False nobody was found guilty and this is not a penalty/fine. This is a civil judgement for copyright infringement. You don't get found guilty of civil issues, a court just determines that you PROBABLY wronged a party and owe them a debt.
"bankruptcy does not discharge judgments for family support obligations, government-imposed fines or penalties, or taxes."
A court civil judgement is not a government imposed fine or penalty. A fine or penalty is something criminal court issues when you break the law. Copyright infringment (at least this kind) is a civil matter.
It is no different than if we had a contract and I broke it and the court ruled in your favor and ordered me to pay you. I didn't break that law, it isn't a fine or (government imposed) penalty. It would be discharged.
It really doesn't matter what you quote from the law or how clear you think it is. What matters is how the courts interpret the law and they discharge civil judgements all day long in bankruptcy.
"The casual-conversation concept of "theory" as an plausible but unverified idea about the world is what in science would be a conjecture or a hypothesis, not a theory."
This is oft repeated garbage. Worse is the saying that a theory is essentially a scientific fact. A theory is no more a hypothesis which has withstood testing. All theories remain best guesses consistent with the observations seen to date and completely disposable tomorrow. In fact, there have been many theories which HAVE been tossed out in favor of new theories. In fact, there are multiple conflicting theories in many areas.
Acting as if theories are somehow more than the current best guess(es) of the scientific method is throwing out the skepticism that is the core of said method. It simply isn't worth throwing out science for the sake of dismissing the flippant "it's just a theory" remarks.
And don't bother with "technically that's true but..." technically that's true invalidates the but you'd be tempted to tack on the end. Period.
That works with trim off the flower which is arguably part of the flower. But with butane extraction you can get something usable by processing even sun leaves.
Even so, a QP of leaves is only going to yield 1g or so of honey oil. Nobody WANTS more leaf. Butane extraction is just a way to try to get something from your garbage.
"In 1909 a remarkable project was initiated by Russian photographer Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky. His mission was to record – in full and vibrant color – the vast and diverse Russian Empire."
Unless you are saying the comment was tongue-in-cheek. Even then, it would be lame tongue-in-cheek and not haha.
Yeah we are a long way off. I used a web based vision test recently. I have a high resolution 22" display at work and it appears very fine to me. I took the test and saw the tiny little circles with missing space on one of the 8 sides and thought I was doing okay to see them all from my chair.
However, when looking at the calibration setting my resolution wasn't nearly small enough for what they determined to be a proper vision test. This required me to be further and further from the display.
Finally, if I calibrated to no less than 6.5 ft viewing distance could I get a viewing resolution fine enough to accurately assess my eyes.
What surprised me is that I could indeed distinguish the differences in those tiny circles that seemed so small at 18 inches viewing distance when 6.5ft away. After going through all that I also crouched so that my eye was a straight ahead of the screen so the results would be most accurate.
That's not bad. Not by any means the most impressive I've seen at that stage of growth of course.
If you are growing to preserve genetics I suppose it doesn't matter much but if you are growing for yield all that popcorn bud on the lower branches should be trimmed off so the plant can focus energy on the more dense top flowers. This will result in a higher yield by weight.
I'm sorry but I fail to see how your complaints about your custom HID lights and custom LED panels relates to the common commercial solutions to which I referred.
As for aluminum foil, it absorbs 20% of the light you shine at it and converts it to heat. Mylar of proper thickness absorbs only 5%. Nothing used outside a specially crafted lab mirror reflects anywhere close to all the light and even then the mirrors are generally (must be?) made for specific spectrum.
There is nothing to say you couldn't make a diffuse reflector out of aluminum in fact I have seen them (not for walls but as light reflectors). Regular, out of the box, aluminum foil WILL cause hotspots. I've never been foolish enough to use it but I've seen it.
Growing for the dutch, or growing for a dispensary in Cali doesn't impress me. I've been hired as a consultant for Dutch and Cali commerical and private growers.
That said there are a number of other factors that could account for the discrepancy between the results we see. I would be far more interested in hearing more detail about the panels you are using the results you are seeing.
One would hope you aren't breaking the law in the first place even in the US there are places where medical marijuana is legal.
That said your infrared is more hype than the law enforcement would like you to believe. In reality there are many many legitimate heat sources that will glow on IR which is why IR alone isn't enough to get a warrant. The same is true for electrical usage which is why that alone won't get a warrant. There are other ways for things to get in your garbage which again, is why that alone will not get a warrant. It takes a combination of the above.
Also, it may be possible to use IR from choppers in daylight but there is a lot more noise and no law enforcement does it.
I grew with a valid medical necessity defense (that never had to be tested in court) in the treasure coast in Florida. This is an indoor grow hotspot according to law enforcement and they do random sweeps with IR through the week and a full sweep once a week (this data comes from watching the choppers which ran in grid patterns and a consistent schedule with less than 2hr variance, naturally they don't release this).
Nothing but the cooling requirements of the plants themselves and intelligent timing was ever required.
Of course that is for an individual growing for the personal use of less than 4 smokers. If you are running 4+ 1k watt lights things heat up a bit.
LED is quite viable technically watt per watt your 600w led only compares with a 600w HPS when both are used for the full cycle, it just isn't viable financially.
The cost savings due to waste heat over the life of the light don't add up to the incredible difference in up front cost.
I've never seen a side by side comparison that was favorable to LED given the same wattage, digital ballast for the HID, same genetics, pruning, nutrients, etc. I'm talking bottom line bud yield not veg growth.
The only ones where I've seen LED come out even used HPS for the entire cycle instead of using MH for veg.
That may be part of the problem they are trying to use the same panel for both veg and flower instead of using custom spectrum for each.
No we aren't talking about equiv watt lights. Though those do exist.
1. We are talking about marijuana growing and the only output that counts is flower growth. LED's do cause increased vegetative (leaves/stems) growth but such an increase only increases waste if it doesn't result in more overall flower yield.
2. The biggest loss of light is caused by the distance of the light from the plant tips. When saying the lights are cooler we generally are referring to the temperature of the light itself which impacts how close you can get it to the tips. LEDs are cool enough to touch and are directional so they require no reflector, HID lighting is extremely hot and the reflector is hot.
3. The air in a proper grow environment is full exchanged twice a minute. This doesn't affect the theoretical amount of heat produced but it certainly impacts the practical amount of heat produced. If you aren't heating up faster than this air can carry that heat away the heat doesn't matter.
4. An LED ballast can be touched and LED grows show a lower ambient temp in the grow space vs equal (real) watts of HID lighting, even with a digital ballast.
An example of a 600w ballast, note it is composed of 600 1w leds:
In other places you will see claims that this x watt led is equiv to y watt HID. First, they usually either just make these stats up or compare with Metal Halide (MH) lighting which is a light used only for the vegetative cycle and not the flowering cycle. In other cases they measure vegetative growth versus a High Pressure Sodium (HPS) light... even though this type of light has a spectrum most appropriate for flowering and not vegetative.
Not light that is expended/converted to sugars via photosynthesis.
The LEDs only emit wavelengths that are used by the plants. Using the right HID lights for the stage of growth does well but nothing like the efficiency of LED.
600w of LED should be bright but when it is targeted at the plants almost everything is absorbed so you only see a very faint purple (red+blue if you are colorwheel illiterate).
What difference does it make? I doubt her shielding discriminated against sun radio.
not all radiation is equal, there are different types and they have different effects. The sun emits light, many wavelengths of which are good for plants many are not. UV for example is notably bad for plants.
Sure there is. There is a steady increase in C02 Levels in the atmosphere. This should result in a corresponding increase in plant growth since plants are largely bottlenecked by the relatively low C02 levels in the modern vs the 1500ppm that existed when they evolved. Plants should be able to balance any increase in C02 emissions and yet they aren't.
"2. the sun dumps all kinds of EM on everything."
The sun also dumps UV radiation which is known to be harmful to both plants and animals on everything.
Just because it is a natural process doesn't make it good or balanced. The whole natural good, artificial bad myth is just some nonsense spouted by hippies. Nature is just as good at screwing it up as we are (even if you don't consider us a byproduct of nature) it just tends to do it on a larger and more difficult to counteract scale.
fscking amateurs. foil absorbs light and causes hotspots on your "pepper" plants. You are better off with flat white paint or reflective mylar.
Of course if you weren't really growing peppers but something like medical marijuana then you'd want to know that experimentation shows that grow is no better under targeted spectrum LED than it is under select HID lighting. In fact, it takes just as many watts of LED to get the same effect so you don't save electricity there.
The only real benefit to LED is less heat (and need to dispose of that heat somehow) but this is generally outweighed by the insane costs of 600w LED grow lights.
"This is why we have the National Guard and other forces"
Actually we have the national guard as a result of post-Lincoln token lip service to the constitutional guarantees of local well regulated (regulated meant disciplined or trained in this context unlike today where it means government controlled) militia.
That's important. Without it people might get upset that the federal government ignores the separation of military power established in the constitution. See there isn't supposed to be a federal army outside of wartime only a navy (air isn't addressed either way for obvious reasons).
Slashdot Mirror
I could literally walk in a store and steal a $24 item in front of a cop and get no jail time and walk away with a $100 fine.
False nobody was found guilty and this is not a penalty/fine. This is a civil judgement for copyright infringement. You don't get found guilty of civil issues, a court just determines that you PROBABLY wronged a party and owe them a debt.
"bankruptcy does not discharge judgments for family support obligations, government-imposed fines or penalties, or taxes."
A court civil judgement is not a government imposed fine or penalty. A fine or penalty is something criminal court issues when you break the law. Copyright infringment (at least this kind) is a civil matter.
It is no different than if we had a contract and I broke it and the court ruled in your favor and ordered me to pay you. I didn't break that law, it isn't a fine or (government imposed) penalty. It would be discharged.
It really doesn't matter what you quote from the law or how clear you think it is. What matters is how the courts interpret the law and they discharge civil judgements all day long in bankruptcy.
In your world most adults own a house, a car, and have spare wages? Where do you live? Must not be the US.
Uses a word without a notation? He didn't skip a notation, he issued about how a theory our current best guess and understanding of the universe.
"The casual-conversation concept of "theory" as an plausible but unverified idea about the world is what in science would be a conjecture or a hypothesis, not a theory."
This is oft repeated garbage. Worse is the saying that a theory is essentially a scientific fact. A theory is no more a hypothesis which has withstood testing. All theories remain best guesses consistent with the observations seen to date and completely disposable tomorrow. In fact, there have been many theories which HAVE been tossed out in favor of new theories. In fact, there are multiple conflicting theories in many areas.
Acting as if theories are somehow more than the current best guess(es) of the scientific method is throwing out the skepticism that is the core of said method. It simply isn't worth throwing out science for the sake of dismissing the flippant "it's just a theory" remarks.
And don't bother with "technically that's true but..." technically that's true invalidates the but you'd be tempted to tack on the end. Period.
That works with trim off the flower which is arguably part of the flower. But with butane extraction you can get something usable by processing even sun leaves.
Even so, a QP of leaves is only going to yield 1g or so of honey oil. Nobody WANTS more leaf. Butane extraction is just a way to try to get something from your garbage.
"In 1909 a remarkable project was initiated by Russian photographer Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky. His mission was to record – in full and vibrant color – the vast and diverse Russian Empire."
Unless you are saying the comment was tongue-in-cheek. Even then, it would be lame tongue-in-cheek and not haha.
He didn't claim the photos were digitized in 1909, he claimed the photos were colorized in 1909.
Yeah we are a long way off. I used a web based vision test recently. I have a high resolution 22" display at work and it appears very fine to me. I took the test and saw the tiny little circles with missing space on one of the 8 sides and thought I was doing okay to see them all from my chair.
However, when looking at the calibration setting my resolution wasn't nearly small enough for what they determined to be a proper vision test. This required me to be further and further from the display.
Finally, if I calibrated to no less than 6.5 ft viewing distance could I get a viewing resolution fine enough to accurately assess my eyes.
What surprised me is that I could indeed distinguish the differences in those tiny circles that seemed so small at 18 inches viewing distance when 6.5ft away. After going through all that I also crouched so that my eye was a straight ahead of the screen so the results would be most accurate.
you mean they were digitized in 2010
That's not bad. Not by any means the most impressive I've seen at that stage of growth of course.
If you are growing to preserve genetics I suppose it doesn't matter much but if you are growing for yield all that popcorn bud on the lower branches should be trimmed off so the plant can focus energy on the more dense top flowers. This will result in a higher yield by weight.
Halogen? Halogen generally isn't a useful spectrum for growing bud.
What you want is Metal Halide for veg and High Pressure Sodium for flowering.
"Dead wrong, sir."
I'm sorry but I fail to see how your complaints about your custom HID lights and custom LED panels relates to the common commercial solutions to which I referred.
As for aluminum foil, it absorbs 20% of the light you shine at it and converts it to heat. Mylar of proper thickness absorbs only 5%. Nothing used outside a specially crafted lab mirror reflects anywhere close to all the light and even then the mirrors are generally (must be?) made for specific spectrum.
There is nothing to say you couldn't make a diffuse reflector out of aluminum in fact I have seen them (not for walls but as light reflectors). Regular, out of the box, aluminum foil WILL cause hotspots. I've never been foolish enough to use it but I've seen it.
Growing for the dutch, or growing for a dispensary in Cali doesn't impress me. I've been hired as a consultant for Dutch and Cali commerical and private growers.
That said there are a number of other factors that could account for the discrepancy between the results we see. I would be far more interested in hearing more detail about the panels you are using the results you are seeing.
One would hope you aren't breaking the law in the first place even in the US there are places where medical marijuana is legal.
That said your infrared is more hype than the law enforcement would like you to believe. In reality there are many many legitimate heat sources that will glow on IR which is why IR alone isn't enough to get a warrant. The same is true for electrical usage which is why that alone won't get a warrant. There are other ways for things to get in your garbage which again, is why that alone will not get a warrant. It takes a combination of the above.
Also, it may be possible to use IR from choppers in daylight but there is a lot more noise and no law enforcement does it.
I grew with a valid medical necessity defense (that never had to be tested in court) in the treasure coast in Florida. This is an indoor grow hotspot according to law enforcement and they do random sweeps with IR through the week and a full sweep once a week (this data comes from watching the choppers which ran in grid patterns and a consistent schedule with less than 2hr variance, naturally they don't release this).
Nothing but the cooling requirements of the plants themselves and intelligent timing was ever required.
Of course that is for an individual growing for the personal use of less than 4 smokers. If you are running 4+ 1k watt lights things heat up a bit.
LED is quite viable technically watt per watt your 600w led only compares with a 600w HPS when both are used for the full cycle, it just isn't viable financially.
The cost savings due to waste heat over the life of the light don't add up to the incredible difference in up front cost.
"600w LED is just as good now as 1000w HPS"
I've never seen a side by side comparison that was favorable to LED given the same wattage, digital ballast for the HID, same genetics, pruning, nutrients, etc. I'm talking bottom line bud yield not veg growth.
The only ones where I've seen LED come out even used HPS for the entire cycle instead of using MH for veg.
That may be part of the problem they are trying to use the same panel for both veg and flower instead of using custom spectrum for each.
No we aren't talking about equiv watt lights. Though those do exist.
1. We are talking about marijuana growing and the only output that counts is flower growth. LED's do cause increased vegetative (leaves/stems) growth but such an increase only increases waste if it doesn't result in more overall flower yield.
2. The biggest loss of light is caused by the distance of the light from the plant tips. When saying the lights are cooler we generally are referring to the temperature of the light itself which impacts how close you can get it to the tips. LEDs are cool enough to touch and are directional so they require no reflector, HID lighting is extremely hot and the reflector is hot.
3. The air in a proper grow environment is full exchanged twice a minute. This doesn't affect the theoretical amount of heat produced but it certainly impacts the practical amount of heat produced. If you aren't heating up faster than this air can carry that heat away the heat doesn't matter.
4. An LED ballast can be touched and LED grows show a lower ambient temp in the grow space vs equal (real) watts of HID lighting, even with a digital ballast.
An example of a 600w ballast, note it is composed of 600 1w leds:
http://www.earthshineledlights.com/store/led-grow-lights/600-watt-led-grow-light
In other places you will see claims that this x watt led is equiv to y watt HID. First, they usually either just make these stats up or compare with Metal Halide (MH) lighting which is a light used only for the vegetative cycle and not the flowering cycle. In other cases they measure vegetative growth versus a High Pressure Sodium (HPS) light... even though this type of light has a spectrum most appropriate for flowering and not vegetative.
Not light that is expended/converted to sugars via photosynthesis.
The LEDs only emit wavelengths that are used by the plants. Using the right HID lights for the stage of growth does well but nothing like the efficiency of LED.
600w of LED should be bright but when it is targeted at the plants almost everything is absorbed so you only see a very faint purple (red+blue if you are colorwheel illiterate).
That isn't the only type of plant growth. There should be massive algae blooms eating up that C02.
"Anyone advocating blinded studies in this case is actually suggesting plants are affected by their subjective interpretation of the situation."
You say that as if we shouldn't consider the possibility. Go watch avatar n00b
What difference does it make? I doubt her shielding discriminated against sun radio.
not all radiation is equal, there are different types and they have different effects. The sun emits light, many wavelengths of which are good for plants many are not. UV for example is notably bad for plants.
"1. nothing noticed so far"
Sure there is. There is a steady increase in C02 Levels in the atmosphere. This should result in a corresponding increase in plant growth since plants are largely bottlenecked by the relatively low C02 levels in the modern vs the 1500ppm that existed when they evolved. Plants should be able to balance any increase in C02 emissions and yet they aren't.
"2. the sun dumps all kinds of EM on everything."
The sun also dumps UV radiation which is known to be harmful to both plants and animals on everything.
Just because it is a natural process doesn't make it good or balanced. The whole natural good, artificial bad myth is just some nonsense spouted by hippies. Nature is just as good at screwing it up as we are (even if you don't consider us a byproduct of nature) it just tends to do it on a larger and more difficult to counteract scale.
fscking amateurs. foil absorbs light and causes hotspots on your "pepper" plants. You are better off with flat white paint or reflective mylar.
Of course if you weren't really growing peppers but something like medical marijuana then you'd want to know that experimentation shows that grow is no better under targeted spectrum LED than it is under select HID lighting. In fact, it takes just as many watts of LED to get the same effect so you don't save electricity there.
The only real benefit to LED is less heat (and need to dispose of that heat somehow) but this is generally outweighed by the insane costs of 600w LED grow lights.
"This is why we have the National Guard and other forces"
Actually we have the national guard as a result of post-Lincoln token lip service to the constitutional guarantees of local well regulated (regulated meant disciplined or trained in this context unlike today where it means government controlled) militia.
That's important. Without it people might get upset that the federal government ignores the separation of military power established in the constitution. See there isn't supposed to be a federal army outside of wartime only a navy (air isn't addressed either way for obvious reasons).