It would be quite different if the Luftwaffe had the range to put fighters over any part of the UK, because then the RAF has to come up and fight, or its units get destroyed on the ground by fighter sweeps or escorted tactical bombing missions; though at least it would still have the option of training new pilots in Canada
Or Arizona. Falcon Field is now Mesa Municipal Airport, but they kept the old hall as a historical site. The hassle of getting flight trainees clear from Britain to Arizona 70+ years ago is minor compared to having more than 300 days of flying weather every year.
There may also be other problems that would surface (which is possibly why they don't want to go over 200 mph with the replica) such as it may suffer from flutter at high speeds; flutter will destroy an airframe in seconds.
With the engines that far back, I suspect that the "computer control" was a hydraulic system to counter PIO (at the time designers were still willing to flirt with small amounts of instability.) At higher speeds that planform sure looks to me like the center of lift would move forward and, expert pilot or no, hasta la vista.
Mind you, the pictures make it look like it wouldn't really have been a useful military plane. Too small to carry any significant load, guns, or fuel.
Not to mention the balsa wood and doped fabric skin. I have serious doubts about its integrity at high airspeed, where the stresses go up a whole lot faster than people originally expected. That 3000 pound weight was nice for racing but wouldn't have survived long in combat.
From the looks of it, it would have a fuel range barely enough to cross the Channel.
I also have doubts about the top speed, given the wave drag of the leading edges. However, that's a maybe. With the motorcycle engines instead of (for instance) a pair of turbocharged racing engines the replica is going to be flying at only 40% of the original's planned Mach number so a lot of things are going to be very different. On the other hand, some aeronautical engineering grad student could probably do a nice paper on simulated performance of the original.
By the way: the Spitfire cooling system was not only dragless, it produced thrust.
I personally oppose the bill and live in AZ, I read the bill and it mentions nothing about sexuality.
Wink, wink, nudge nudge.
All of the other main targets of discrimination are covered by Federal law such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act. However, you're correct that the Arizona bill [1] would not exclusively affect the LGBT population. It would also affect the XX population, for instance, when they're looking for emergency contraception. Or for that matter contraception at all -- because a pharmacist who doesn't believe in it, or for that matter a clerk who disapproves etc. -- becomes untouchable.
[1] Yeah, I live here too. Born in Queen Creek, in fact -- 60+ years ago. I'm also leaving in part because of shit like this.
You can read "only manufactures outside the USA" as either "the only place its manufacturing occurs is outside the USA" or as "manufacturing is the only thing that it does outside of the USA." Which makes sense in the context of the following three sentences?
Hint: I live in the Phoenix area and used to work in Chandler. You don't need to tell me that Intel has fabs (and design, etc.) in the USA.
We certainly don't take it very well when foreign manufacturers do this...
Yes, but Intel is an American corporation which only manufactures outside of the USA. Well, that and design. And test. And packaging. But aside from design, manufacturing, test, and packaging the only things that Intel does outside of the USA is sales and marketing. So it's OK.
As for the implied complaint regarding predatory pricing, the good news there is that (per Judge Posner, in particular) there is no such thing. Anything to bring down consumer prices is by definition good.
Having a large accident would be a large liability for an energy company, and they would naturally take steps to avoid it.
That's not how regulated utilities work [1]. Their rates are set to guarantee a defined return on investment. To avoid having them "invest" in gold-plated executive toilets at Corporate Headquarters, the utility commission gets to decide what the company can invest in. If they approve an upgrade to the pipes, the Corporation gets to charge the customers for the cost plus ROI. If the Commission denies the request (to keep rates down) the liability is a business expense and the Corporation gets to charge the customers and add ROI to that, too.
Private or public, utility infrastructure is a political decision.
[1] City gas is a so-called "natural monopoly." Think about what an unregulated one would be like.
The number of cases of measles in total might have been severely underreported, but deaths and hospitalizations? It's one thing if the parents keep home a kid sick with measles but not seriously ill and don't bother to file an official report. But if the kid dies, surely the coroner is most likely going to find out what killed him, and if he's taken to the hospital, the hospital staff will diagnose him and record it in the hospital records.
This was before ICD coding, among other things. If the proximate cause of death was pneumonia, then there was an excellent chance that the attending doc would have written it off to "pneumonia" rather than "measles" or "measles pneumonia." Things changed when measles became rarer and the reporting requirement had more teeth (IIRC, my parents knew that there was nothing the family doc could do for measles so when I got it they never even took me to him.)
Then there's the less-common sequelae such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Likely not reported at all, thanks to the time delay. Similarly for the more common forms of encephalitis -- death by encephalitis was much more common for a lot of reasons and measles was just one of them.
There are no childhood vaccines that are not available without thimerosol, including the MMR vaccines that are the subject of this article.
And for full appreciation of the massive fail that the "EEP!!! thimerosol in MMR!" position represents: not only has thimerosol been removed from childhood vaccines in the USA, but (pay attention now) MMR never had thimerosol in the first place!
From other babies. Those of us who've had them know from experience that "bodily fluids" get exchanged in lots of ways that don't involve sex or needles.
A friend's father (60-something) has chronic HepB, undoubtedly from a childhood infection. Fortunately, she doesn't -- but his liver is mostly gone, to the extent that she was considering donating a lobe of hers.
With effective modern medical care, the death rate from measles is about 0.1%. If proper care is not given, it can be as high as 10%
Mostly from pneumonia. The mortality from measles dropped pretty dramatically in the 30s with oxygen and other supportive treatment for pneumonia, and again in the 40s with antibiotics. I have a copy of a medical text from the 30s that cites the 10% number, BTW. There's a reason my mother was terrified when I got measles in the 50s.
Just prior to the introduction of the measles vaccine in the USA, approximately 450 people died each year of the disease, and 48,000 had complications severe enough to require hospitalization.
That's the reported number; there's good reason to suspect that the actual numbers were much higher. The reported incidence was less than 10% of the age cohort, and we know that (thanks to measles being extremely contagious) that the actual incidence was close to 100%.
It's even worse than that. Tin whiskers - it's a characteristic of the metal. No one knows why, the only suspicion we have is Tin does it to relieve stress in the crystal.
Fullerenes aren't crystals, though. For the same reason that graphene and nanotubes don't have carbon wandering around all over the place, neither is tin likely to. In fact, given the higher mass of a tin atom compared to carbon, it could be a whole lot harder to get one to leave its place in the array.
Whiskering is a phenomenon of crystalline metals under strain. This stuff isn't crystalline, and it's not really metallic in the usual sense. Fullerenes are strange things indeed, but if tin atoms are wandering around then the stuff would be too unstable to use for most things anyway.
1. If a sheet of 1 atom thickness can transport x A/m at no loss, (ampere per meter of sheet), then how close can you stack these sheets together before x becomes significantly less?
And the related question of whether the change is dramatic enough that it can be used for active devices. Hmmmm...
Note that this is much less of an issue for power distribution on-chip because stacking layers can dramatically reduce field strength by coupling currents in opposite directions (and incidentally create bypass capacitance, of which there is never enough.)
2. If there is a (mutual) magnetic interference between two layers that destroys the superconducting effect, then will the superconductor actually work when immersed in an external magnetic field?
Unless the critical field is really low, which seems unlikely at room temperature, this isn't going to be a problem for anyone not building MRIs or particle accelerators.
What is the maximum current that can be transported through strips of various widths?
Mostly moot. The really nasty consequence of conductive losses in semiconductors is that it degrades signals traveling across the chip. We insert buffers along the route to restore signal amplitude and reduce delays (those RC delays are ugly). This would zero the resistance and reduce the capacitance, which is a big deal. Also, for reliability reasons, we'd probably build laminates with multiple layers separated by dielectrics.
How sensitive to defects is the process?
Depends on the width of the path. The usual solution is to add redundancy, multiple single-atom layers separated by dielectric. Vertical space on chips is relatively cheap, as long as you don't need to use extra mask layers or move the material from one process stage to another.
Tin is going to be a major problem for much semiconductor processing - as it means you basically now can't solder the chip, or do any even 'low' temperature processing after it's deposited - it has to be the last layer.
We don't solder the devices directly anyway -- the organic dielectrics used in advanced processes like the old metal-melting temperatures even less than tin does.
For those of you not in the semiconductor business, the fact that these conductive strips is pretty important too. Most of the capacitance (that has to be charged and discharged whenever a node switches, causing losses in the transistors driving the node) is sidewall capacitance: capacitance between adjacent lines on the same level. Single-layer conductors won't completely do away with lateral capacitance (fringing, for instance) and the vertical capacitance will still be there -- but there's going to be a big reduction in power if they can get this to work. My guess is that by the time it reaches production it won't exactly be one layer, either -- it'll be a laminate with multiple redundant layers.
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It would be quite different if the Luftwaffe had the range to put fighters over any part of the UK, because then the RAF has to come up and fight, or its units get destroyed on the ground by fighter sweeps or escorted tactical bombing missions; though at least it would still have the option of training new pilots in Canada
Or Arizona. Falcon Field is now Mesa Municipal Airport, but they kept the old hall as a historical site. The hassle of getting flight trainees clear from Britain to Arizona 70+ years ago is minor compared to having more than 300 days of flying weather every year.
And in particular, they're much lighter than the original Bugatti engines -- which will do nice things for the plane's stability in flight.
There may also be other problems that would surface (which is possibly why they don't want to go over 200 mph with the replica) such as it may suffer from flutter at high speeds; flutter will destroy an airframe in seconds.
With the engines that far back, I suspect that the "computer control" was a hydraulic system to counter PIO (at the time designers were still willing to flirt with small amounts of instability.) At higher speeds that planform sure looks to me like the center of lift would move forward and, expert pilot or no, hasta la vista.
Mind you, the pictures make it look like it wouldn't really have been a useful military plane. Too small to carry any significant load, guns, or fuel.
Not to mention the balsa wood and doped fabric skin. I have serious doubts about its integrity at high airspeed, where the stresses go up a whole lot faster than people originally expected. That 3000 pound weight was nice for racing but wouldn't have survived long in combat.
From the looks of it, it would have a fuel range barely enough to cross the Channel.
I also have doubts about the top speed, given the wave drag of the leading edges. However, that's a maybe. With the motorcycle engines instead of (for instance) a pair of turbocharged racing engines the replica is going to be flying at only 40% of the original's planned Mach number so a lot of things are going to be very different. On the other hand, some aeronautical engineering grad student could probably do a nice paper on simulated performance of the original.
By the way: the Spitfire cooling system was not only dragless, it produced thrust.
This whole thing started when a baker who sold confections to gay and straight clients was asked to make a wedding cake for a gay wedding.
In New Mexico. Under a State Constitutional guarantee against discrimination that covers sexual orientation. This has -- what? -- to do with Arizona?
And BTW: "nuisance suits" generally have to be meritless. In the NM case, the plaintiffs prevailed on the merits.
I personally oppose the bill and live in AZ, I read the bill and it mentions nothing about sexuality.
Wink, wink, nudge nudge.
All of the other main targets of discrimination are covered by Federal law such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act. However, you're correct that the Arizona bill [1] would not exclusively affect the LGBT population. It would also affect the XX population, for instance, when they're looking for emergency contraception. Or for that matter contraception at all -- because a pharmacist who doesn't believe in it, or for that matter a clerk who disapproves etc. -- becomes untouchable.
[1] Yeah, I live here too. Born in Queen Creek, in fact -- 60+ years ago. I'm also leaving in part because of shit like this.
Exactly. At which point all I can do is point to my signature:
You can read "only manufactures outside the USA" as either "the only place its manufacturing occurs is outside the USA" or as "manufacturing is the only thing that it does outside of the USA." Which makes sense in the context of the following three sentences?
Hint: I live in the Phoenix area and used to work in Chandler. You don't need to tell me that Intel has fabs (and design, etc.) in the USA.
We certainly don't take it very well when foreign manufacturers do this...
Yes, but Intel is an American corporation which only manufactures outside of the USA. Well, that and design. And test. And packaging. But aside from design, manufacturing, test, and packaging the only things that Intel does outside of the USA is sales and marketing. So it's OK.
As for the implied complaint regarding predatory pricing, the good news there is that (per Judge Posner, in particular) there is no such thing. Anything to bring down consumer prices is by definition good.
Having a large accident would be a large liability for an energy company, and they would naturally take steps to avoid it.
That's not how regulated utilities work [1]. Their rates are set to guarantee a defined return on investment. To avoid having them "invest" in gold-plated executive toilets at Corporate Headquarters, the utility commission gets to decide what the company can invest in. If they approve an upgrade to the pipes, the Corporation gets to charge the customers for the cost plus ROI. If the Commission denies the request (to keep rates down) the liability is a business expense and the Corporation gets to charge the customers and add ROI to that, too.
Private or public, utility infrastructure is a political decision.
[1] City gas is a so-called "natural monopoly." Think about what an unregulated one would be like.
The good news is that this may get the Government to notice the enormous deferred-maintenance problem in the USA.
The bad news is that they'll only fix the stuff inside the Beltway and pay for it by shorting repairs somewhere else.
What did they do with the rest of their day?
First aid.
The number of cases of measles in total might have been severely underreported, but deaths and hospitalizations? It's one thing if the parents keep home a kid sick with measles but not seriously ill and don't bother to file an official report. But if the kid dies, surely the coroner is most likely going to find out what killed him, and if he's taken to the hospital, the hospital staff will diagnose him and record it in the hospital records.
This was before ICD coding, among other things. If the proximate cause of death was pneumonia, then there was an excellent chance that the attending doc would have written it off to "pneumonia" rather than "measles" or "measles pneumonia." Things changed when measles became rarer and the reporting requirement had more teeth (IIRC, my parents knew that there was nothing the family doc could do for measles so when I got it they never even took me to him.)
Then there's the less-common sequelae such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Likely not reported at all, thanks to the time delay. Similarly for the more common forms of encephalitis -- death by encephalitis was much more common for a lot of reasons and measles was just one of them.
There are no childhood vaccines that are not available without thimerosol, including the MMR vaccines that are the subject of this article.
And for full appreciation of the massive fail that the "EEP!!! thimerosol in MMR!" position represents: not only has thimerosol been removed from childhood vaccines in the USA, but (pay attention now) MMR never had thimerosol in the first place!
How does a baby get Hepatitis B?
From other babies. Those of us who've had them know from experience that "bodily fluids" get exchanged in lots of ways that don't involve sex or needles.
A friend's father (60-something) has chronic HepB, undoubtedly from a childhood infection. Fortunately, she doesn't -- but his liver is mostly gone, to the extent that she was considering donating a lobe of hers.
With effective modern medical care, the death rate from measles is about 0.1%. If proper care is not given, it can be as high as 10%
Mostly from pneumonia. The mortality from measles dropped pretty dramatically in the 30s with oxygen and other supportive treatment for pneumonia, and again in the 40s with antibiotics. I have a copy of a medical text from the 30s that cites the 10% number, BTW. There's a reason my mother was terrified when I got measles in the 50s.
Just prior to the introduction of the measles vaccine in the USA, approximately 450 people died each year of the disease, and 48,000 had complications severe enough to require hospitalization.
That's the reported number; there's good reason to suspect that the actual numbers were much higher. The reported incidence was less than 10% of the age cohort, and we know that (thanks to measles being extremely contagious) that the actual incidence was close to 100%.
It's the "trial" nonsense that we skip now.
So that means he would never appear before a judge. In fact, he might just disappear altogether.
It's even worse than that. Tin whiskers - it's a characteristic of the metal. No one knows why, the only suspicion we have is Tin does it to relieve stress in the crystal.
Fullerenes aren't crystals, though. For the same reason that graphene and nanotubes don't have carbon wandering around all over the place, neither is tin likely to. In fact, given the higher mass of a tin atom compared to carbon, it could be a whole lot harder to get one to leave its place in the array.
Whiskering is a phenomenon of crystalline metals under strain. This stuff isn't crystalline, and it's not really metallic in the usual sense. Fullerenes are strange things indeed, but if tin atoms are wandering around then the stuff would be too unstable to use for most things anyway.
Other questions:
1. If a sheet of 1 atom thickness can transport x A/m at no loss, (ampere per meter of sheet), then how close can you stack these sheets together before x becomes significantly less?
And the related question of whether the change is dramatic enough that it can be used for active devices. Hmmmm ...
Note that this is much less of an issue for power distribution on-chip because stacking layers can dramatically reduce field strength by coupling currents in opposite directions (and incidentally create bypass capacitance, of which there is never enough.)
2. If there is a (mutual) magnetic interference between two layers that destroys the superconducting effect, then will the superconductor actually work when immersed in an external magnetic field?
Unless the critical field is really low, which seems unlikely at room temperature, this isn't going to be a problem for anyone not building MRIs or particle accelerators.
What is the maximum current that can be transported through strips of various widths?
Mostly moot. The really nasty consequence of conductive losses in semiconductors is that it degrades signals traveling across the chip. We insert buffers along the route to restore signal amplitude and reduce delays (those RC delays are ugly). This would zero the resistance and reduce the capacitance, which is a big deal. Also, for reliability reasons, we'd probably build laminates with multiple layers separated by dielectrics.
How sensitive to defects is the process?
Depends on the width of the path. The usual solution is to add redundancy, multiple single-atom layers separated by dielectric. Vertical space on chips is relatively cheap, as long as you don't need to use extra mask layers or move the material from one process stage to another.
Tin is going to be a major problem for much semiconductor processing - as it means you basically now can't solder the chip, or do any even 'low' temperature processing after it's deposited - it has to be the last layer.
We don't solder the devices directly anyway -- the organic dielectrics used in advanced processes like the old metal-melting temperatures even less than tin does.
For those of you not in the semiconductor business, the fact that these conductive strips is pretty important too. Most of the capacitance (that has to be charged and discharged whenever a node switches, causing losses in the transistors driving the node) is sidewall capacitance: capacitance between adjacent lines on the same level. Single-layer conductors won't completely do away with lateral capacitance (fringing, for instance) and the vertical capacitance will still be there -- but there's going to be a big reduction in power if they can get this to work. My guess is that by the time it reaches production it won't exactly be one layer, either -- it'll be a laminate with multiple redundant layers.
Always assuming the predictions play out.
So you're saying nobody anywhere ever, other than the government, would fund climate research? That just makes no sense at all.
Not only that, but there are glaring counterexamples. Koch money, for instance, funded BEST.
All sorts of comments possible on that one, but I'll leave them for another day.