If real numbers are on a line (let's call it Ox), imaginary numbers are on another line - let's call it Oy.
The two lines are perpendicular, and they intersect each other at their 0 value.
As such, i is on the positive axis of Oy, and -i is on the negative axis on Oy.
The end result is that -i is -SQRT(-1), and i is SQRT(-1).
At first, numbers were integers - what you could count on your fingers. (N)
Later on, numbers were fractional - in order to express the sharing of things. (Q)
Later on, numbers were negative - in order to express debt. (Z)
Even later on, some numbers were found not to be fractionar (the first proved was square root of 2). Enter R
However, not every polinomial equation has its solutions as real numbers (see x^2+1=0). The solution to this equation was named i, with the property that i squared is -1. It was called imaginary because no real number had such property, and it is as real as a figment of your imagination;)
While other real numbers can be aproximated by integers, negative integers and fractional numbers (with better and better accuracy), i has no aproximation in any of the previous pools of numbers.
In engineering, a useful aproximation for pi is 3. There is no aproximation of i as an integer.
Let's say you carry a big luggage, and stop with it by the bank's door (shop's door, whatever). You wait a bit, drink a bit of water, and bank customers come and go. And their credit card RFID info with them, registered in the luggage. There will be plenty moving less than 1m from the luggage.
Or you are with your wife, and she goes inside to do something, while you wait.
Things like solder, other wires, plastics...
Silicon probably isn't affecting anything as a dump - but there are other things inside the panel that could.
Good questions...
About the heating issue... during winter, I've heard of cases when the power lines (medium voltage) were broken because of ice deposits. In images, the lines had about half a meter diameter a "collar" of ice. Heating lines heat very little
Antarctic summers are extraordinary good weather - even above freezing point on part of the land mass. However, the so-called land mass is covered with ice, and this ice is moving towards the sea.
As Earth's tilt axis is about 12 degrees of vertical, as long as the latitude you are at is south of 75 South, you have light. During summer, at 75 South latitude, you have at midday the sun about 25 degrees over horizon, and during night it touches the horizon. So, in average, you need tilted panels, covering about 1/5th of the land mass (best case, at 30 degrees incidence, 1/2 of the land mass, worst case you are almost at night).
During winter? Complete darkness for 100 days, sub 0 Fahrenheit temperature, and winds in excess of 40 miles per hour. During storms, these increase even further.
So, why again would anyone like to build a solar farm in those conditions, when they are 500 miles from the closest possible user, they must move everything by ship, have no suitable harbor (not to mention docking facilities), the extreme cold will reduce everything, they must clear the panels from snow?
That's not taking into account the UN position - keeping the Antarctica not inhabited, not industrialized, and so on.
Yes, about lowered energy requirements, you are totally correct - this would reduce the need for cables from about 2000 to maybe 500 (or less). However, in order to transport that energy, you will have losses on the way - no matter that you move it from A to B in 100 small steps, or in one giant leap.
Not necessarily true for trains and ships. Also, the australians have something called "road train" - a big truck pulling several trailer (sometimes the whole vehicle is at the 150 feet length)
The magnetic field of Earth is not moving, as such you can't get energy out of it except using a moving conductor. If you've seen opened electricity generators (for bicycle by example), they use a stationary magnetic field (using permanent magnets), and move (rotate) inside the field a solenoid
Nuclear power is good - however, for your case (small population, large area, sunny days), nuclear should only be used to compensate for when solar is not available. As most of energy use is during day anyway, solar would be perfect for that
For clouds to cover a big solar panel farm, quite a bit of time is needed - in the order of minutes. As stated above, there are electricity plants that can easily ramp up in that time frame
The infrastructure for oil (exists):
pipelines and ships/trains/trucks carry the product. You could very well carry the product in an open bucket.
The infrastructure for LPG (exists):
as long as you keep it at a certain pressure, it is liquid. As such, you only need pressure tanks (for a pressure of several atmospheres - 22 atm will keep it in liquid form)
The infrastructure for hydrogen (not exists):
in order to keep it as liquid, you need high pressures AND very low temperatures. If not, the energy per volume is very low.
Yes, you will need to put plenty of cable to transport energy half a world away (like from USA to Australia). While Australia doesn't use much electricity, USA does.
In 2003, the consumption was 3,660,000,000,000 kWh. This is 10,000,000,000 kWh a day, or some 400,000,000 kW. How could you transport these? Well, 400,000 MW could go on a line at 1000 kV, for 400,000 Amperes average (as electricity is not used at the same rate, let's say max would be double - for hours at a time).
Now, for power transmission you could use a 0000 AWG line. This gives:
OOOOAWG 0.46 inch diameter 0.16072 resistance (ohm/km) 302 A current max
How much energy could you transmit over this? 302A, you lose 50V per kilometer - half a world away, at 20,000km - 1000kV losses. On a line of 1000kV, all the energy you can pump goes as losses.
How much copper such a line would have? At 100mm^2 sectional area (10^-4 m^2), the wire volume is 2000 cubic meters (or a cube at 12.5 yards across, for each of the wires
How many wires will you need on the US end? Some 2,000 (to support double the average current) - for a 36 millions tons of copper. World copper production is in the 10 millions ton area, so you would need some three years of world production to build such line.
I don't know about hydrogen conversion, but did you saw that coal power plants are usually made close to the coal mines? This would imply it is cheaper to transport electricity than to transport coal. Hydrogen might be the same.
Wind is perfect as a (almost) totally unreliable power source. Solar would be much more reliable - cloud cover will reduce the efficiency (especially when using concentrators), but there is some production during the day - even so, power production will be intermittent (day-night).
What good could those be? Well, one could use deep coal reserves to pump water and extract hydrogen and CO, and use this gas to turn gas turbines. These could supplement nicely the unreliability of the solar/wind.
Also, many places use most of the power during day - when solar generation is at max, and morning/evening breezes could supplement wind energy.
Hydroelectric storage is certainly a good solution (where it can be applied), but I don't think thermal storage could help even a bit in electricity storage
I don't think becoming a Google employee is a very good start to form a business. Anyway, it is possible - just as former Microsoft employee could break in and form businesses.
However, take into consideration the simple fact that after working for such a software giant, you will have non-compete clauses for several years, and quitting Google to someday form your own business seems less than attractive.
And one more thing - Google only does searching (for money). All its other projects are free - bad thing to work on, if you want to start a company that will get you money.
As a side note, I remember ex-Sun employee (Technology Officer or the same) quitting the company, creating a start-up that develops one thing missing from Sun (developing it well), and then being absorbed back (with their solutions and know-how) for a barrel of money. It seems fair, as while working inside Sun you might have been forced to work on something else. Again, Google employee might be able to start something like this - or not
I would expect your company to move to Windows 2010 sometime in 2015 (as from NT4 to XP there was another version, the Win2000).
I wonder what new and nice things will Microsoft put into the next version of its OS in order to attract users... WindowsFS? DirectX 12?
How does Win98 compare to Win2000 and XP for vulnerabilities? Well, it's ugly. Network stack is less secure than the stack in 2000/XP, W98 doesn't have even the shadow of a protection mode (administrator privileges?), and so on.
Because Windows 2000 is not supported any longer. If you take it this way, it would be somewhat similar to putting on OLPC the 1.x variant of Linux kernel.
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If real numbers are on a line (let's call it Ox), imaginary numbers are on another line - let's call it Oy.
The two lines are perpendicular, and they intersect each other at their 0 value.
As such, i is on the positive axis of Oy, and -i is on the negative axis on Oy.
The end result is that -i is -SQRT(-1), and i is SQRT(-1).
I'm an engineer, and I know pi with 8 decimals - 3.14159265 The definitions of pi was a joke
As they said: for a math expert, pi is a number irrational and transitive for a physics expert, pi is about 3.14 for an engineer, pi is 3
Thanks a lot
How do you insert new lines in posts? I am using them when typing, but when I'm looking at the posts, they look like some sausage of letters :(
At first, numbers were integers - what you could count on your fingers. (N) Later on, numbers were fractional - in order to express the sharing of things. (Q) Later on, numbers were negative - in order to express debt. (Z) Even later on, some numbers were found not to be fractionar (the first proved was square root of 2). Enter R However, not every polinomial equation has its solutions as real numbers (see x^2+1=0). The solution to this equation was named i, with the property that i squared is -1. It was called imaginary because no real number had such property, and it is as real as a figment of your imagination ;)
While other real numbers can be aproximated by integers, negative integers and fractional numbers (with better and better accuracy), i has no aproximation in any of the previous pools of numbers.
In engineering, a useful aproximation for pi is 3. There is no aproximation of i as an integer.
But when you go with the subway, you won't hear a beep from inside your wallet
Let's say you carry a big luggage, and stop with it by the bank's door (shop's door, whatever). You wait a bit, drink a bit of water, and bank customers come and go. And their credit card RFID info with them, registered in the luggage. There will be plenty moving less than 1m from the luggage. Or you are with your wife, and she goes inside to do something, while you wait.
Things like solder, other wires, plastics... Silicon probably isn't affecting anything as a dump - but there are other things inside the panel that could.
Good questions... About the heating issue... during winter, I've heard of cases when the power lines (medium voltage) were broken because of ice deposits. In images, the lines had about half a meter diameter a "collar" of ice. Heating lines heat very little
Antarctic summers are extraordinary good weather - even above freezing point on part of the land mass. However, the so-called land mass is covered with ice, and this ice is moving towards the sea. As Earth's tilt axis is about 12 degrees of vertical, as long as the latitude you are at is south of 75 South, you have light. During summer, at 75 South latitude, you have at midday the sun about 25 degrees over horizon, and during night it touches the horizon. So, in average, you need tilted panels, covering about 1/5th of the land mass (best case, at 30 degrees incidence, 1/2 of the land mass, worst case you are almost at night). During winter? Complete darkness for 100 days, sub 0 Fahrenheit temperature, and winds in excess of 40 miles per hour. During storms, these increase even further. So, why again would anyone like to build a solar farm in those conditions, when they are 500 miles from the closest possible user, they must move everything by ship, have no suitable harbor (not to mention docking facilities), the extreme cold will reduce everything, they must clear the panels from snow? That's not taking into account the UN position - keeping the Antarctica not inhabited, not industrialized, and so on. Yes, about lowered energy requirements, you are totally correct - this would reduce the need for cables from about 2000 to maybe 500 (or less). However, in order to transport that energy, you will have losses on the way - no matter that you move it from A to B in 100 small steps, or in one giant leap.
Not necessarily true for trains and ships. Also, the australians have something called "road train" - a big truck pulling several trailer (sometimes the whole vehicle is at the 150 feet length)
The magnetic field of Earth is not moving, as such you can't get energy out of it except using a moving conductor. If you've seen opened electricity generators (for bicycle by example), they use a stationary magnetic field (using permanent magnets), and move (rotate) inside the field a solenoid
Nuclear power is good - however, for your case (small population, large area, sunny days), nuclear should only be used to compensate for when solar is not available. As most of energy use is during day anyway, solar would be perfect for that
For clouds to cover a big solar panel farm, quite a bit of time is needed - in the order of minutes. As stated above, there are electricity plants that can easily ramp up in that time frame
The infrastructure for oil (exists): pipelines and ships/trains/trucks carry the product. You could very well carry the product in an open bucket. The infrastructure for LPG (exists): as long as you keep it at a certain pressure, it is liquid. As such, you only need pressure tanks (for a pressure of several atmospheres - 22 atm will keep it in liquid form) The infrastructure for hydrogen (not exists): in order to keep it as liquid, you need high pressures AND very low temperatures. If not, the energy per volume is very low.
add to this wind resistance, power robbed by air conditioning, and you might lose another 10% overall in losses.
Hopefully it won't freeze in the winter...
Cost would be a big downside. Maybe after their useful life is finished, they will end up in dumps, polluting the environment?
Yes, you will need to put plenty of cable to transport energy half a world away (like from USA to Australia). While Australia doesn't use much electricity, USA does. In 2003, the consumption was 3,660,000,000,000 kWh. This is 10,000,000,000 kWh a day, or some 400,000,000 kW. How could you transport these? Well, 400,000 MW could go on a line at 1000 kV, for 400,000 Amperes average (as electricity is not used at the same rate, let's say max would be double - for hours at a time). Now, for power transmission you could use a 0000 AWG line. This gives: OOOOAWG 0.46 inch diameter 0.16072 resistance (ohm/km) 302 A current max How much energy could you transmit over this? 302A, you lose 50V per kilometer - half a world away, at 20,000km - 1000kV losses. On a line of 1000kV, all the energy you can pump goes as losses. How much copper such a line would have? At 100mm^2 sectional area (10^-4 m^2), the wire volume is 2000 cubic meters (or a cube at 12.5 yards across, for each of the wires How many wires will you need on the US end? Some 2,000 (to support double the average current) - for a 36 millions tons of copper. World copper production is in the 10 millions ton area, so you would need some three years of world production to build such line.
I don't know about hydrogen conversion, but did you saw that coal power plants are usually made close to the coal mines? This would imply it is cheaper to transport electricity than to transport coal. Hydrogen might be the same. Wind is perfect as a (almost) totally unreliable power source. Solar would be much more reliable - cloud cover will reduce the efficiency (especially when using concentrators), but there is some production during the day - even so, power production will be intermittent (day-night). What good could those be? Well, one could use deep coal reserves to pump water and extract hydrogen and CO, and use this gas to turn gas turbines. These could supplement nicely the unreliability of the solar/wind. Also, many places use most of the power during day - when solar generation is at max, and morning/evening breezes could supplement wind energy. Hydroelectric storage is certainly a good solution (where it can be applied), but I don't think thermal storage could help even a bit in electricity storage
I don't think becoming a Google employee is a very good start to form a business. Anyway, it is possible - just as former Microsoft employee could break in and form businesses. However, take into consideration the simple fact that after working for such a software giant, you will have non-compete clauses for several years, and quitting Google to someday form your own business seems less than attractive. And one more thing - Google only does searching (for money). All its other projects are free - bad thing to work on, if you want to start a company that will get you money. As a side note, I remember ex-Sun employee (Technology Officer or the same) quitting the company, creating a start-up that develops one thing missing from Sun (developing it well), and then being absorbed back (with their solutions and know-how) for a barrel of money. It seems fair, as while working inside Sun you might have been forced to work on something else. Again, Google employee might be able to start something like this - or not
I would expect your company to move to Windows 2010 sometime in 2015 (as from NT4 to XP there was another version, the Win2000). I wonder what new and nice things will Microsoft put into the next version of its OS in order to attract users... WindowsFS? DirectX 12?
How does Win98 compare to Win2000 and XP for vulnerabilities? Well, it's ugly. Network stack is less secure than the stack in 2000/XP, W98 doesn't have even the shadow of a protection mode (administrator privileges?), and so on.
Because Windows 2000 is not supported any longer. If you take it this way, it would be somewhat similar to putting on OLPC the 1.x variant of Linux kernel.