You hit a LSB and something is off by one. You hit a MSB and you're potentially off by trillions.
That's a good argument for Gray code.
I have to take issue with the assumption that nothing clears errors better than a hard reset. There are very many known strategies for dealing with errors on a running system, and a reset only clears persistent and cumulative error, rather than transient ones. Since we can assume that your computer doesn't keep the same data in memory all of the time, most will be transient.
This is not unusual. However, the cable modem channel is many orders of magnitude noisier than the paths inside of your CPU would be from external radiation.
Somewhere on the Internet, it is perfectly possible that your packet was re-written by something that glitched a bit and wrote a proper checksum for the glitched data.
The situation for AMSAT is still pretty bad, as far as I've heard. As a radio amateur group (and one that has launched quite a few satellites as space hitch-hikers) they can't afford the good stuff, but they get some donated by NASA and some of the commercial satellite companies. Only a few years ago they were still using the 1802 as their main vehicle controller, as that was their main choice in silicon-on-sapphire CPUs. They get some donations of space-qualified solar cells. They scrub their memory continuously, They use no boot ROMS. The program is loaded entirely by hardware, and then the CPU is started.
The comment I was responding to was regarding HAARP. And that's "except" FYI.:-) ECC is actually more reliable, for its problem domain, than a triple voting system. The probability that you would arrive at a valid ECC code for bad data due to multiple bit flips is much lower than than the probability of two out of three systems voting wrong. So, it is at least theoretically possible to design a computer system with data integrity throughout that exceeds that of a voting system.
Faraday cages are really good for RF, and I was writing about HAARP. The X rays that you get from a radiologist don't have the same energy level as cosmic rays. The best we can do about energetic cosmic rays is to make our equipment less susceptible, because you can never have enough shielding.
Professional computers have metal cases and no silly viewing windows, and proper EMI suppression on the ports. Effectively, Faraday cages. They are quite proof against low-frequency radio transmitters nearby, whatever the power.
This is why ECC is used to protect memory and data busses. At least on the good stuff:-) . One of the issues is die shrink. As the minimum detail slze of the IC process gets smaller, the potential for radiation to flip a bit gets higher.
Silicon-on-sapphire is the main way to implement silicon-on-insulator, which is more protective of radiation bit flips and less likely to latch-up. But since these have historically been required only for space satellites, they have been horribly expensive. Imagine running an entire IC fabrication just to make a few chips. As there are more applications for rad-hard chips, the price could fall.
Say you did have "energy" somehow sitting around in the ionosphere? Why would it be there? It would have to be in a reflective and insulating medium. What would happen if you made that medium more conductive? The energy would turn into heat.
Speaking out of curiosity isn't enough. You must speak from knowledge. This is generally achieved through a great deal of work and some experimentation.
A view Russian probes got lost while flying over HAARP, I think Phobos Grunt was the most recent one. The theory is that their electronics was grilled by these high-power transmitters. This one actually makes sense though.
This was obfuscation on the part of the Russians. According to the failure report issued by Roscosmos there were other reasons, including use of non-space-qualified components that were susceptible to radiation damage, and insufficient ground testing.
Gee. Monty and his previous company did write an entire SQL database engine and put it under the GPL back when Ingres wasn't in great shape for us to use. They didn't sell it to Oracle, either. And with his present company, Monty continues to maintain it. They deserve some credit for that.
You are of course welcome to use whatever you want, as long as you comply with the license. In the case of ProxySQL, that's the GPL. Percona appears to be one person, one René Cannaò, and it looks like he's interested in selling his consulting services. If you are actually making money from using his product, please consider throwing some work his way.
Like I said, Open Source developers should not have to wear hair shirts while their users, sometimes the most profitable companies on Wall Street, rake in the dough.
What a horrible thing it is for these two people to die. The lady's father, however, does not have a case. It's only going to be necessary to show the degree to which the lady was intoxicated, and no judge or jury is going to be swayed by allegations that the cause of death is at all related to the power of the car relative to other cars.
Actually, a good deal of the northern part is desert too. For example, I have 10 acres by Macdoel that would be considered high desert and is an hour's drive from Klamath Falls.
This news article and many others are calling it a weir rather than a cofferdam. I would imagine that they got that language from the state, as most folks don't even know what a weir is.
You may not believe it's a desert due to irrigation.
The central valley survives on water inputs from outside and can't sustain itself on the available water. That's a desert. Much of the land has subsided by 10 feet or more as ground water has been drawn out, and municipalities are commonly drilling 1000-foot-deep wells to have a hope of their being reliable.
I think the emergency spillway was one of those things that is required, and that nobody associated with building the dam expected that it would ever actually have to be used. You don't design something meant to be used that hydromines an entire hillside the first time you use it.
Actually, they didn't start with desert. It was marshland before it was farmed. The largest fresh water lake south of the Great Lakes was in the central valley of Californa. It was sucked dry. The entire central valley was made a desert by the hand of man.
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Each of my systems has more than hundreds of millions of bits of RAM. Some of them have 128 thousand million bits. There are a lot of places to hit.
That's a good argument for Gray code.
I have to take issue with the assumption that nothing clears errors better than a hard reset. There are very many known strategies for dealing with errors on a running system, and a reset only clears persistent and cumulative error, rather than transient ones. Since we can assume that your computer doesn't keep the same data in memory all of the time, most will be transient.
This is not unusual. However, the cable modem channel is many orders of magnitude noisier than the paths inside of your CPU would be from external radiation.
Somewhere on the Internet, it is perfectly possible that your packet was re-written by something that glitched a bit and wrote a proper checksum for the glitched data.
Someday I will be able to completely debug a piece of software. It will be a very small piece of software, I am sure.
People discount the complexity that we face when attempting to fully debug anything.
The situation for AMSAT is still pretty bad, as far as I've heard. As a radio amateur group (and one that has launched quite a few satellites as space hitch-hikers) they can't afford the good stuff, but they get some donated by NASA and some of the commercial satellite companies. Only a few years ago they were still using the 1802 as their main vehicle controller, as that was their main choice in silicon-on-sapphire CPUs. They get some donations of space-qualified solar cells. They scrub their memory continuously, They use no boot ROMS. The program is loaded entirely by hardware, and then the CPU is started.
The comment I was responding to was regarding HAARP. And that's "except" FYI. :-) ECC is actually more reliable, for its problem domain, than a triple voting system. The probability that you would arrive at a valid ECC code for bad data due to multiple bit flips is much lower than than the probability of two out of three systems voting wrong. So, it is at least theoretically possible to design a computer system with data integrity throughout that exceeds that of a voting system.
Faraday cages are really good for RF, and I was writing about HAARP. The X rays that you get from a radiologist don't have the same energy level as cosmic rays. The best we can do about energetic cosmic rays is to make our equipment less susceptible, because you can never have enough shielding.
Please read the comment again. Low-frequency transmitters do not make cosmic rays.
Professional computers have metal cases and no silly viewing windows, and proper EMI suppression on the ports. Effectively, Faraday cages. They are quite proof against low-frequency radio transmitters nearby, whatever the power.
This is why ECC is used to protect memory and data busses. At least on the good stuff :-) . One of the issues is die shrink. As the minimum detail slze of the IC process gets smaller, the potential for radiation to flip a bit gets higher.
Silicon-on-sapphire is the main way to implement silicon-on-insulator, which is more protective of radiation bit flips and less likely to latch-up. But since these have historically been required only for space satellites, they have been horribly expensive. Imagine running an entire IC fabrication just to make a few chips. As there are more applications for rad-hard chips, the price could fall.
Say you did have "energy" somehow sitting around in the ionosphere? Why would it be there? It would have to be in a reflective and insulating medium. What would happen if you made that medium more conductive? The energy would turn into heat.
Speaking out of curiosity isn't enough. You must speak from knowledge. This is generally achieved through a great deal of work and some experimentation.
It's really obvious when you don't have it.
This was obfuscation on the part of the Russians. According to the failure report issued by Roscosmos there were other reasons, including use of non-space-qualified components that were susceptible to radiation damage, and insufficient ground testing.
Gee. Monty and his previous company did write an entire SQL database engine and put it under the GPL back when Ingres wasn't in great shape for us to use. They didn't sell it to Oracle, either. And with his present company, Monty continues to maintain it. They deserve some credit for that.
You are of course welcome to use whatever you want, as long as you comply with the license. In the case of ProxySQL, that's the GPL. Percona appears to be one person, one René Cannaò, and it looks like he's interested in selling his consulting services. If you are actually making money from using his product, please consider throwing some work his way.
Like I said, Open Source developers should not have to wear hair shirts while their users, sometimes the most profitable companies on Wall Street, rake in the dough.
Bruce
What a horrible thing it is for these two people to die. The lady's father, however, does not have a case. It's only going to be necessary to show the degree to which the lady was intoxicated, and no judge or jury is going to be swayed by allegations that the cause of death is at all related to the power of the car relative to other cars.
Actually, a good deal of the northern part is desert too. For example, I have 10 acres by Macdoel that would be considered high desert and is an hour's drive from Klamath Falls.
This news article and many others are calling it a weir rather than a cofferdam. I would imagine that they got that language from the state, as most folks don't even know what a weir is.
There is only one river in California without a dam. It seems that enough of them got built.
You may not believe it's a desert due to irrigation.
The central valley survives on water inputs from outside and can't sustain itself on the available water. That's a desert. Much of the land has subsided by 10 feet or more as ground water has been drawn out, and municipalities are commonly drilling 1000-foot-deep wells to have a hope of their being reliable.
Tell me you always obey the speed limit. :-) It's an important safety measure.
Hydromining. Hm. I bet people will be panning that river when the flow gets low again.
I think the emergency spillway was one of those things that is required, and that nobody associated with building the dam expected that it would ever actually have to be used. You don't design something meant to be used that hydromines an entire hillside the first time you use it.
Actually, they didn't start with desert. It was marshland before it was farmed. The largest fresh water lake south of the Great Lakes was in the central valley of Californa. It was sucked dry. The entire central valley was made a desert by the hand of man.