Vehicle emissions are tested against the specification of the vehicle from the time of manufacture such as the EURO 6 standard. Dieselgate started with the EURO 5 standard. Therefore, older vehicles are tested against the older specifications because older vehicles will most likely fail the newest standards.
For example, if a car was not manufactured with seat belts such as an old Jaguar of the 1960s then that vehicle will not fail the current seat belt test because the car is exempt from that test. Same applies for emissions such as not having a catalytic converter at the time of manufacture, such a vehicle would be exempt from the relevant emissions test.
In other words, some tests are not applied retrospectively. This is why some governments have scrappage schemes to get rid of vehicles of earlier specifications.
You can see a trend in cities such as London mandating EURO 6 to enter the city without paying an emissions charge. My 2009 Diesel Golf would have to pay this daily emissions charge plus the standard congestion charge. One way to avoid both charges is to use a battery EV.
Well, my ZX Spectrum has a SD card reader for game storage and works with LCD monitors. The designer used 3D printing to make a suitable case for the SD card adaptor. Now games load instantly, no need to wait 5 to 10 minutes for the games to load off tape! 8-bit is still alive and kicking in the 21st century.
And consider that the amount of available RAM was 48KB, games had to be designed well, no room for bloatware.
With respect, the 8-bit era is still alive today with people repairing and creating peripherals for home computers from the early 1980s. Just go to Ebay and see the trade in Sinclair ZX Spectrums (Z80) and the other home computers such as the Commodore 64 (6502). Remember the Z80 vs 6502 CPU wars ?
It is still possible to purchase brand new 40-pin Z80 CPUs https://uk.farnell.com/zilog/z... so 8-bit is not yet fully dead... long live the Z80 !
Note 64-bit systems greatly help to avoid Y2038 failures but anything using 32-bit time may fail or may have limitations.
Ever noticed that you can't set Android's date past 2036 ? I guess this is to ensure that Y2038 issues are not hit. I wonder whether 64-bit Android removes this limitation ?
..and add energy storage (batteries) to the nuclear power plants so that the batteries can kill off natural gas peaker plants. This will solve the slow rate of change of power output from nuclear power plants.
I thought the definition of a Linux distribution was that the distribution was based on and included the Linux kernel. But WSL contains a emulation layer for the M$ kernel to implement the Linux system calls.
Therefore, this Red Hat distribution is a WSL distribution. Sigh.
This is M$ strategy of killing off the Linux kernel.
Also ICE car production will reduce (such as Ford and GM now no longer making most of their sedans) causing "new" car buyers to wait for a suitable EV to come to market or to buy a second-hand ICE car. Some people predict a short-fall in the number of new cars produced around 2023 when the total number of available new cars reaches a minimum. Also at this point an oil crisis occurs due to an oil glut due to fewer ICE cars being on the road and the oil price collapses.
You would of thought low oil prices will hit EV sales but it won't because new ICE cars will be rarer than previous years. You might see a temporary boom in getting old ICE cars back on the road.
Lithium production will increase due to supply and demand economics. But note Lithium is not the main component (by mass) of Lithium ion batteries.
Well, the emissions have become smaller and smaller PM over the decades. Therefore, the large particles have been removed but now there are PM 10 and PM 2.5 particles being emitted. The PM 2.5 are small enough to cross from the lungs to the blood stream which is dangerous for human life.
There is also the smart grid and vehicle to grid schemes that allows domestic solar + battery, and electric vehicles to provide power from their batteries to the local grid. These schemes can be used at peak grid demand to fill in for power stations. The domestic customer gets paid a premium tariff for providing their power to the grid. Also during off-peak times, the domestic customer can use a lower tariff to charge the home battery and their electric car.
This means the traditional use of the grid of supplying power to domestic users is likely to become bi-directional with dynamic tariffs applied during a 24 hour period. These schemes will be an incentive to stay connected to the grid.
Also, there can be domestic peer to peer schemes whereby a householder can purchase power from another householder. This needs the grid.
Therefore, the grid is evolving rather than going away.
... and autonomous road based freight will also kill off freight that uses rail.
Transport is always evolving. In the UK, canals were built to transport coal and raw materials, and along came railways which made canals redundant. Canals are now used for leisure activities. In the UK, steam trains run for pleasurable train rides and these rides are expensive and usually sold out. Perhaps, the US railroads can run steam trains to consume the coal ?
The same will happen to ICE cars when electric cars dominate in the next 10 years. ICE cars will then be used for pleasure.
I think modern coal mining uses automated machines underground so uses fewer miners than in past years. Also the number of jobs in the renewable energy industries are far higher than the number of coal mining jobs. Economic pressures will eventually kill off coal and that has already happened in the UK starting in the 1980s.
The UK is phasing out coal fired power stations by 2025 and my expectation is that this will be completed some years earlier than 2025. Already the UK has some days when no coal fired power stations are running. However, we have to still pay to keep those coal fired power stations on standby.
The challenge for the UK is to find a way to kill off natural gas fired power stations especially the gas peaker plants. The key is deployment of energy storage with renewables because these schemes outperform gas fired peaker plants as can be seen by the deployment of the large Tesla battery in Australia.
It is clear that Natural Gas Peaker plants are on the danger list of becoming extinct due to:
1. Battery storage reacts in ms to loss of grid power which is much faster than spinning up a gas fired steam turbine. 2. Battery storage has lower maintenance costs due to no moving parts 3. Battery storage can be used to capture any local power produced and from other sources on the grid including surplus Nuclear so providing power buffering 4. Battery storage has no emissions 5. Saves costs by not paying for keeping Natural Gas Peaker plants on standby 6. Renewable energy + battery storage is scalable from domestic (small) to industrial (large)
You can't deny that the economics of renewable energy + storage will kill off Natural Gas Peaker plants and that will be good for the environment.
See https://cleantechnica.com/2018... which shows the Tesla Model 3 is the 5th top car selling car by units sold but is top car by revenue. You are correct that Japanese and Korean manufacturers lead by number of units sold. You need to look at Tesla's 2018 car sold numbers and not 2017 due to the fast ramp up of the Tesla Model 3 this year. It is no joke for GM and Ford.
Hmm, steam power was a British invention. James Watt was a steam power pioneer around 1776 and the SI metric unit of power is named after him eg. the Watt = 1 Joule per second which is a unit of power.
We also have a faster uptake cycle of new technology, and aren't as reliant on diesel as Europe is.
Hmm, that is misleading as diesel has a higher energy density than petrol (gasoline) and diesel generates less CO2 per unit of energy than petrol (gasoline). Unfortunately, diesel generates more air pollution than petrol (gasoline). Therefore, both diesel and petrol (gasoline) are bad for the environment.
My expectation is that electric cars will be dominate before 2030 because people will demand non-polluting vehicles. Already markets are waiting for Tesla cars to become available displacing sales of new fossil cars. People are waiting 2 or 3 years for an electric car to become available.
GM and Ford are abandoning the manufacture of sedan cars. Why is that ? Demand has fallen partly in response to Tesla taking over that market. GM and Ford then cause more air pollution by building SUVs and trucks that have lower fuel efficiency rules than sedans. I don't think that is "a faster uptake cycle of new technology". It is the last death throes of GM and Ford.
steam engine and NOT steam motor rocket engine and rocket motor NOT electric engine and electric motor NOT starter engine and starter motor
In other words, "engine" and "motor" have overlapping spheres of influence but the 2 terms are not fully inter-changeable due to their historical usage.
One reason why the term "electric engine" is coming into usage is because people know a car has an engine so logically in their mind, the device generating propulsion in an electric car is an "electric engine". This is how language evolves.
But if you went to a spares department and asked for an "electric engine", I suspect you would get funny looks because the parts list will say "electric motor".
There was no need to reinvent the wheel because the old Hayes inspired AT command technology could easily be applied to modern cellular devices.
Bluetooth can use AT commands for transferring contact information between devices and therefore AT commands are not restricted to the USB to serial interface. In other words, Bluetooth can provide virtual serial links over the Bluetooth radio link which I suspect an attacker would like to exploit remotely.
When implementing an AT command interpreter, care is needed to not allow unauthorised entities from executing actions that are deemed to be dangerous to the integrity of the system.
However, vendors can create their own vendor specific commands. That can be a weakness because they won't be tested in conformity testing for 27.007 and other AT command specifications.
When you consider that the number of people directly killed in Nuclear power station accidents is less than 500, it does seem strange that people are so scared of it. Indirectly, perhaps 10,000 people were killed. To replace 10,000 people takes 10,000/(250 babies born per minute) = 40 minutes. Therefore, it takes less than 1 hour to compensate for these deaths. In other words, Nuclear power is safe. I expect more people are killed world-wide per year on transport than in the whole history of Nuclear power.
I would like to see Nuclear power, renewables and energy storage be the final solution. Lets hope Nuclear fusion power becomes a thing sooner rather than later.
Note that Nuclear power stations require cooling water and this is one reason they are located near the coasts and rivers. However, the recent heatwave caused several European Nuclear power plants and coal fired power plants to be temporarily shutdown or run at reduced power because the outside water was too hot to be effective at cooling for the steam turbines. This means electricity generated using steam turbines is not immune from the effects of climate change.
Unfortunately, using a 64-bit system does not magically make all Y2038 issues go away. This is because various system library calls (API), communication protocols and file systems can have restricted timestamp ranges. Some of these use the current UNIX time era which ends on January 19th 2038 (UTC) because 32-bit time overflows to a negative number.
For example, the NTPv4 Internet time protocol runs into difficulty in 2036 because it comes to the end of its time era (overflows).
Also 64-bit operating systems usually can run 32-bit applications and these 32-bit applications are likely to have Y2038 issues.
Notice that you cannot set the date on an Android smartphone past the end of 2036. This is google's mitigation against Y2038 by preventing system time from reaching January 19th 2038 (UTC).
Slashdot Mirror
"metric ton" is spelt "tonne" = 1000kg.
Vehicle emissions are tested against the specification of the vehicle from the time of manufacture such as the EURO 6 standard. Dieselgate started with the EURO 5 standard. Therefore, older vehicles are tested against the older specifications because older vehicles will most likely fail the newest standards.
For example, if a car was not manufactured with seat belts such as an old Jaguar of the 1960s then that vehicle will not fail the current seat belt test because the car is exempt from that test. Same applies for emissions such as not having a catalytic converter at the time of manufacture, such a vehicle would be exempt from the relevant emissions test.
In other words, some tests are not applied retrospectively. This is why some governments have scrappage schemes to get rid of vehicles of earlier specifications.
You can see a trend in cities such as London mandating EURO 6 to enter the city without paying an emissions charge. My 2009 Diesel Golf would have to pay this daily emissions charge plus the standard congestion charge. One way to avoid both charges is to use a battery EV.
and don't forget that France's nuclear power also contributes to powering Germany.
Well, my ZX Spectrum has a SD card reader for game storage and works with LCD monitors. The designer used 3D printing to make a suitable case for the SD card adaptor. Now games load instantly, no need to wait 5 to 10 minutes for the games to load off tape! 8-bit is still alive and kicking in the 21st century.
And consider that the amount of available RAM was 48KB, games had to be designed well, no room for bloatware.
With respect, the 8-bit era is still alive today with people repairing and creating peripherals for home computers from the early 1980s. Just go to Ebay and see the trade in Sinclair ZX Spectrums (Z80) and the other home computers such as the Commodore 64 (6502). Remember the Z80 vs 6502 CPU wars ?
It is still possible to purchase brand new 40-pin Z80 CPUs https://uk.farnell.com/zilog/z... so 8-bit is not yet fully dead... long live the Z80 !
Only 19 years to go until Y2038 hits on 19th January 2038.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
Note 64-bit systems greatly help to avoid Y2038 failures but anything using 32-bit time may fail or may have limitations.
Ever noticed that you can't set Android's date past 2036 ? I guess this is to ensure that Y2038 issues are not hit. I wonder whether 64-bit Android removes this limitation ?
..and add energy storage (batteries) to the nuclear power plants so that the batteries can kill off natural gas peaker plants. This will solve the slow rate of change of power output from nuclear power plants.
I thought the definition of a Linux distribution was that the distribution was based on and included the Linux kernel. But WSL contains a emulation layer for the M$ kernel to implement the Linux system calls.
Therefore, this Red Hat distribution is a WSL distribution. Sigh.
This is M$ strategy of killing off the Linux kernel.
Also ICE car production will reduce (such as Ford and GM now no longer making most of their sedans) causing "new" car buyers to wait for a suitable EV to come to market or to buy a second-hand ICE car. Some people predict a short-fall in the number of new cars produced around 2023 when the total number of available new cars reaches a minimum. Also at this point an oil crisis occurs due to an oil glut due to fewer ICE cars being on the road and the oil price collapses.
You would of thought low oil prices will hit EV sales but it won't because new ICE cars will be rarer than previous years. You might see a temporary boom in getting old ICE cars back on the road.
Lithium production will increase due to supply and demand economics. But note Lithium is not the main component (by mass) of Lithium ion batteries.
Well, the emissions have become smaller and smaller PM over the decades. Therefore, the large particles have been removed but now there are PM 10 and PM 2.5 particles being emitted. The PM 2.5 are small enough to cross from the lungs to the blood stream which is dangerous for human life.
There is also the smart grid and vehicle to grid schemes that allows domestic solar + battery, and electric vehicles to provide power from their batteries to the local grid. These schemes can be used at peak grid demand to fill in for power stations. The domestic customer gets paid a premium tariff for providing their power to the grid. Also during off-peak times, the domestic customer can use a lower tariff to charge the home battery and their electric car.
This means the traditional use of the grid of supplying power to domestic users is likely to become bi-directional with dynamic tariffs applied during a 24 hour period. These schemes will be an incentive to stay connected to the grid.
Also, there can be domestic peer to peer schemes whereby a householder can purchase power from another householder. This needs the grid.
Therefore, the grid is evolving rather than going away.
... and autonomous road based freight will also kill off freight that uses rail.
Transport is always evolving. In the UK, canals were built to transport coal and raw materials, and along came railways which made canals redundant. Canals are now used for leisure activities. In the UK, steam trains run for pleasurable train rides and these rides are expensive and usually sold out. Perhaps, the US railroads can run steam trains to consume the coal ?
The same will happen to ICE cars when electric cars dominate in the next 10 years. ICE cars will then be used for pleasure.
I think modern coal mining uses automated machines underground so uses fewer miners than in past years. Also the number of jobs in the renewable energy industries are far higher than the number of coal mining jobs. Economic pressures will eventually kill off coal and that has already happened in the UK starting in the 1980s.
The UK is phasing out coal fired power stations by 2025 and my expectation is that this will be completed some years earlier than 2025. Already the UK has some days when no coal fired power stations are running. However, we have to still pay to keep those coal fired power stations on standby.
The challenge for the UK is to find a way to kill off natural gas fired power stations especially the gas peaker plants. The key is deployment of energy storage with renewables because these schemes outperform gas fired peaker plants as can be seen by the deployment of the large Tesla battery in Australia.
...and renewable energy with battery storage is now starting to eat Natural Gas' dinner: https://www.greentechmedia.com...
It is clear that Natural Gas Peaker plants are on the danger list of becoming extinct due to:
1. Battery storage reacts in ms to loss of grid power which is much faster than spinning up a gas fired steam turbine.
2. Battery storage has lower maintenance costs due to no moving parts
3. Battery storage can be used to capture any local power produced and from other sources on the grid including surplus Nuclear so providing power buffering
4. Battery storage has no emissions
5. Saves costs by not paying for keeping Natural Gas Peaker plants on standby
6. Renewable energy + battery storage is scalable from domestic (small) to industrial (large)
You can't deny that the economics of renewable energy + storage will kill off Natural Gas Peaker plants and that will be good for the environment.
See https://cleantechnica.com/2018... which shows the Tesla Model 3 is the 5th top car selling car by units sold but is top car by revenue. You are correct that Japanese and Korean manufacturers lead by number of units sold. You need to look at Tesla's 2018 car sold numbers and not 2017 due to the fast ramp up of the Tesla Model 3 this year. It is no joke for GM and Ford.
Hmm, steam power was a British invention. James Watt was a steam power pioneer around 1776 and the SI metric unit of power is named after him eg. the Watt = 1 Joule per second which is a unit of power.
We also have a faster uptake cycle of new technology, and aren't as reliant on diesel as Europe is.
Hmm, that is misleading as diesel has a higher energy density than petrol (gasoline) and diesel generates less CO2 per unit of energy than petrol (gasoline). Unfortunately, diesel generates more air pollution than petrol (gasoline). Therefore, both diesel and petrol (gasoline) are bad for the environment.
My expectation is that electric cars will be dominate before 2030 because people will demand non-polluting vehicles. Already markets are waiting for Tesla cars to become available displacing sales of new fossil cars. People are waiting 2 or 3 years for an electric car to become available.
GM and Ford are abandoning the manufacture of sedan cars. Why is that ? Demand has fallen partly in response to Tesla taking over that market. GM and Ford then cause more air pollution by building SUVs and trucks that have lower fuel efficiency rules than sedans. I don't think that is "a faster uptake cycle of new technology". It is the last death throes of GM and Ford.
Being pedantic, I have corrected the subject.
Pedant refers to a person that is pedantic. So your subject was meaning enable the pedantic mode of the person.
The "motor" versus "engine" debate.
steam engine and NOT steam motor
rocket engine and rocket motor
NOT electric engine and electric motor
NOT starter engine and starter motor
In other words, "engine" and "motor" have overlapping spheres of influence but the 2 terms are not fully inter-changeable due to their historical usage.
One reason why the term "electric engine" is coming into usage is because people know a car has an engine so logically in their mind, the device generating propulsion in an electric car is an "electric engine". This is how language evolves.
But if you went to a spares department and asked for an "electric engine", I suspect you would get funny looks because the parts list will say "electric motor".
The cellular AT commands are specified by the 3GPP Open Standard document 27.007.
Anyone can download the latest doc from http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/...
There was no need to reinvent the wheel because the old Hayes inspired AT command technology could easily be applied to modern cellular devices.
Bluetooth can use AT commands for transferring contact information between devices and therefore AT commands are not restricted to the USB to serial interface. In other words, Bluetooth can provide virtual serial links over the Bluetooth radio link which I suspect an attacker would like to exploit remotely.
When implementing an AT command interpreter, care is needed to not allow unauthorised entities from executing actions that are deemed to be dangerous to the integrity of the system.
However, vendors can create their own vendor specific commands. That can be a weakness because they won't be tested in conformity testing for 27.007 and other AT command specifications.
When you consider that the number of people directly killed in Nuclear power station accidents is less than 500, it does seem strange that people are so scared of it. Indirectly, perhaps 10,000 people were killed. To replace 10,000 people takes 10,000/(250 babies born per minute) = 40 minutes. Therefore, it takes less than 1 hour to compensate for these deaths. In other words, Nuclear power is safe. I expect more people are killed world-wide per year on transport than in the whole history of Nuclear power.
I would like to see Nuclear power, renewables and energy storage be the final solution. Lets hope Nuclear fusion power becomes a thing sooner rather than later.
Note that Nuclear power stations require cooling water and this is one reason they are located near the coasts and rivers. However, the recent heatwave caused several European Nuclear power plants and coal fired power plants to be temporarily shutdown or run at reduced power because the outside water was too hot to be effective at cooling for the steam turbines. This means electricity generated using steam turbines is not immune from the effects of climate change.
Correct, in theory Jesus was born between 6 BC and 4 BC.
Unfortunately, using a 64-bit system does not magically make all Y2038 issues go away. This is because various system library calls (API), communication protocols and file systems can have restricted timestamp ranges. Some of these use the current UNIX time era which ends on January 19th 2038 (UTC) because 32-bit time overflows to a negative number.
For example, the NTPv4 Internet time protocol runs into difficulty in 2036 because it comes to the end of its time era (overflows).
Also 64-bit operating systems usually can run 32-bit applications and these 32-bit applications are likely to have Y2038 issues.
Notice that you cannot set the date on an Android smartphone past the end of 2036. This is google's mitigation against Y2038 by preventing system time from reaching January 19th 2038 (UTC).
Only 19.5 years to go until the Epochalypse...
I think you missed the memo... the new dating scheme is BCE and CE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
BC and AD have gone out the window...
That is a classic out by 1 programming error. There is no year zero, the first year is year one.