, thanks.
You probably know that electricity demand varies during the day (24 hours). In the UK, day-time peak can be 45GW and a night-time low can be 25GW, this means that about 45% of peak power generation is unused during the night-time. Ideally, electric cars will be charged up over night and can use some of the spare electricity generation. Therefore, the need for new power stations is reduced by running existing power stations for longer over a 24 hour period.
A key step is adding on-gird energy storage so that the peak loading can be supplemented using energy storage. This storage is filled up using cheaper electricity during periods of lower demand.
In principle, battery electric cars could be deployed as on-gird storage when charging up. During peak demand, power could be temporarily extracted from the battery in the electric car. This scheme is known as Vehicle to Grid charging.
On-grid storage would also benefit Nuclear Power by allowing more Nuclear plants to run because the level of the baseload will be higher due to the on-grid storage.
On-grid storage will kill off Gas Fired power stations that are used as "peaker" plants.
In my opinion, a mixture of renewables, on-grid storage and Nuclear with kill off fossil fuel based electricity generation. When Nuclear fussion becomes available later in this century then that could be a game changer although it might be too late to the party.
You say "electric" and "battery" as if that electricity came from air. It does not, in most countries it comes from burning coal.
Wow! What an untruth about "in most countries it comes from burning coal." Clearly you don't live in France (75% Nuclear) or Norway (98% Hydroelectric). In many European counties Natural Gas fired power stations are dominant over coal such as in the UK where coal is on its last legs (will be gone by 2025). There are countries such as Poland that have a high level of coal usage for producing electricity.
I just heard that Windows notepad tried to replace MS-DOS edline (line editor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...), but failed as edline is still in Windows 10 !?
2. 80 Mpg isn't that hard. Tesla is getting Infinite MPG.
Fixed that for you! It is not Zero MPG for Tesla cars.
Technically, MPG = miles / gallons, in the case of Tesla no gallons are used (on the road) and therefore you are dividing by a zero and at the maths limit gives an infinite MPG, (assuming miles is also not zero).
Deploying renewable energy with battery storage in the developing should be the priority because local electricity generation allows:
1. Reading at night using LED lamps - allows children to educate themselves using books and laptops, their parents can help as they are not working at night 2. Pumping of water via electric pumps so less time and effort is needed to get water 3. Pumped water can irrigate crops so food yields improve 4. Communication devices can be deployed - allows people to become aware of the world around them and science based skills can be learnt 5. Cooking and heating
However, the size of the population needs to be compatible with the available level of resources. Therefore, control of population growth is vital for a good sustainable healthy population.
Remember the world population doubled from 3.9 billion in 1973 to 7.6 billion today in 2018. In 1800 during the industrial revolution the world population was estimated to be 1 billion people. This shows the risk of deploying technologies because natural causes for death are reduced which allows populations to increase.
0.0.xx releases which are stable releases from the linux-stable repository, these include bug fixes. However, only LTS (Long Term Support) kernels have on-going support.
0.xx releases are the cumulative releases. Each release is unique. Each release is generally compatible with the previous release. However, note the kernel has config options with allows the kernel to be conditionally built which allows sub-systems to be configured in and out. Therefore, the kernel version only identifies the codebase, it does not identify what is in the kernel.
X.00 releases are rare due to the kernel being in continuous update. This makes the point that X.00 releases are arbitrary because the kernel evolves rather than revolves. There are few step changes in the kernel and generally multiple APIs for the same sub-system can co-exist via build CONFIG options. This allows a sub-system to have an experimental new API, current API, mature but deprecated API all available concurrently which reduces the occurrences of incompatibility between kernel releases because the appropriate solution can be selected and built for your system.
We might as well only have x.yy where x is the serial number of the version and yy is the bug fix state of the stable release. In other words, the current major number is redundant. Perhaps we can have a year prefix ?
A german or japanese car with "driver assistance" would have braked, without even activating "autopilot".
In the Florida Tesla crash, the US semi-trailer has no side-impact protection to help prevent cars from going under the trailer. However, in Europe side-impact protection for trailers is mandatory.
I highly doubt that a European car or Japanese car would be able to detect the presence of the US trailer via their use of their forward radar emergency braking systems due to the big gap between the ground and the lower edge of the trailer.
I have a suggestion, please add side-impact protection to all US semi-trailers. This will allow the car's safety systems a better chance of detecting the trailer and to hit the trailer using the car's front crumple zone which will deploy the air-bags.
Technically, it was the poorly designed US tractor trailer that killed the Tesla driver by ripping off the car's roof thereby defeating the emergency systems that the car had. European trailers have side-impact protection to help prevent cars from going under the trailer. This has been a mandatory law in Europe since 1989.
The US trailer prevented the following systems being triggered on the Tesla (independent of auto-pilot):
1. The car's radar radiated under the trailer because the trailer's lower edge was above the radar beam. Therefore, the emergency braking system was not activated. 2. The front crumple zone of the Tesla had nothing to hit on the trailer and therefore, the car was not decelerated and the air-bags were not fired.
Even with side impact protection on the trailer, an impact at 70 MPH would still likely to be fatal but there would of been a chance for the emergency systems like brakes and air-bags to have been activated.
The US should look at the design of European trailers and learn lessons from it.
Norway is 99% hydro-power and has the highest number of EVs per capita in the world. Over 50% of new car sales in Norway come with a plug. Norway is already in the future. Norway has high levels of tax on fossil cars and no tax on electric cars so the population is encouraged to buy EVs. By 2025 (7 years from now), Norway will ban the sale of new fossil cars.
France has 75% Nuclear power with the remaining being hydro-power plus wind. France is a big electricity exporter to the rest of Europe which greens up the grid across Europe via grid interconnection cables. For example, this offsets against Germany's move to coal due to closing down their Nuclear power stations.
Even in the UK, coal-fired electricity generation is fast declining (fully phased out by 2025), there is now more wind power generation than coal in the UK. On the other hand, the UK has up to 50% gas-fired power generation balanced against renewable power sources. On some days, there is more renewable power generated than from gas-fired power generation.
So you are wrong about high levels of coal-fired electricity when you consider electricity generation in Western Europe. If you consider Poland in Eastern Europe then you would be correct.
As a citizen, you need to abide by the laws of the land. These laws can be secular or religious. In Western Europe, the laws are made by democracies that are mainly secular in nature with religious aspects being separate to the laws of the land.
In modern times conflicts are occurring due to secular laws clashing with religious views, such as abortion and the banning of face veils.
It used to be that most citizens of a country had the same religion as the country. Therefore, if the country had control over the state religion then the state could control its people. However, in modern times, immigration of people of different religions has generated multi-cultural societies. This makes it impossible for the laws of the land to be compatible with all the different religious views.
Any society on Mars must have survival as their top goal. Laws on Mars would enforce best practices using the results from scientific analysis for survival. Humanity itself would be responsible for survival. These laws would not mention God (just like in Western European laws).
Religious societies are like tribes or gangs. This can cause social cohesion to disintegrate and bring conflicts. On Mars, that would be undesirable. Religious harmony would seem to be a hard thing to achieve, but also hard to ban religion.
Theism = A belief that a god (or gods) exists Atheism = A non-belief that a god (or gods) exists meaning a belief that there is no god and therefore, atheism is not a religion.
In Europe, in the late 17th century and 18th century there was the period called the "Age of Enlightenment" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.... In this period, philosophers such as Sir Isaac Newton attempted to document how God made the Universe work by studying natural phenomena. In this time leading into the Industrial Revolution, science overthrew some religious views and in the 19th century the term Scientist was first used.
I wonder whether going to Mars will bring about "the 2nd Age of Enlightenment" which will tend towards atheism resulting in secular societies for the common goal of surviving on Mars ?
Will new Mars specific Bibles need to be written ? Such as will "Heaven and Earth" become "Heaven and Mars" ?
Electric engine, really ?? Some people are trying to say electric engine when they mean electric motor. This is because they know that cars have engines (internal combustion) and therefore are familiar with the term engine in everyday usage.
A steam locomotive, also known as a steam engine, uses a piston engine, there is a crankshaft and conrod to convert the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion of the drive wheels.
Similarly, an internal combustion engine uses a piston engine, there is a crankshaft and conrod to convert linear motion of the piston into rotational motion of the drive wheels.
An alternative name for an automobile is motor car. The sport of racing supercars is called Motor Racing. Therefore, all cars have motors but only some have engines aka a piston engine (steam or fossil fuel). In other words, an electric motor is not a piston engine but a piston engine is a motor. eg. motor boat.
We need to quickly kill off this term "electric engine" because traditionally it is called an Electric Motor.
In addition, the mass of an Electric Motor is much less than the mass of an internal combustion engine. Also the Electric Motor can be placed very close to the axle of the drive wheels. Therefore, attempting to put the Electric Motor in the centre of the vehicle will be disadvantageous as the drivetrain would be over-complex.
You mean "Imperial" and not "English" measurements. People from England (UK) use Metric measurements except were tradition, and government rules dictate Imperial measurements are used. For example, distances for transport are in miles but fuel is measured in litres. When shopping, products are labelled in imperial and metric measurements but imperial only selling is possible in traditional street markets.
Note that the US uses a different set of imperial definitions to the UK due to the US War of Independence causing the US to fail to get subsequent updates to the UK's Parliament's Act of Weights and Measures. This caused the US gallon to be a different size to the UK's imperial gallon.
The rate goes negative because the energy supplier needs to pay someone to consume the surplus energy otherwise it costs the energy supplier even more money in trying to manage the surplus. Therefore, the rate goes below zero to make it attractive to someone to consume the energy, having free cost energy is not attractive enough.
Except, the US energy prices in the US will fall despite Trump's anti-environmental polices. This because the deployment of renewables will continue regardless of Trump. Nevertheless, Trump will claim it as a victory.
Battery storage facilities are currently outside and not in buildings so access is not an issue.
You mean GWh (Gigawatt-hours) of storage. Gigawatts is a term meaning power (Joules per second). Scientifically speaking, energy should use the term Joules but the non-standard term kWh was used by the energy generating sector and has stuck in daily usage which causes confusion of GWh versus GW. You could say GWh is a marketing term.
Just like the confusion over calories (Cal) versus kilo-calories kcal). 1 Cal = 1000 kcal. Cal is used as a marketing term in the food industry despite the labels in Europe saying kcals in the fine print.
Slashdot Mirror
You are both correct:
1. UK equipment is rated (as per the mains specification) at the nominal voltage of 230V AC +/- the tolerance.
2. Put a voltmeter across a UK socket and you will measure 240V AC and this inside the tolerance of point #1.
Therefore, both statements are consistent with each other.
All European 230V AC rated equipment will work anywhere in Europe.
Also, "Rare-earth elements" is a group of elements, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.... If you read the Wikipedia page then you will see that 16 of the 17 elements are plentiful in the Earth's crust and so are not rare.
Therefore, "Rare-earth elements" is just a name and the "Rare" bit is not meaning rare. Perhaps when the elements were initially discovered that the elements were rare but most of these elements are plentiful.
Please use the correct mnemonics for metric (SI) units because they are case-sensitive and follow rules.
Please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....
For example, what is the difference between a mg and Mg ? Answer, mg is 10e-3 (a thousandth) of a gram and Mg is 10e6 (million) grams = 1000 kg = a tonne. That is a difference of a billion !! Therefore, case is extremely important. You would not want a 1Mg (a tonne) of painkillers for example.
Therefore, Kg is incorrect and should be written kg to mean 1000 grams.
Note kWh is the correct case but ironically is not a metric (SI) unit as it is essentially a marketing term used by electricity companies. The metric (SI) unit is J for Joules (energy). But KwH is definitely the wrong case.
In the metric system, if the quantity is a person's name such as Watt then the case is uppercase such as W.
gram is not a person's name and therefore it is a lower-case g. Similarly metre is not a person's name so it is a lower-case m.
Newtons are N, Joules are J, Pascals are P, Teslas are T, Henrys are H, Celsius is C etc.
Please take some time to study the metric (SI) unit rules, thanks.
You probably know that electricity demand varies during the day (24 hours). In the UK, day-time peak can be 45GW and a night-time low can be 25GW, this means that about 45% of peak power generation is unused during the night-time. Ideally, electric cars will be charged up over night and can use some of the spare electricity generation. Therefore, the need for new power stations is reduced by running existing power stations for longer over a 24 hour period.
A key step is adding on-gird energy storage so that the peak loading can be supplemented using energy storage. This storage is filled up using cheaper electricity during periods of lower demand.
In principle, battery electric cars could be deployed as on-gird storage when charging up. During peak demand, power could be temporarily extracted from the battery in the electric car. This scheme is known as Vehicle to Grid charging.
On-grid storage would also benefit Nuclear Power by allowing more Nuclear plants to run because the level of the baseload will be higher due to the on-grid storage.
On-grid storage will kill off Gas Fired power stations that are used as "peaker" plants.
In my opinion, a mixture of renewables, on-grid storage and Nuclear with kill off fossil fuel based electricity generation. When Nuclear fussion becomes available later in this century then that could be a game changer although it might be too late to the party.
You say "electric" and "battery" as if that electricity came from air. It does not, in most countries it comes from burning coal.
Wow! What an untruth about "in most countries it comes from burning coal." Clearly you don't live in France (75% Nuclear) or Norway (98% Hydroelectric). In many European counties Natural Gas fired power stations are dominant over coal such as in the UK where coal is on its last legs (will be gone by 2025). There are countries such as Poland that have a high level of coal usage for producing electricity.
Just wait until notepad corrupts your file when it writes the file back to disk in CR/LF format... and this will be classed as a "feature".
Yep, that was the original idea of ASCII control codes to control teletypes and teleprinters over serial communication links.
Tis the year that M$ embraces Linux...
It is the year of Linux on the Windows Desktop.
M$ is now extending its support for all things GNU / Linux in a bid to extinguish GNU / Linux once and for all.
I just heard that Windows notepad tried to replace MS-DOS edline (line editor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...), but failed as edline is still in Windows 10 !?
2. 80 Mpg isn't that hard. Tesla is getting Infinite MPG.
Fixed that for you! It is not Zero MPG for Tesla cars.
Technically, MPG = miles / gallons, in the case of Tesla no gallons are used (on the road) and therefore you are dividing by a zero and at the maths limit gives an infinite MPG, (assuming miles is also not zero).
Deploying renewable energy with battery storage in the developing should be the priority because local electricity generation allows:
1. Reading at night using LED lamps - allows children to educate themselves using books and laptops, their parents can help as they are not working at night
2. Pumping of water via electric pumps so less time and effort is needed to get water
3. Pumped water can irrigate crops so food yields improve
4. Communication devices can be deployed - allows people to become aware of the world around them and science based skills can be learnt
5. Cooking and heating
However, the size of the population needs to be compatible with the available level of resources. Therefore, control of population growth is vital for a good sustainable healthy population.
Remember the world population doubled from 3.9 billion in 1973 to 7.6 billion today in 2018. In 1800 during the industrial revolution the world population was estimated to be 1 billion people. This shows the risk of deploying technologies because natural causes for death are reduced which allows populations to increase.
We already have:
0.0.xx releases which are stable releases from the linux-stable repository, these include bug fixes. However, only LTS (Long Term Support) kernels have on-going support.
0.xx releases are the cumulative releases. Each release is unique. Each release is generally compatible with the previous release. However, note the kernel has config options with allows the kernel to be conditionally built which allows sub-systems to be configured in and out. Therefore, the kernel version only identifies the codebase, it does not identify what is in the kernel.
X.00 releases are rare due to the kernel being in continuous update. This makes the point that X.00 releases are arbitrary because the kernel evolves rather than revolves. There are few step changes in the kernel and generally multiple APIs for the same sub-system can co-exist via build CONFIG options. This allows a sub-system to have an experimental new API, current API, mature but deprecated API all available concurrently which reduces the occurrences of incompatibility between kernel releases because the appropriate solution can be selected and built for your system.
We might as well only have x.yy where x is the serial number of the version and yy is the bug fix state of the stable release. In other words, the current major number is redundant. Perhaps we can have a year prefix ?
A german or japanese car with "driver assistance" would have braked, without even activating "autopilot".
In the Florida Tesla crash, the US semi-trailer has no side-impact protection to help prevent cars from going under the trailer. However, in Europe side-impact protection for trailers is mandatory.
I highly doubt that a European car or Japanese car would be able to detect the presence of the US trailer via their use of their forward radar emergency braking systems due to the big gap between the ground and the lower edge of the trailer.
I have a suggestion, please add side-impact protection to all US semi-trailers. This will allow the car's safety systems a better chance of detecting the trailer and to hit the trailer using the car's front crumple zone which will deploy the air-bags.
Technically, it was the poorly designed US tractor trailer that killed the Tesla driver by ripping off the car's roof thereby defeating the emergency systems that the car had. European trailers have side-impact protection to help prevent cars from going under the trailer. This has been a mandatory law in Europe since 1989.
The US trailer prevented the following systems being triggered on the Tesla (independent of auto-pilot):
1. The car's radar radiated under the trailer because the trailer's lower edge was above the radar beam. Therefore, the emergency braking system was not activated.
2. The front crumple zone of the Tesla had nothing to hit on the trailer and therefore, the car was not decelerated and the air-bags were not fired.
Even with side impact protection on the trailer, an impact at 70 MPH would still likely to be fatal but there would of been a chance for the emergency systems like brakes and air-bags to have been activated.
The US should look at the design of European trailers and learn lessons from it.
and Telsa is selling more Model S in the US than BMW and Mercedes for their traditional luxury cars, see
https://www.teslarati.com/bmw-...
Telsa is impacting BMW and Mercedes sales in the US, it is not just an EV fight but a luxury car fight as well.
Norway is 99% hydro-power and has the highest number of EVs per capita in the world. Over 50% of new car sales in Norway come with a plug. Norway is already in the future. Norway has high levels of tax on fossil cars and no tax on electric cars so the population is encouraged to buy EVs. By 2025 (7 years from now), Norway will ban the sale of new fossil cars.
France has 75% Nuclear power with the remaining being hydro-power plus wind. France is a big electricity exporter to the rest of Europe which greens up the grid across Europe via grid interconnection cables. For example, this offsets against Germany's move to coal due to closing down their Nuclear power stations.
Even in the UK, coal-fired electricity generation is fast declining (fully phased out by 2025), there is now more wind power generation than coal in the UK. On the other hand, the UK has up to 50% gas-fired power generation balanced against renewable power sources. On some days, there is more renewable power generated than from gas-fired power generation.
So you are wrong about high levels of coal-fired electricity when you consider electricity generation in Western Europe. If you consider Poland in Eastern Europe then you would be correct.
As a citizen, you need to abide by the laws of the land. These laws can be secular or religious. In Western Europe, the laws are made by democracies that are mainly secular in nature with religious aspects being separate to the laws of the land.
In modern times conflicts are occurring due to secular laws clashing with religious views, such as abortion and the banning of face veils.
It used to be that most citizens of a country had the same religion as the country. Therefore, if the country had control over the state religion then the state could control its people. However, in modern times, immigration of people of different religions has generated multi-cultural societies. This makes it impossible for the laws of the land to be compatible with all the different religious views.
Any society on Mars must have survival as their top goal. Laws on Mars would enforce best practices using the results from scientific analysis for survival. Humanity itself would be responsible for survival. These laws would not mention God (just like in Western European laws).
Religious societies are like tribes or gangs. This can cause social cohesion to disintegrate and bring conflicts. On Mars, that would be undesirable. Religious harmony would seem to be a hard thing to achieve, but also hard to ban religion.
Theism = A belief that a god (or gods) exists
Atheism = A non-belief that a god (or gods) exists meaning a belief that there is no god and therefore, atheism is not a religion.
In Europe, in the late 17th century and 18th century there was the period called the "Age of Enlightenment" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.... In this period, philosophers such as Sir Isaac Newton attempted to document how God made the Universe work by studying natural phenomena. In this time leading into the Industrial Revolution, science overthrew some religious views and in the 19th century the term Scientist was first used.
I wonder whether going to Mars will bring about "the 2nd Age of Enlightenment" which will tend towards atheism resulting in secular societies for the common goal of surviving on Mars ?
Will new Mars specific Bibles need to be written ? Such as will "Heaven and Earth" become "Heaven and Mars" ?
A Mars society is going to be science based otherwise they won't last very long. Will this cause atheism to be dominate on Mars?
Electric engine, really ?? Some people are trying to say electric engine when they mean electric motor. This is because they know that cars have engines (internal combustion) and therefore are familiar with the term engine in everyday usage.
A steam locomotive, also known as a steam engine, uses a piston engine, there is a crankshaft and conrod to convert the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion of the drive wheels.
Similarly, an internal combustion engine uses a piston engine, there is a crankshaft and conrod to convert linear motion of the piston into rotational motion of the drive wheels.
An alternative name for an automobile is motor car. The sport of racing supercars is called Motor Racing. Therefore, all cars have motors but only some have engines aka a piston engine (steam or fossil fuel). In other words, an electric motor is not a piston engine but a piston engine is a motor. eg. motor boat.
We need to quickly kill off this term "electric engine" because traditionally it is called an Electric Motor.
In addition, the mass of an Electric Motor is much less than the mass of an internal combustion engine. Also the Electric Motor can be placed very close to the axle of the drive wheels. Therefore, attempting to put the Electric Motor in the centre of the vehicle will be disadvantageous as the drivetrain would be over-complex.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... for details.
I see that it was a CNN report, that explains were the big science words were missing...
You mean "Imperial" and not "English" measurements. People from England (UK) use Metric measurements except were tradition, and government rules dictate Imperial measurements are used. For example, distances for transport are in miles but fuel is measured in litres. When shopping, products are labelled in imperial and metric measurements but imperial only selling is possible in traditional street markets.
Note that the US uses a different set of imperial definitions to the UK due to the US War of Independence causing the US to fail to get subsequent updates to the UK's Parliament's Act of Weights and Measures. This caused the US gallon to be a different size to the UK's imperial gallon.
The rate goes negative because the energy supplier needs to pay someone to consume the surplus energy otherwise it costs the energy supplier even more money in trying to manage the surplus. Therefore, the rate goes below zero to make it attractive to someone to consume the energy, having free cost energy is not attractive enough.
Except, the US energy prices in the US will fall despite Trump's anti-environmental polices. This because the deployment of renewables will continue regardless of Trump. Nevertheless, Trump will claim it as a victory.
Battery storage facilities are currently outside and not in buildings so access is not an issue.
You mean GWh (Gigawatt-hours) of storage. Gigawatts is a term meaning power (Joules per second). Scientifically speaking, energy should use the term Joules but the non-standard term kWh was used by the energy generating sector and has stuck in daily usage which causes confusion of GWh versus GW. You could say GWh is a marketing term.
Just like the confusion over calories (Cal) versus kilo-calories kcal). 1 Cal = 1000 kcal. Cal is used as a marketing term in the food industry despite the labels in Europe saying kcals in the fine print.