... as pictures are taken the location can be stored in a database and a digital reconstruction of reality can be created. why drive a car with a camera on top when you can get humanity to do all the work for free by providing a service?!
Interesting idea. But I doubt the phones will be uploading pictures to a database until the pricing structure of data plans changes.
The service will be less competitive against other similar services if it chews up your data allocation by uploading pictures while the competitors just upload the location and download the overlay info.
When you are not properly focusing on the screen or having eyestrain to maintain focus it manifests as inattention rather than eye problems.
Eye problems sneak up on you. Even if your vision has been perfect, as you approach middle age your ability to adjust focus deteriorates and you'll have trouble reading. At that point you may need reading glasses or bifocal lenses to handle both near and distant vision - and it's usually near vision that goes.
Of course if you already have glasses your eyes could have drifted from the prescription. And people with glasses still have the presbyopia-with-age problem of people without them.
So when you can't stay focussed and interested in work, get your eyes checked before worrying about other issues.
A car is efficiency for everything except the use of energy.
With two people in it it also beats mass transit for energy in urban areas.
And the extra energy cost of driving one person person per car is tiny compared to the costs of that person's lost time, even where mass transit is present and well-designed. Ditto compared to the costs of exposure to crime and disease in the crowded mass-of-people-cans.
Then there's the issue of scheduling: What do you do when you're stuck in Gilroy after the last commuter train leaves on Friday afternoon and your home is in Palo Alto? Sleep on the streets until Monday morning? Hire a taxi for a 50ish mile run? (No buses either...)
Mass transit for passengers and cargo makes the most sense,...
Mass transit only makes sense when you have masses of people concentrated in one place to be transported to another concentrated place. It potentially works in dense and/or inner cities (and boo on the companies that sabotaged it). But it's not a panacea.
Of course with the Obama administration's admiration of plans to demolish thin parts of cities and pack the people into a dense core where "services may be more effectively delivered", as was proposed for Flint MI, you might have more of that situation in the future.
But for suburbs, rural areas, or the wide-open spaces, forget it. Figure that anywhere that doesn't have fiber to the curb by now (and a lot of places that do) will be situated so that private cars will always be a better deal, energetically and financially, than mass transit.
Where is all the high speed rail that would actually get people out of their cars?
Places with such dense population concentrations, such as Japan.
Remember that the US is spread out over most of a CONTINENT. We have counties larger than some European countries, and large areas where the gas stations are more than 100 miles apart and the nearest sheriff might be a day's drive away IF weather is permitting.
(Beware the "all states are the same size" phenomenon of all MAPS being sized to be held but scaled so the mapped area fits. This leads to things like the Japanese executives, when they couldn't get a flight into Detroit Metro to go to a meeting, noticing that O'Hare was "right next to it" and flying there - then being surprised when it took all day to drive to detroit. Or Chrysler closing so many dealers in the larger western states that you have to take your car over 300 miles to get dealer service.)
There are some fine sparker power supplies available for this.
"Power supply" for a sparker means the box also containing the computer and software that do the motion control and cut path following, plus the motor controllers. The rest of the machine is the moving parts, motors, pumps, and electrodes, which would be custom-hacked for this job.
OK, so they can't cut it with ordinary tools because damage to the window from the vibes and chips would be an issue.
Looks like a job for electrodynamic machining.
Sparks through a liquid to the part temporarily create a plasma cavity through the liquid and melt a spot where they land. When the spark stops the cavity collapses with the resulting shock wave splashing the still-molten material into the liquid where it instantly freezes as dust.
Repeat several thousand times per second, monitoring the spark voltage to estimate the distance to the surface (and whether there's a chip shorting the tool to the workpiece) and move the tool to get the right gap (and wash chips out of the cut and move a new part of the tool near the workpiece when the tool erodes). Pump the dilectric fluid (water, oil, etc.) through a filter to clean out the dust. You can use the side of a wire as a bandsaw, the end as a drill, or make a carbon tool of arbitrary shape and burn it into the workpiece.
This will cut anything conductive and anything that can be made conductive. (i.e. to drill diamond you flash a little metal onto the surface for an initial contact and the cut surface of the hole becomes graphite and also conducts as you drill inward).
The central rod of the knob is under compression so use the tool like a lumberjack's saw and remove a wedge, followed by making a releasing cut.
There are some fine sparker power supplies available for this. (Raycon is one manufacturer. It bought out Bretco, for which I once programmed motion control for such a device.) It should be simple to improvise a tool to go around the stuck part using a rapid-prototyping system.
... the engineers working on this... have thought of just about anything... Drill/cut?... Pressurize orbiter?... Apply cold to the knob to shrink it?
How about tying a string to the knob (so it doesn't get away), reheating the orbiter, and pressurizing it - recreating the situation (except for zero G) that let it float in in the first place?
I know there is a certification program to check that a commercial COBOL compiler processes the whole language and produces output code that performs correctly. (Can't recall the name at the moment though I think it was in the US government - perhaps in the DoD.) I'm wondering if this tool has been submitted to that and, if so, whether it passed.
I'd occasionally thought it would be a useful thing to do something similar to this (but with ANSI V2 C++, rather than JAVA, as the target language) - and then get the tool certified. With such a certified tool IT administrators could, with confidence, transcode a COBOL application base into a language with multiple commercial and open compilers a long expected support lifetime, generating native code for virtually all possible targets (from PC clusters to current and future mainframes). If the transcoded output doesn't become excessively opaque and class-dependent it could later be warped into a more native form, should that be desirable.
Perhaps this project will be able to actually do it.
I recall, back in the mid-eighties, visiting an Apple development site (on business I won't go into here). I noticed that they had a bunch of trays lying around with encouragement for the people to deposit used papers in them for recycling. Lots of rah-rah-eco-responsibility slogans on them. My impression was that these were pervasive throughout the company.
They were full of listings of the software under development.
They were provided by an external service.
OCR systems for stock printer fonts were just getting really reliable.
Soon after that visit the source code for Finder was leaked broadly. It was apparently a development version rather than any of the released versions.
The best handset for freedom will also be the best handset for terrorism.
As I understand it (not being affiliated with them but only observing reports on the open media):
The US intelligence agencies monitor cellphones in the middle east and other areas of interest from satellites. (They definitely tap GSM phones and it would be silly if they didn't tap satellite phones as well.) This was used to map out terrorist networks, using both voice intercepts and traffic analysis (including one they got a big break on because a major message forwarder swapped smartcards in a single handset for the calls to each of his contacts - he didn't know that the phone also sent its own i.d. as well as that of the smartcard.) Eventually the terrorists figured out cellphones were compromised and moved off them entirely.
Given that the US has this ability but is unlikely to share info from it with a regime it exposes, few others have anything like it (for the next few years at least), cellphones hacked for security might be useful for resistance movements (that aren't opposed by a major space-capable power) and boobytraps for terrorists. I'd guess that will continue to be the case for at least another decade or so.
Apple had to sign an exclusive with AT&T to get the network access. However AT&T also gave 'em a cut of the service revenue. So they're not hurting all THAT much. B-)
And that's why iPhone users are paying as much for service as people with subsidized handsets: They're paying the extra to Apple month after month.
all newer phones have to be trackable by the police incase you call 911 and don't know where you are.
If three cells can hear your phone (and they have the necessary equipment to agree on timing and cooperatively measure it) they can locate you within feet. Better than remotely-interrogatable GPS in the phone.
If two cells can hear your phone (and ditto) and understand the delay of the phone model's response to a ping, they can do the same but put you in one of two spots - where you are and the mirror-image point with the line between the cells as a mirror. (Actually on a vertical circle which intersects the ground at those two points - so you could look a tad farther away than you are if you are hang-gliding or on a skyscraper roof.) If they don't have a good measure of ping time they can still spot you on a hyperbola.
The carterfone and that whole line of reasoning has nothing to do with the iphone on competitor networks.
Carterphone is directly applicable.
The carterphone decision is specifically about letting people buy phone equipment of their own choice and requiring the phone companies to let them attach it to the network, rather than renting the limited choice of company-provided equipment.
It led to the "foreign attachments tariffs" and in two steps to the type-approval process, where any equipment that would meet the standards for interoperability could be certified by a lab hired by the manufacturer, then bought and connected by a customer.
(It also led to long-distance service competition, antitrust litigation, and the breakup of the AT&T monopoly: MCI was formed, strung microwave links between cities, hooked 'em up to local phone lines, and let people bypass the AT&T long-distance service by dialing a local number then a customer ID and a long-distance number. AT&T sued, MCI counter-sued on antitrust and won, Southern Pacific Railroad strung fiber beside the tracks for their train signals and formed Sprint to sell the extra bandwidth on their network,...)
Carterphone was about breaking an anticompetitive tie-in between a network provider and its captive equipment supplier - with wireline rather than wireless equipment. Yes, in this case the bite is on the other carriers more than on the customers of the offending carrier (though the tiny General Telephone company, with its smal islands of local-phone customers, couldn't get Western Electric phones back then - a similar situation). So though the precedent won't transfer directly, IMHO the comparison is still apt.
[iPhone drops on tower handoffs in SF south bay area.]
Something is clearly wrong with their tower firmware and this is a *recent* problem. It worked flawlessly in these same spots until just a few months ago, and it does reestablish access to the tower with full bars after a few seconds if you sit at one of these "dead spots"....
The only other possibility would be a baseband crash, but that seems unlikely to occur so consistently during tower handoffs. Also, I often have full bars within a fraction of a second after the call dropping,...
IMHO another possibility is network saturation. If you have to switch to a new tower or pie-slice because you're losing the old one, and all the slots in the new one are in use, you're hosed until a slot frees up. Park in the "dead zone" and eventually somebody will hang up or move on and the tower will give you a slot. Meanwhile the phone can hear the tower (and its control channel) just fine, so you get bars but no audio. (You'll also be able to send and receive text messages, which are on the control channel. But try to make a new call and you'll get all-trunks-busy.)
This doesn't require a firmware change or anything else other than not having enough cells for the traffic in the area. The "correct" solution is to split the cells up more finely - by installing a bunch of new short range cells to replace a few long-range ones or possibly to split the pie-slices more finely or do steerable antennas.
But both approaches require capital investment in a "lending freeze" economy - where cellphone upgrades are the first thing the consumers cut. The first one also requires regulatory approval for more antenna sites in eco-wacko land where "no nasty carcinogenic electromagnetic fields in MY back yard" is the paradigm of people who don't get the inverse-square law and are perfectly willing to put the antenna of the portable end of the system right up against their skulls.
I thought an engineering degree, as well as passing the bar, was a requirement to practice patent law (at least in engineering-related branches if not in general).
Both Patent Attorneys and Patent Agents are generally required to have a technical degree (such as engineering, chemistry or physics) and must take and pass the Examination for Registration to Practice in Patent Cases Before the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Not just a lawyer, Kappos earned an engineering degree before working in the legal field.
I thought an engineering degree, as well as passing the bar, was a requirement to practice patent law (at least in engineering-related branches if not in general).
So, given that he was a patent lawyer, that double degree is neither surprising nor unique.
I always though that statutory damages are not meant as a punishment, but as a means to give the copyright holder fair compensation in situations where the actual damage is impossible to establish.
According to the CONTU report ("Committee On New Technological Uses", back when congress was working on extending copyright to software), and if I recall it correctly, the statutory damages are apparently intended to be both punitive and to allow the copyright holder to recover enough from the few moles he manages to whack to make up for the many he missed.
The precedent is a church choir director who purchased sheet music for a song that was scored out of the range of his choir (and most singers), did a transposition that made it singable, ran off a few copies for his choir, and offered the transposition back to the original author and publisher, gratis, for their next edition. Instead of "incorporating the patch", they sued for some large number of thousands of dollars (real money in those days, too) for the infringing copies of this derived work. And won.
Consider that ALL other forms of communications (radio, television, telephone) are regulated by federal entities...
Some forms of communication are explicitly NOT regulated - and regulation of them has been explicitly forbidden since the passage of the Bill of Rights. Examples:
Slashdot Mirror
... as pictures are taken the location can be stored in a database and a digital reconstruction of reality can be created. why drive a car with a camera on top when you can get humanity to do all the work for free by providing a service?!
Interesting idea. But I doubt the phones will be uploading pictures to a database until the pricing structure of data plans changes.
The service will be less competitive against other similar services if it chews up your data allocation by uploading pictures while the competitors just upload the location and download the overlay info.
When you are not properly focusing on the screen or having eyestrain to maintain focus it manifests as inattention rather than eye problems.
Eye problems sneak up on you. Even if your vision has been perfect, as you approach middle age your ability to adjust focus deteriorates and you'll have trouble reading. At that point you may need reading glasses or bifocal lenses to handle both near and distant vision - and it's usually near vision that goes.
Of course if you already have glasses your eyes could have drifted from the prescription. And people with glasses still have the presbyopia-with-age problem of people without them.
So when you can't stay focussed and interested in work, get your eyes checked before worrying about other issues.
A car is efficiency for everything except the use of energy.
With two people in it it also beats mass transit for energy in urban areas.
And the extra energy cost of driving one person person per car is tiny compared to the costs of that person's lost time, even where mass transit is present and well-designed. Ditto compared to the costs of exposure to crime and disease in the crowded mass-of-people-cans.
Then there's the issue of scheduling: What do you do when you're stuck in Gilroy after the last commuter train leaves on Friday afternoon and your home is in Palo Alto? Sleep on the streets until Monday morning? Hire a taxi for a 50ish mile run? (No buses either...)
Mass transit for passengers and cargo makes the most sense, ...
Mass transit only makes sense when you have masses of people concentrated in one place to be transported to another concentrated place. It potentially works in dense and/or inner cities (and boo on the companies that sabotaged it). But it's not a panacea.
Of course with the Obama administration's admiration of plans to demolish thin parts of cities and pack the people into a dense core where "services may be more effectively delivered", as was proposed for Flint MI, you might have more of that situation in the future.
But for suburbs, rural areas, or the wide-open spaces, forget it. Figure that anywhere that doesn't have fiber to the curb by now (and a lot of places that do) will be situated so that private cars will always be a better deal, energetically and financially, than mass transit.
Where is all the high speed rail that would actually get people out of their cars?
Places with such dense population concentrations, such as Japan.
Remember that the US is spread out over most of a CONTINENT. We have counties larger than some European countries, and large areas where the gas stations are more than 100 miles apart and the nearest sheriff might be a day's drive away IF weather is permitting.
(Beware the "all states are the same size" phenomenon of all MAPS being sized to be held but scaled so the mapped area fits. This leads to things like the Japanese executives, when they couldn't get a flight into Detroit Metro to go to a meeting, noticing that O'Hare was "right next to it" and flying there - then being surprised when it took all day to drive to detroit. Or Chrysler closing so many dealers in the larger western states that you have to take your car over 300 miles to get dealer service.)
There are some fine sparker power supplies available for this.
"Power supply" for a sparker means the box also containing the computer and software that do the motion control and cut path following, plus the motor controllers. The rest of the machine is the moving parts, motors, pumps, and electrodes, which would be custom-hacked for this job.
OK, so they can't cut it with ordinary tools because damage to the window from the vibes and chips would be an issue.
Looks like a job for electrodynamic machining.
Sparks through a liquid to the part temporarily create a plasma cavity through the liquid and melt a spot where they land. When the spark stops the cavity collapses with the resulting shock wave splashing the still-molten material into the liquid where it instantly freezes as dust.
Repeat several thousand times per second, monitoring the spark voltage to estimate the distance to the surface (and whether there's a chip shorting the tool to the workpiece) and move the tool to get the right gap (and wash chips out of the cut and move a new part of the tool near the workpiece when the tool erodes). Pump the dilectric fluid (water, oil, etc.) through a filter to clean out the dust. You can use the side of a wire as a bandsaw, the end as a drill, or make a carbon tool of arbitrary shape and burn it into the workpiece.
This will cut anything conductive and anything that can be made conductive. (i.e. to drill diamond you flash a little metal onto the surface for an initial contact and the cut surface of the hole becomes graphite and also conducts as you drill inward).
The central rod of the knob is under compression so use the tool like a lumberjack's saw and remove a wedge, followed by making a releasing cut.
There are some fine sparker power supplies available for this. (Raycon is one manufacturer. It bought out Bretco, for which I once programmed motion control for such a device.) It should be simple to improvise a tool to go around the stuck part using a rapid-prototyping system.
... the engineers working on this ... have thought of just about anything ... Drill/cut? ... Pressurize orbiter? ... Apply cold to the knob to shrink it?
How about tying a string to the knob (so it doesn't get away), reheating the orbiter, and pressurizing it - recreating the situation (except for zero G) that let it float in in the first place?
And why the operators are called "illuminati". B-)
I know there is a certification program to check that a commercial COBOL compiler processes the whole language and produces output code that performs correctly. (Can't recall the name at the moment though I think it was in the US government - perhaps in the DoD.) I'm wondering if this tool has been submitted to that and, if so, whether it passed.
I'd occasionally thought it would be a useful thing to do something similar to this (but with ANSI V2 C++, rather than JAVA, as the target language) - and then get the tool certified. With such a certified tool IT administrators could, with confidence, transcode a COBOL application base into a language with multiple commercial and open compilers a long expected support lifetime, generating native code for virtually all possible targets (from PC clusters to current and future mainframes). If the transcoded output doesn't become excessively opaque and class-dependent it could later be warped into a more native form, should that be desirable.
Perhaps this project will be able to actually do it.
I recall, back in the mid-eighties, visiting an Apple development site (on business I won't go into here). I noticed that they had a bunch of trays lying around with encouragement for the people to deposit used papers in them for recycling. Lots of rah-rah-eco-responsibility slogans on them. My impression was that these were pervasive throughout the company.
They were full of listings of the software under development.
They were provided by an external service.
OCR systems for stock printer fonts were just getting really reliable.
Soon after that visit the source code for Finder was leaked broadly. It was apparently a development version rather than any of the released versions.
I have often wondered if these facts are related.
No, sewers take sewage away from you, the intertubes bring it right into your living room! ;-)
I imagine that if you put your living room in the wrong place the sewers would bring the sewage to you as well. B-b
We debated this back home in '63, but it was sewers instead of intertubes.
Given much of the content of the intertubes, perhaps it is still the same debate.
Tesla coupled the resonators with the electric field. This couples them with the magnetic field.
... but is unlikely to share info from it with a regime it exposes ...
Typo. Should be "opposes". B-(
The best handset for freedom will also be the best handset for terrorism.
As I understand it (not being affiliated with them but only observing reports on the open media):
The US intelligence agencies monitor cellphones in the middle east and other areas of interest from satellites. (They definitely tap GSM phones and it would be silly if they didn't tap satellite phones as well.) This was used to map out terrorist networks, using both voice intercepts and traffic analysis (including one they got a big break on because a major message forwarder swapped smartcards in a single handset for the calls to each of his contacts - he didn't know that the phone also sent its own i.d. as well as that of the smartcard.) Eventually the terrorists figured out cellphones were compromised and moved off them entirely.
Given that the US has this ability but is unlikely to share info from it with a regime it exposes, few others have anything like it (for the next few years at least), cellphones hacked for security might be useful for resistance movements (that aren't opposed by a major space-capable power) and boobytraps for terrorists. I'd guess that will continue to be the case for at least another decade or so.
Yeppers.
Apple had to sign an exclusive with AT&T to get the network access. However AT&T also gave 'em a cut of the service revenue. So they're not hurting all THAT much. B-)
And that's why iPhone users are paying as much for service as people with subsidized handsets: They're paying the extra to Apple month after month.
all newer phones have to be trackable by the police incase you call 911 and don't know where you are.
If three cells can hear your phone (and they have the necessary equipment to agree on timing and cooperatively measure it) they can locate you within feet. Better than remotely-interrogatable GPS in the phone.
If two cells can hear your phone (and ditto) and understand the delay of the phone model's response to a ping, they can do the same but put you in one of two spots - where you are and the mirror-image point with the line between the cells as a mirror. (Actually on a vertical circle which intersects the ground at those two points - so you could look a tad farther away than you are if you are hang-gliding or on a skyscraper roof.) If they don't have a good measure of ping time they can still spot you on a hyperbola.
The carterfone and that whole line of reasoning has nothing to do with the iphone on competitor networks.
Carterphone is directly applicable.
The carterphone decision is specifically about letting people buy phone equipment of their own choice and requiring the phone companies to let them attach it to the network, rather than renting the limited choice of company-provided equipment.
It led to the "foreign attachments tariffs" and in two steps to the type-approval process, where any equipment that would meet the standards for interoperability could be certified by a lab hired by the manufacturer, then bought and connected by a customer.
(It also led to long-distance service competition, antitrust litigation, and the breakup of the AT&T monopoly: MCI was formed, strung microwave links between cities, hooked 'em up to local phone lines, and let people bypass the AT&T long-distance service by dialing a local number then a customer ID and a long-distance number. AT&T sued, MCI counter-sued on antitrust and won, Southern Pacific Railroad strung fiber beside the tracks for their train signals and formed Sprint to sell the extra bandwidth on their network, ...)
Carterphone was about breaking an anticompetitive tie-in between a network provider and its captive equipment supplier - with wireline rather than wireless equipment. Yes, in this case the bite is on the other carriers more than on the customers of the offending carrier (though the tiny General Telephone company, with its smal islands of local-phone customers, couldn't get Western Electric phones back then - a similar situation). So though the precedent won't transfer directly, IMHO the comparison is still apt.
[iPhone drops on tower handoffs in SF south bay area.]
Something is clearly wrong with their tower firmware and this is a *recent* problem. It worked flawlessly in these same spots until just a few months ago, and it does reestablish access to the tower with full bars after a few seconds if you sit at one of these "dead spots". ...
The only other possibility would be a baseband crash, but that seems unlikely to occur so consistently during tower handoffs. Also, I often have full bars within a fraction of a second after the call dropping, ...
IMHO another possibility is network saturation. If you have to switch to a new tower or pie-slice because you're losing the old one, and all the slots in the new one are in use, you're hosed until a slot frees up. Park in the "dead zone" and eventually somebody will hang up or move on and the tower will give you a slot. Meanwhile the phone can hear the tower (and its control channel) just fine, so you get bars but no audio. (You'll also be able to send and receive text messages, which are on the control channel. But try to make a new call and you'll get all-trunks-busy.)
This doesn't require a firmware change or anything else other than not having enough cells for the traffic in the area. The "correct" solution is to split the cells up more finely - by installing a bunch of new short range cells to replace a few long-range ones or possibly to split the pie-slices more finely or do steerable antennas.
But both approaches require capital investment in a "lending freeze" economy - where cellphone upgrades are the first thing the consumers cut. The first one also requires regulatory approval for more antenna sites in eco-wacko land where "no nasty carcinogenic electromagnetic fields in MY back yard" is the paradigm of people who don't get the inverse-square law and are perfectly willing to put the antenna of the portable end of the system right up against their skulls.
I thought an engineering degree, as well as passing the bar, was a requirement to practice patent law (at least in engineering-related branches if not in general).
Ah, here we go. From the US section of the wikipedia article on patent attorneys:
Both Patent Attorneys and Patent Agents are generally required to have a technical degree (such as engineering, chemistry or physics) and must take and pass the Examination for Registration to Practice in Patent Cases Before the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Not just a lawyer, Kappos earned an engineering degree before working in the legal field.
I thought an engineering degree, as well as passing the bar, was a requirement to practice patent law (at least in engineering-related branches if not in general).
So, given that he was a patent lawyer, that double degree is neither surprising nor unique.
"Committee On New Technological Uses"
Make that "Commission on New Technological Uses of copyrighted works".
I always though that statutory damages are not meant as a punishment, but as a means to give the copyright holder fair compensation in situations where the actual damage is impossible to establish.
According to the CONTU report ("Committee On New Technological Uses", back when congress was working on extending copyright to software), and if I recall it correctly, the statutory damages are apparently intended to be both punitive and to allow the copyright holder to recover enough from the few moles he manages to whack to make up for the many he missed.
The precedent is a church choir director who purchased sheet music for a song that was scored out of the range of his choir (and most singers), did a transposition that made it singable, ran off a few copies for his choir, and offered the transposition back to the original author and publisher, gratis, for their next edition. Instead of "incorporating the patch", they sued for some large number of thousands of dollars (real money in those days, too) for the infringing copies of this derived work. And won.
You use dark emitting diodes.
You mean "darkness emitting arsenide diodes (DEADs)"? (As in "better DEAD than LED"?)
(I tried to find the old article on them - late 1960s - but it doesn't seem to be archived anywhere handy.)
One useful application: Darkroom without walls. Very handy for chemical/paper photography processing in small apartments.
Consider that ALL other forms of communications (radio, television, telephone) are regulated by federal entities...
Some forms of communication are explicitly NOT regulated - and regulation of them has been explicitly forbidden since the passage of the Bill of Rights. Examples:
Speech.
Newspapers.
Books.
Letters (content thereof).