There's a second and very important limitation: Signal to Noise Ratio. Noise has a physical minimum, so to increase SNR more power is needed. Getting another 2 bits per symbol per Hz of bandwidth requires quadrupling power, and if your transmitter is already in the 50 kW to 100 kW region this means spending about $50 each hour for those 2 bits. There are also health concerns for people near the transmitter.
Sending 1 gigabit (per second) in 1 kHz requires a SNR of about 134 dB (this is a very rough mental estimate), and assumes that intersymbol interference won't be a problem (not a good assumption), and that analog distortion can be below -134 dB in the transmitter and receiver (a very poor assumption), and that A/D and D/A conversions are that good, and that a host of other problems don't happen.
Spectrum is not infinite for broadcast systems because air, particularly wet air, blocks many frequencies. Also, frequencies beyond a few petahertz (far UV, Xray, etc) are not only impractical but have some likely dangers. Furthermore, if you don't want to be limited by line-of-sight, the situation quickly worsens for valleys deeper than a wavelength (10 meters at 30 MHz, 1 meter at 300 MHz, etc.)
This made second page in Investors Business Daily, so Timothy isn't the only person without the depth of knowledge to properly evaluate the marginal claims made. It isn't as if he fell for an actual fraud.
Muntz's designs were for areas with strong signals, so he put in fewer gain stages than competitors. Where competitors put in adjustments so that a set could be retuned to account for aging, Muntz did not. His sets were good for a few months or maybe years, but when components drifted due to age, the components had to be replaced or the circuits trimmed by adding parallel or serial devices to compensate for the drift.
In tube or discrete transistor circuits, it's good design practice to use resistive cathode (emitter) degeneration paralleled by a capacitor to provide a stable DC operating point with maximum AC gain. But if you carefully set the operating point, you can cut out the 2 components and save money. But when the components age (tube) or temperature changes (transistors), the operating point will shift enough that the circuit will operate improperly or self-destruct.
"Engineers don't sprinkle components at random" -- well, really poor engineers may. More to the point, some engineers are too conservative, designing in components that are higher power or more accurate than needed. Some are too lazy to figure out if fewer or less expensive components can do the job. Some will add components to make new features available that aren't needed. Some will add components under pressure from the marketing department.
There's a famous example of an architect (Christopher Wren, IIRC) whose clients insisted that he needed more columns to support a ceiling. He argued, but they insisted. So he put in the columns, with a tiny space at the top, so that they never touched the ceiling.
Even before the days of electronic control, there were a vast variety of motor types. High power motors needed to be highly efficient and highly reliable, and that meant slip rings (no commutation), which implied a motor synchronous with the power source (or, I guess, a permanent magnet on the rotor and no electrical connection to the rotor, also synchronous). Commutating motors could run at almost any speed, but commutators wear and have some efficiency loss. Induction motors aren't as efficient and lag the synchronous frequency by a small (load-dependent) amount. (Note: when I say synchronous I mean the line frequency or an integer division of it.)
I'm no expert on motors, perhaps someone can clarify the technology here?
TV's used to sync to the power line until well into the 1960's
Not really. Before color TV, transmitters might have synchronized to the AC line (although I doubt it.) TV receivers synchronized to the received signal. The reason for making the vertical scan exactly the same as the power frequency was to allow for cheap TVs and good TVs as they degraded with age: Power frequency ripple in the TV's power supply caused slight variations in brightness on the screen. If the frequencies matched, the areas of different brightness were stable and hard to notice. When color TV came in and the frequency changed, a moving band of different brightness would climb up the screen (every 16 seconds, I think). Also, the width of the image often varied, so a warp in the video would travel up the screen at the same rate.
Any book on power transformer design can tell you why a transformer designed to work at 60 Hz and some voltage will be at risk of damage if run at 50 Hz and the same voltage. The problem is this: any winding of a transformer is essentially an inductor. The current through an inductor is the product of the voltage across it and the time that voltage is applied, and the magnetic field inside that inductor is proportional to the current. At the lower frequency (50 Hz) the time is longer. Magnetic circuits in power transformers can get only so strong before the magnetic material saturates, at which point the current increases VERY rapidly. The higher current means more power loss ( I^2*R ), which heats the transformer until something burns.
A huge power transformer designed to work at 50 Hz and some voltage but run at 60 Hz and the same voltage may or may not have problems (this is beyond my area of knowledge). There may be a problem with reduced skin depth at the higher frequency causing higher losses (I doubt it). There are probably higher "iron losses" in a core optimized for 50 Hz run at 60 Hz.
My educated guess is that if they have to unify the country, they should raise the frequency.
Severe, systematic corruption and bribery is characteristic of India. It's the primary reason that India remains a poor country. Given the relative numbers of people in India and Afghanistan, India's corruption has caused more death and suffering than anything that happens to Afghanistan could possibly cause.
Common sense is the opposite of absurd; it is the rejection of absurd. Common sense is informal logic, logic as understood by someone not trained in logic.
The graphics used while breaking into the Defence Dept. site were silly, But honestly, most movie depictions of computers are bad. A better poll might be what movies had depicted a computer in a manner both potentially accurate and interesting. Most accurate depictions are mundane (one of the Pink Panther movies, for instance.) Slightly inaccurate ones (Jumpin' Jack Flash) might be the best compromise.
Downtown LA is well inland and well above sea level. Santa Monica is on a highland (about 50 feet?) and should have no problems. South of Santa Monica the beach cities are only 10 or 20 feet above mean high tide, and the same applies to many areas to the south down to San Diego, also some coastal areas in western Ventura county. Potentially, very low places like harbours and places built right on the shore could have trouble, but most likely they'll be OK.
Self-determination is an individual issue. Government can frustrate it, but nothing about dictatorship necessarily prevents self-determination. What governments with frequent valid elections provide is a mechanism (one of several) for preserving such rights as self-determination.
That assumes, of course, that your idea of self-determination isn't "I'm determined to dominate everyone."
To further your point, ask how you could possibly give allegiance to a flag? Can a flag give you orders? Does a flag have interests you can support? It's nonsense, and nonsense accepted by rote is mind-damaging. (Which is what those seeking power want.)
The reason for rejecting some modern usage is that it blurs definitions so that clearly identified things come to include other things, opening a path to increased government interference in private lives. Consider the term welfare, which once meant well-being, and now means theft for the benefit of those who refuse to work.
If we had a "corporate run government" there would be no antitrust laws, no coffee-spilling spastic winning a lawsuit against McDonalds. Corporations have undue influence in certain ways, but they don't run the gov't.
The more a person studies politics and philosophy, the more likely he is to be careful with the terms he uses, and the more likely he is to take extreme views (because he sees the contradictions inherent in moderate positions). Many of these people understand that for all practical purposes democracy is synonymous with ochlocracy, one of the most vicious forms of government possible.
The United States of America, by its constitution, is a "constitutional democratic republic with checks and balances and a bill of rights." All terms are essential. With the popular election of Senators, the US may have ceased to be federal, certainly federalism was weakened. Contrary to a post above, the socialist aspects of the government are unconstitutional and hence illegal: so "socialist" is a de facto, not a de jure, description.
I occasionally come across windows/programs that have no menu and no obvious way to close the window or kill the program. Most often this is a media player spawned from firefox. Without the X button, I'd have to run ps, examine the output, and then use kill; or use some other roundabout technique.
I'm 62 years old, and in all that time there have been only four films I paid to see that were so hideous I walked out before they were half over. Altman's was one of them. It takes a foul person to make the sort of films he makes.
I think the acting and casting in Episode IV was spot-on. Particularly Skywalker, something of an idiot savant, was played by a dullard. The plot came together, too. Among other things, it was a tale of seemingly ordinary people doing extraordinary things. But by Episode V, the characters (now beloved by audiences) continue to be major players in universal affairs for no particularly good reason. VI is just preposterous. Ewoks? Leia in a metal bikini to please an obviously non-human beast? Vader, Skywalker, and Kenobi as father, son, and holy ghost? ACK!
"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse" shows currently on the Disney Channel. All episodes were created within the last 5 years and it's still in active production. 104 episodes have been created so far. (Wikipedia)
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There's a second and very important limitation: Signal to Noise Ratio. Noise has a physical minimum, so to increase SNR more power is needed. Getting another 2 bits per symbol per Hz of bandwidth requires quadrupling power, and if your transmitter is already in the 50 kW to 100 kW region this means spending about $50 each hour for those 2 bits. There are also health concerns for people near the transmitter.
Sending 1 gigabit (per second) in 1 kHz requires a SNR of about 134 dB (this is a very rough mental estimate), and assumes that intersymbol interference won't be a problem (not a good assumption), and that analog distortion can be below -134 dB in the transmitter and receiver (a very poor assumption), and that A/D and D/A conversions are that good, and that a host of other problems don't happen.
Spectrum is not infinite for broadcast systems because air, particularly wet air, blocks many frequencies. Also, frequencies beyond a few petahertz (far UV, Xray, etc) are not only impractical but have some likely dangers. Furthermore, if you don't want to be limited by line-of-sight, the situation quickly worsens for valleys deeper than a wavelength (10 meters at 30 MHz, 1 meter at 300 MHz, etc.)
This made second page in Investors Business Daily, so Timothy isn't the only person without the depth of knowledge to properly evaluate the marginal claims made. It isn't as if he fell for an actual fraud.
Muntz's designs were for areas with strong signals, so he put in fewer gain stages than competitors. Where competitors put in adjustments so that a set could be retuned to account for aging, Muntz did not. His sets were good for a few months or maybe years, but when components drifted due to age, the components had to be replaced or the circuits trimmed by adding parallel or serial devices to compensate for the drift.
In tube or discrete transistor circuits, it's good design practice to use resistive cathode (emitter) degeneration paralleled by a capacitor to provide a stable DC operating point with maximum AC gain. But if you carefully set the operating point, you can cut out the 2 components and save money. But when the components age (tube) or temperature changes (transistors), the operating point will shift enough that the circuit will operate improperly or self-destruct.
"Engineers don't sprinkle components at random" -- well, really poor engineers may. More to the point, some engineers are too conservative, designing in components that are higher power or more accurate than needed. Some are too lazy to figure out if fewer or less expensive components can do the job. Some will add components to make new features available that aren't needed. Some will add components under pressure from the marketing department.
There's a famous example of an architect (Christopher Wren, IIRC) whose clients insisted that he needed more columns to support a ceiling. He argued, but they insisted. So he put in the columns, with a tiny space at the top, so that they never touched the ceiling.
My water comes from a well. In the US.
Even before the days of electronic control, there were a vast variety of motor types. High power motors needed to be highly efficient and highly reliable, and that meant slip rings (no commutation), which implied a motor synchronous with the power source (or, I guess, a permanent magnet on the rotor and no electrical connection to the rotor, also synchronous). Commutating motors could run at almost any speed, but commutators wear and have some efficiency loss. Induction motors aren't as efficient and lag the synchronous frequency by a small (load-dependent) amount. (Note: when I say synchronous I mean the line frequency or an integer division of it.)
I'm no expert on motors, perhaps someone can clarify the technology here?
Not really. Before color TV, transmitters might have synchronized to the AC line (although I doubt it.) TV receivers synchronized to the received signal. The reason for making the vertical scan exactly the same as the power frequency was to allow for cheap TVs and good TVs as they degraded with age: Power frequency ripple in the TV's power supply caused slight variations in brightness on the screen. If the frequencies matched, the areas of different brightness were stable and hard to notice. When color TV came in and the frequency changed, a moving band of different brightness would climb up the screen (every 16 seconds, I think). Also, the width of the image often varied, so a warp in the video would travel up the screen at the same rate.
Any book on power transformer design can tell you why a transformer designed to work at 60 Hz and some voltage will be at risk of damage if run at 50 Hz and the same voltage. The problem is this: any winding of a transformer is essentially an inductor. The current through an inductor is the product of the voltage across it and the time that voltage is applied, and the magnetic field inside that inductor is proportional to the current. At the lower frequency (50 Hz) the time is longer. Magnetic circuits in power transformers can get only so strong before the magnetic material saturates, at which point the current increases VERY rapidly. The higher current means more power loss ( I^2*R ), which heats the transformer until something burns.
A huge power transformer designed to work at 50 Hz and some voltage but run at 60 Hz and the same voltage may or may not have problems (this is beyond my area of knowledge). There may be a problem with reduced skin depth at the higher frequency causing higher losses (I doubt it). There are probably higher "iron losses" in a core optimized for 50 Hz run at 60 Hz.
My educated guess is that if they have to unify the country, they should raise the frequency.
"I will lower taxes" is a promise to steal less. "Cash for votes" is bribery.
Severe, systematic corruption and bribery is characteristic of India. It's the primary reason that India remains a poor country. Given the relative numbers of people in India and Afghanistan, India's corruption has caused more death and suffering than anything that happens to Afghanistan could possibly cause.
Common sense is the opposite of absurd; it is the rejection of absurd. Common sense is informal logic, logic as understood by someone not trained in logic.
The graphics used while breaking into the Defence Dept. site were silly, But honestly, most movie depictions of computers are bad. A better poll might be what movies had depicted a computer in a manner both potentially accurate and interesting. Most accurate depictions are mundane (one of the Pink Panther movies, for instance.) Slightly inaccurate ones (Jumpin' Jack Flash) might be the best compromise.
Downtown LA is well inland and well above sea level. Santa Monica is on a highland (about 50 feet?) and should have no problems. South of Santa Monica the beach cities are only 10 or 20 feet above mean high tide, and the same applies to many areas to the south down to San Diego, also some coastal areas in western Ventura county. Potentially, very low places like harbours and places built right on the shore could have trouble, but most likely they'll be OK.
Self-determination is an individual issue. Government can frustrate it, but nothing about dictatorship necessarily prevents self-determination. What governments with frequent valid elections provide is a mechanism (one of several) for preserving such rights as self-determination.
That assumes, of course, that your idea of self-determination isn't "I'm determined to dominate everyone."
To further your point, ask how you could possibly give allegiance to a flag? Can a flag give you orders? Does a flag have interests you can support? It's nonsense, and nonsense accepted by rote is mind-damaging. (Which is what those seeking power want.)
The reason for rejecting some modern usage is that it blurs definitions so that clearly identified things come to include other things, opening a path to increased government interference in private lives. Consider the term welfare, which once meant well-being, and now means theft for the benefit of those who refuse to work.
If we had a "corporate run government" there would be no antitrust laws, no coffee-spilling spastic winning a lawsuit against McDonalds. Corporations have undue influence in certain ways, but they don't run the gov't.
The more a person studies politics and philosophy, the more likely he is to be careful with the terms he uses, and the more likely he is to take extreme views (because he sees the contradictions inherent in moderate positions). Many of these people understand that for all practical purposes democracy is synonymous with ochlocracy, one of the most vicious forms of government possible.
The United States of America, by its constitution, is a "constitutional democratic republic with checks and balances and a bill of rights." All terms are essential. With the popular election of Senators, the US may have ceased to be federal, certainly federalism was weakened. Contrary to a post above, the socialist aspects of the government are unconstitutional and hence illegal: so "socialist" is a de facto, not a de jure, description.
"Up!" is a skinflick by Russ Meyers. "Up" is the Disney film.
I occasionally come across windows/programs that have no menu and no obvious way to close the window or kill the program. Most often this is a media player spawned from firefox. Without the X button, I'd have to run ps, examine the output, and then use kill; or use some other roundabout technique.
The command line is heavily standardized by POSIX. I don't think a lot of changes are likely.
It was Cologne Wars, because he knew they would stink.
I'm 62 years old, and in all that time there have been only four films I paid to see that were so hideous I walked out before they were half over. Altman's was one of them. It takes a foul person to make the sort of films he makes.
I think the acting and casting in Episode IV was spot-on. Particularly Skywalker, something of an idiot savant, was played by a dullard. The plot came together, too. Among other things, it was a tale of seemingly ordinary people doing extraordinary things. But by Episode V, the characters (now beloved by audiences) continue to be major players in universal affairs for no particularly good reason. VI is just preposterous. Ewoks? Leia in a metal bikini to please an obviously non-human beast? Vader, Skywalker, and Kenobi as father, son, and holy ghost? ACK!
Like a guy in a Yankees cap referring to "my pet snake Reggie"?
Like a planet named "Dagobah"?
"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse" shows currently on the Disney Channel. All episodes were created within the last 5 years and it's still in active production. 104 episodes have been created so far. (Wikipedia)