We currently think it will go on expanding until it reaches "heat death", after that there are differing opinions. Roger Penrose seems to think there will be a "quantum bounce", ie: the universe after heat death looks uniform in the same way the very early universe was uniform. Penrose speculates when it gets to that state it mathematically "forgets" how big it is and starts all over again.
I think it's one of the biggest numbers that humans ever came up with
From WP - "Bramha's entire life equals 311 trillion, 40 billion years.". However Hinduism didn't exist 12,000yrs ago, it arose in the Hindus valley civilization about 4000 years ago.
Thanks, I was wondering how their "space program" managed to get someone into space for the ridiculously low price of $25M. Makes sense now, a "tourist" seat on a Russian Soyuz to the IIS costs around $20M.
This seems to affirm the giant elephant in the "save the Earth" room
The article is devoid of details and the links it provides are even worse. Musk has quite a few heavy weight corporations who are unhappy about his plans and his popularity. The whole thing smells of propaganda to me, why would california offer concessions when the plans for the factory are already well developed in a different state, if they wanted to "bribe" Musk the time to do it is before Musk spent serious money planing to build elsewhere. It's clear Musk had no intention to build in california, it's clear that the californian economy has been very kind to Musk in the past, and it's also clear that the decision had nothing to do with environmental law.
Conclusion: The article is a old fashioned press "beat up" intent on painting Musk as a hypocrite, and judging by the comments it appears to be working quite well. It's particularly attractive to those who believe the lie that environmental regulations are destroying california's economy (still the fifth largest of any nation).
Where I part ways with the "government doesn't create jobs" people is that the view is too extreme.
Indeed without government there would be no property law and all trade would devolve into complex barter. Governments create markets, markets create jobs. Without modern markets (property law, etc) passenger planes would not exist. The most important role for the government is that of market umpire, the US senate abuses that role by manipulating the rules to favour the campaign sponsors. This practice makes it an "unfree" market in the sense that some people are more "free" to participate in the market than others.
Aside from defining and umpiring economic markets, federal governments should assist business by building and maintaining the infrastructure that allows them to compete on an international level, road, rails, bridges, ports, spaceports, research centers, etc. It's actually more efficient from a taxpayer POV to let the government do these things (plus health care). However the US Senate doesn't work like that, questions such as; do we beef up the levies in new orleans or build a bridge to nowhere in Alaska are answered by asking who's sponsor gets the contract, the social need for the project is all but irrelevant.
1. The US doesn't need Jack Sparrow running a pirate hospital ship, just get rid of the morbid leaches in the system with a reasonable UHC scheme.
2. Virtually every state capital city on the Aussie mainland now has a massive desal plant, they were all commissioned and built in the final years of our last major drought. Sure they come with higher costs than just collecting rainwater but when your reservoirs of drinking water are hovering at around 10% capacity and there's not a cloud in the sky, it becomes a very affordable option for a first world city. Of course LA would need 4-5 such desal plants due to its unusually large population but these things scale well from an economic POV.
Aussie turf grass (mainly cooch) good at stopping sandy soil from eroding and is kind to bare feet (but may contain funnel web spiders). The worst weed to have in an aussie lawn is the bindi, it has a large seed that no matter which way it lands has a thorn pointing upwards. Still, most (not all) people here in Oz fall into the "lazy" camp, we just mow whatever grows and maybe throw a box of seed mix around after a severe drought has turned it to dust. During a drought there are severe restrictions on water use for everyone with harsh penalties for breaking them, watering lawns (if permitted) is 2hr window on two or three days a week, sprinklers are generally banned. We aussies really do take water rationing very seriously during a drought, people or companies who flaunt the heavily advertised water rationing rules are about as popular with the general public as arsonists and pedophiles. All but the most dedicated gardeners see their laws disappear in the first or second February.
Having said that, wild grass is incredibly resilient, my house is near the beach, during the last major drought the yard was bare sand for several years, the lemon tree died in the second of five of our driest summers on record, the handful of native bushes and trees I have took it in their stride, two weeks of good rain in mid autumn then BOOM a carpet of green shoots across the entire yard, not an ounce of fertilizer, not a single seed sown. The easiest way to thicken it up after a drought is as you say cut high and often but also leave the catcher off the mower, this holds in the moisture, allows more species to reseed themselves, and gives pollinators a better chance of surviving the mower.
Flowers are not the only interesting feature of a wild lawn, we have a local grass that puts up a fast growing stem like a dandelion and at roughly the same time as dandelions are turning to seed. A narrow seed pod forms on top of the steam and when ripe explodes shooting hundreds of pinhead sized seeds waist high.
Disclaimer: I am an average (Aussie) post-war suburban grandparent:)
When there's enough rain to have a lawn I pay someone $50 to mow it and trim the edges every 3-5 weeks depending on the season, he does a great job. I am however a little odd (ok very odd) in that I don't mow it in early spring because it is covered in weeds (wild daisies) or late summer ( dandelions and grandpa's exploding grass:). Happily the road people seem to have also noticed the daisies since the drought broke and now appear to time their spring mowing so as to be just the right height when the 6-8 inch tall daisies flower (roughly a 2 week window in early spring). Makes the freeway commute feel like a spring meadow and doesn't cost them a cent.
There's no ice in Queensland, the prevailing ocean currents go south and are replenished by clean water from the coal sea. However fertilizer runoff has been the barrier reef's #1 enemy for decades. We don't get red-tides so much but the runoff triggers the regular crown of thorns plagues whose larvae eat the algae, then as adults eat the coral. The plagues can and do occur naturally, usually after floods from cyclones. The fertilizer both amplifies and increases the frequency of the plagues to the point were the reef does not have enough time between plagues to fully recover.
The reef's in the Caribbean and mediterranean were already heavily damaged when Jack Cousteau was swimming around taking notes in the 60's. Since then Science has discovered that a healthy reef actually has the majority of its biomass stored in large fish such as sharks, a severely degraded reef has the majority of its biomass stored in small fast growing invertebrates and weeds. The only reason the filthy Ganges river has not destroyed the Seychelles and other pristine reefs nearby is that it's mouth is clogged with thousands of acres of mangroves that act as a natural (and extremely efficient) water filter.
Nearly all marine biologists will tell you the answer to the serious problem of collapsing fisheries is to set aside marine parks in specific locations that would cover approximately 5% of the world's coastline and some specific deep sea ridges, virtually everyone else will say there's "plenty of fish in the sea".
TFA doesn't say what caused the dam break, sometimes it's actually nobody's fault, ie: "shit happens". However the cause should be thoroughly investigated by forensic engineers and if it was negligence, then jail the negligent, which in the eyes of law is normally the principal engineer who signed off on the construction, "following PHB orders" is not a valid excuse in the eyes of the law.
We have no idea what gravity.is, only how it behaves, same deal with dark matter. Perhaps there's no matter in dark matter, perhaps we are seeing a naked gravitational field. Technically all we are observing is a gravitational field, the "matter" itself has never been observed we just assume that all gravitational fields require some sort of matter to bend space, nature is under no obligation to comply to our rules, perhaps space is capable of bending by itself via local fluctuations in the expansion rate.
I worked at a rubber latex factory during the 80's. We had a 44 gallon drum of liquid ammonia in a corner, I was the high school drop out who was hired to do all the dirty work, part of my job was to carefully fill an old baked bean tin with the stuff, climb a ladder holding the makeshift wire handle behind me as far as my arm would stretch, then carefully pour it into a 13 ton mixing vat of latex. Liquid latex normally smells of ammonia with about the same intensity as supermarket "ammonia" and yet the ammonia content is just one bean can of the stuff in 13 tons. I've never smelt anything as powerful, it's like sticking heat rub up both nostrils, you don't dare take a deep breath.
Is a fucking TV series, the reason it's popular is the same reason Shakespeare has lasted so long, it paints a compelling and simplistic picture of human behaviour. Humans are apes, they have a complex hierarchical social structure. Like most of us here you're nowhere near the top of that structure and never will be no matter how much you rant about how the current rules stopping you from owning your own court and dealing out your personal idea of justice via your own personal jackbooted militia. Be honest with yourself and your readers, come out and tell them straight you desire to be their demi-god.
From memory you're in your 40's and have been posting your incoherent garbage for years, isn't it about time you grew up, got over yourself, and cheered the fuck up!.
The entire planet has been dusted with plastic, even the Antarctic interior, we've known this for 40yrs. If there's any "alarmism" here it's not coming from the researchers. Back in Issac Newtons day only peasants ate the oysters that carpeted the shores of the UK. We've spent 250yrs raping the ocean in very obvious ways and are paying the price in collapsed fisheries and expensive mercury laden seafood, plastic dust has yet to be shown to have a significant impact on marine life but OTOH there has been little research on what is a major environmental change to the surface of the planet, those two simple facts make it a very worthy subject of research in my book.
The momentum is conserved as inertia. A force of some kind is required to change the inertia into momentum or vica-versa, the kinetic energy is (mainly) conserved as heat and sound, as you implied, heat and sound can be thought of as the kinetic energy of moving atoms. However the momentum/inertia is a property of matter, so it remains with the original object, regardless of whether the atoms are solid and falling or colliding and vapourising. And yes, no matter what happens the system as a whole will gain entropy (become more randomised).
The odd bit about all this is that nobody has a clue what "causes" momentum or gravity, they are amongst a handful of "fundamental properties" of the universe that we are forced to accept at face value, in our efforts to understand the universe these "fundamental properties" serve a similar utilitarian purpose as the fundamental axioms of mathematics.
I want to find the moron who wrote it and force him to actually read the paper that he gets almost completely wrong.
The measure of a person's character is not found in the way they handle success. The guy who writes the SWAB blog is usually pretty good, been following him for years. If he has read the comments here, I'm pretty sure he's (re)reading the paper now.
Disclaimer: I've never heard of this device but I'm stocking up on popcorn in anticipation of Ethan's follow up blog.
Insightful? - Seems like the new generation of slashdotters have never heard of Karl Popper, much less what he had to say about the "Republic of science" (AKA scientific consensus). The whole idea of peer-reviewed publications and repeatability is aimed at arriving at a consensus among peers. Without it, all you're left with is an appeal to the authority of individual scientists, naturally the authority you pick will be the one that's telling you what you want to hear, therefore Science (with a capital 'S') will fail to progress, and stop being so damned useful.
Millions of displaced people fleeing the rapidly expanding desert that used to be their home is going to have an economic impact too.
Nonsense. The war in Syria is all about the power of social media and the "arab spring", nothing to do with the abandoned farms. Nothing to do with mass internal migration away from the rural areas (10% of the population in Syria), nothing to do with skyrocketing food prices, nothing to do with food riots in cities such as Cairo. It's just coincidence these events immediately preceded the uprising(s).
Surely the worst drought ever recorded in the "fertile crescent" (AKA - the birthplace of agriculture) could not cause that much social unrest, a grumbling tummy and dusty throat maybe, but riots, revolts, and a civil war? Surely it's more plausible that millions of ordinary arabs were "awakened" to the fact they were being oppressed by ruthless dictators because they signed up for facebook and discovered our idyllic democratic world. The fact that none of the factions in Syria are even pretending to be fighting for democracy is irrelevant, that they have seen the "light on the hill" is all that matters.
And let's not forget the reason that lone protester set himself on fire "triggering" the first uprising - he was driven to do it because they had cut his internet access. The rest of the nation saw the injustice on facebook and took to the streets.
To the limits of measurement at the time, yes From the link - Nowadays, of course, we are taught that the flat-earth theory is wrong; that it is all wrong, terribly wrong, absolutely. But it isn't. The curvature of the earth is nearly 0 per mile, so that although the flat-earth theory is wrong, it happens to be nearly right. That's why the theory lasted so long
Not really, the biosphere is a mathematically chaotic system in a state of "dynamic equilibrium" (google it), a single worm/troglodyte is to the biosphere as a raindrop is to the global climate.
The worm theory is not new, this appears to be more evidence to support it. A similar process helps regulate CO2 today in the southern ocean, algae grows on or near the surface and sucks up CO2 and release O2, the algae attract large schools of krill that feed on it. The algae give off a particular smell when they are attacked, the smell attracts seabirds (and marine predators) who eat the krill by the ton.
Here's the beautiful part (to a "systems programer"), the birds and whales shit in the water when feeding on krill, the bird shit in particular is rich in phosphorus and iron (from the krill) which fertilises a new generation of algae.
Slashdot Mirror
We currently think it will go on expanding until it reaches "heat death", after that there are differing opinions. Roger Penrose seems to think there will be a "quantum bounce", ie: the universe after heat death looks uniform in the same way the very early universe was uniform. Penrose speculates when it gets to that state it mathematically "forgets" how big it is and starts all over again.
I think it's one of the biggest numbers that humans ever came up with
From WP - "Bramha's entire life equals 311 trillion, 40 billion years.". However Hinduism didn't exist 12,000yrs ago, it arose in the Hindus valley civilization about 4000 years ago.
Thanks, I was wondering how their "space program" managed to get someone into space for the ridiculously low price of $25M. Makes sense now, a "tourist" seat on a Russian Soyuz to the IIS costs around $20M.
This seems to affirm the giant elephant in the "save the Earth" room
The article is devoid of details and the links it provides are even worse. Musk has quite a few heavy weight corporations who are unhappy about his plans and his popularity. The whole thing smells of propaganda to me, why would california offer concessions when the plans for the factory are already well developed in a different state, if they wanted to "bribe" Musk the time to do it is before Musk spent serious money planing to build elsewhere. It's clear Musk had no intention to build in california, it's clear that the californian economy has been very kind to Musk in the past, and it's also clear that the decision had nothing to do with environmental law.
Conclusion: The article is a old fashioned press "beat up" intent on painting Musk as a hypocrite, and judging by the comments it appears to be working quite well. It's particularly attractive to those who believe the lie that environmental regulations are destroying california's economy (still the fifth largest of any nation).
Obviously now is the time to sell stupid.
Where I part ways with the "government doesn't create jobs" people is that the view is too extreme.
Indeed without government there would be no property law and all trade would devolve into complex barter. Governments create markets, markets create jobs. Without modern markets (property law, etc) passenger planes would not exist. The most important role for the government is that of market umpire, the US senate abuses that role by manipulating the rules to favour the campaign sponsors. This practice makes it an "unfree" market in the sense that some people are more "free" to participate in the market than others.
Aside from defining and umpiring economic markets, federal governments should assist business by building and maintaining the infrastructure that allows them to compete on an international level, road, rails, bridges, ports, spaceports, research centers, etc. It's actually more efficient from a taxpayer POV to let the government do these things (plus health care). However the US Senate doesn't work like that, questions such as; do we beef up the levies in new orleans or build a bridge to nowhere in Alaska are answered by asking who's sponsor gets the contract, the social need for the project is all but irrelevant.
...but hardly surprising since it was one of the largest quakes in modern times.
1. The US doesn't need Jack Sparrow running a pirate hospital ship, just get rid of the morbid leaches in the system with a reasonable UHC scheme.
2. Virtually every state capital city on the Aussie mainland now has a massive desal plant, they were all commissioned and built in the final years of our last major drought. Sure they come with higher costs than just collecting rainwater but when your reservoirs of drinking water are hovering at around 10% capacity and there's not a cloud in the sky, it becomes a very affordable option for a first world city. Of course LA would need 4-5 such desal plants due to its unusually large population but these things scale well from an economic POV.
Aussie turf grass (mainly cooch) good at stopping sandy soil from eroding and is kind to bare feet (but may contain funnel web spiders). The worst weed to have in an aussie lawn is the bindi, it has a large seed that no matter which way it lands has a thorn pointing upwards. Still, most (not all) people here in Oz fall into the "lazy" camp, we just mow whatever grows and maybe throw a box of seed mix around after a severe drought has turned it to dust. During a drought there are severe restrictions on water use for everyone with harsh penalties for breaking them, watering lawns (if permitted) is 2hr window on two or three days a week, sprinklers are generally banned. We aussies really do take water rationing very seriously during a drought, people or companies who flaunt the heavily advertised water rationing rules are about as popular with the general public as arsonists and pedophiles. All but the most dedicated gardeners see their laws disappear in the first or second February.
:)
:). Happily the road people seem to have also noticed the daisies since the drought broke and now appear to time their spring mowing so as to be just the right height when the 6-8 inch tall daisies flower (roughly a 2 week window in early spring). Makes the freeway commute feel like a spring meadow and doesn't cost them a cent.
Having said that, wild grass is incredibly resilient, my house is near the beach, during the last major drought the yard was bare sand for several years, the lemon tree died in the second of five of our driest summers on record, the handful of native bushes and trees I have took it in their stride, two weeks of good rain in mid autumn then BOOM a carpet of green shoots across the entire yard, not an ounce of fertilizer, not a single seed sown. The easiest way to thicken it up after a drought is as you say cut high and often but also leave the catcher off the mower, this holds in the moisture, allows more species to reseed themselves, and gives pollinators a better chance of surviving the mower.
Flowers are not the only interesting feature of a wild lawn, we have a local grass that puts up a fast growing stem like a dandelion and at roughly the same time as dandelions are turning to seed. A narrow seed pod forms on top of the steam and when ripe explodes shooting hundreds of pinhead sized seeds waist high.
Disclaimer: I am an average (Aussie) post-war suburban grandparent
When there's enough rain to have a lawn I pay someone $50 to mow it and trim the edges every 3-5 weeks depending on the season, he does a great job. I am however a little odd (ok very odd) in that I don't mow it in early spring because it is covered in weeds (wild daisies) or late summer ( dandelions and grandpa's exploding grass
Are they planning to retire in Montana too?
There's no ice in Queensland, the prevailing ocean currents go south and are replenished by clean water from the coal sea. However fertilizer runoff has been the barrier reef's #1 enemy for decades. We don't get red-tides so much but the runoff triggers the regular crown of thorns plagues whose larvae eat the algae, then as adults eat the coral. The plagues can and do occur naturally, usually after floods from cyclones. The fertilizer both amplifies and increases the frequency of the plagues to the point were the reef does not have enough time between plagues to fully recover.
The reef's in the Caribbean and mediterranean were already heavily damaged when Jack Cousteau was swimming around taking notes in the 60's. Since then Science has discovered that a healthy reef actually has the majority of its biomass stored in large fish such as sharks, a severely degraded reef has the majority of its biomass stored in small fast growing invertebrates and weeds. The only reason the filthy Ganges river has not destroyed the Seychelles and other pristine reefs nearby is that it's mouth is clogged with thousands of acres of mangroves that act as a natural (and extremely efficient) water filter.
Nearly all marine biologists will tell you the answer to the serious problem of collapsing fisheries is to set aside marine parks in specific locations that would cover approximately 5% of the world's coastline and some specific deep sea ridges, virtually everyone else will say there's "plenty of fish in the sea".
A meta-conspiracy.
Damned organ music, I missed it because I was waiting for something dramatic to happen!
TFA doesn't say what caused the dam break, sometimes it's actually nobody's fault, ie: "shit happens". However the cause should be thoroughly investigated by forensic engineers and if it was negligence, then jail the negligent, which in the eyes of law is normally the principal engineer who signed off on the construction, "following PHB orders" is not a valid excuse in the eyes of the law.
We have no idea what gravity.is, only how it behaves, same deal with dark matter. Perhaps there's no matter in dark matter, perhaps we are seeing a naked gravitational field. Technically all we are observing is a gravitational field, the "matter" itself has never been observed we just assume that all gravitational fields require some sort of matter to bend space, nature is under no obligation to comply to our rules, perhaps space is capable of bending by itself via local fluctuations in the expansion rate.
Seals eat squid, squid is full of ammonia, that means I can fuel my SUV with baby seals and still call myself an environmentalist, right?
Real ammonia is dangerous as hell.
I worked at a rubber latex factory during the 80's. We had a 44 gallon drum of liquid ammonia in a corner, I was the high school drop out who was hired to do all the dirty work, part of my job was to carefully fill an old baked bean tin with the stuff, climb a ladder holding the makeshift wire handle behind me as far as my arm would stretch, then carefully pour it into a 13 ton mixing vat of latex. Liquid latex normally smells of ammonia with about the same intensity as supermarket "ammonia" and yet the ammonia content is just one bean can of the stuff in 13 tons. I've never smelt anything as powerful, it's like sticking heat rub up both nostrils, you don't dare take a deep breath.
Game of Thrones
Is a fucking TV series, the reason it's popular is the same reason Shakespeare has lasted so long, it paints a compelling and simplistic picture of human behaviour. Humans are apes, they have a complex hierarchical social structure. Like most of us here you're nowhere near the top of that structure and never will be no matter how much you rant about how the current rules stopping you from owning your own court and dealing out your personal idea of justice via your own personal jackbooted militia. Be honest with yourself and your readers, come out and tell them straight you desire to be their demi-god.
From memory you're in your 40's and have been posting your incoherent garbage for years, isn't it about time you grew up, got over yourself, and cheered the fuck up!.
The entire planet has been dusted with plastic, even the Antarctic interior, we've known this for 40yrs. If there's any "alarmism" here it's not coming from the researchers. Back in Issac Newtons day only peasants ate the oysters that carpeted the shores of the UK. We've spent 250yrs raping the ocean in very obvious ways and are paying the price in collapsed fisheries and expensive mercury laden seafood, plastic dust has yet to be shown to have a significant impact on marine life but OTOH there has been little research on what is a major environmental change to the surface of the planet, those two simple facts make it a very worthy subject of research in my book.
The momentum is conserved as inertia. A force of some kind is required to change the inertia into momentum or vica-versa, the kinetic energy is (mainly) conserved as heat and sound, as you implied, heat and sound can be thought of as the kinetic energy of moving atoms. However the momentum/inertia is a property of matter, so it remains with the original object, regardless of whether the atoms are solid and falling or colliding and vapourising. And yes, no matter what happens the system as a whole will gain entropy (become more randomised).
The odd bit about all this is that nobody has a clue what "causes" momentum or gravity, they are amongst a handful of "fundamental properties" of the universe that we are forced to accept at face value, in our efforts to understand the universe these "fundamental properties" serve a similar utilitarian purpose as the fundamental axioms of mathematics.
I want to find the moron who wrote it and force him to actually read the paper that he gets almost completely wrong.
The measure of a person's character is not found in the way they handle success. The guy who writes the SWAB blog is usually pretty good, been following him for years. If he has read the comments here, I'm pretty sure he's (re)reading the paper now.
Disclaimer: I've never heard of this device but I'm stocking up on popcorn in anticipation of Ethan's follow up blog.
Insightful? - Seems like the new generation of slashdotters have never heard of Karl Popper, much less what he had to say about the "Republic of science" (AKA scientific consensus). The whole idea of peer-reviewed publications and repeatability is aimed at arriving at a consensus among peers. Without it, all you're left with is an appeal to the authority of individual scientists, naturally the authority you pick will be the one that's telling you what you want to hear, therefore Science (with a capital 'S') will fail to progress, and stop being so damned useful.
Millions of displaced people fleeing the rapidly expanding desert that used to be their home is going to have an economic impact too.
Nonsense. The war in Syria is all about the power of social media and the "arab spring", nothing to do with the abandoned farms. Nothing to do with mass internal migration away from the rural areas (10% of the population in Syria), nothing to do with skyrocketing food prices, nothing to do with food riots in cities such as Cairo. It's just coincidence these events immediately preceded the uprising(s).
Surely the worst drought ever recorded in the "fertile crescent" (AKA - the birthplace of agriculture) could not cause that much social unrest, a grumbling tummy and dusty throat maybe, but riots, revolts, and a civil war? Surely it's more plausible that millions of ordinary arabs were "awakened" to the fact they were being oppressed by ruthless dictators because they signed up for facebook and discovered our idyllic democratic world. The fact that none of the factions in Syria are even pretending to be fighting for democracy is irrelevant, that they have seen the "light on the hill" is all that matters.
And let's not forget the reason that lone protester set himself on fire "triggering" the first uprising - he was driven to do it because they had cut his internet access. The rest of the nation saw the injustice on facebook and took to the streets.
So the earth really was flat for awhile?
To the limits of measurement at the time, yes From the link - Nowadays, of course, we are taught that the flat-earth theory is wrong; that it is all wrong, terribly wrong, absolutely. But it isn't. The curvature of the earth is nearly 0 per mile, so that although the flat-earth theory is wrong, it happens to be nearly right. That's why the theory lasted so long
Not really, the biosphere is a mathematically chaotic system in a state of "dynamic equilibrium" (google it), a single worm/troglodyte is to the biosphere as a raindrop is to the global climate.
The worm theory is not new, this appears to be more evidence to support it. A similar process helps regulate CO2 today in the southern ocean, algae grows on or near the surface and sucks up CO2 and release O2, the algae attract large schools of krill that feed on it. The algae give off a particular smell when they are attacked, the smell attracts seabirds (and marine predators) who eat the krill by the ton.
Here's the beautiful part (to a "systems programer"), the birds and whales shit in the water when feeding on krill, the bird shit in particular is rich in phosphorus and iron (from the krill) which fertilises a new generation of algae.