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Neuronal Learning Observed
Gregg Favalora writes "According to this week's EE Times, R. Colin Johnson reports that researchers at UC San Diego have directly observed the physical changes that neurons undergo during learning.
His article explains that neurons were cultured on a smooth, photoconductive silion substrate. Using optical techniques, they were able to trigger individual neurons into firing -- and were actually able to observe some of the physical changes that underly short- and long-term learning.
According to the article, "[The team] tested out the theory that learning results from a physical change that strengthens the connections between selected neurons. [They showed] how short- and long-term memories result from different physical effects in the brain. Short-term memories, it turns out, result from the instant assembly of more filaments to strengthen the skin of the cell temporarily, whereas long-term memories result from the growing of a new synapse to strengthen the connection permanently."
Besides the interesting cellular observations they're making, I am also intrigued by the process the article describes which uses properties of the silicon substrate to aid in firing individual neurons. "
Props to all the dead sporkiez!
Having to be a testicle, I am happily the testicle of a spork.
I work as a consultant for several fortune 500 companies, and I think I can shed a little light on the climate of the open source community at the moment. I believe that part of the reason that open source based startups are failing left and right is not an issue of marketing as it's commonly believed but more of an issue of the underlying technology.
I know that that's a strong statement to make, but I have evidence to back it up! At one of the major corps(5000+ employees) that I consult for, we wanted to integrate Linux into our server pool. The allure of not having to pay any restrictive licensing fees was too great to ignore. I reccomended the installation of several boxes running the new 2.4.9 kernel, and my hopes were high that it would perform up to snuff with the Windows 2k boxes which were(and still are!) doing an AMAZING job at their respective tasks of serving HTTP requests, DNS, and fileserving.
I consider myself to be very technically inclined having programmed in VB for the last 8 years doing kernel level programming. I don't believe in C programming because contrary to popular belief, VB can go just as low level as C and the newest VB compiler generates code that's every bit as fast. I took it upon myself to configure the system from scratch and even used an optimised version of gcc 3.1 to increase the execution speed of the binaries. I integrated the 3 machines I had configured into the server pool, and I'd have to say the results were less than impressive... We all know that linux isn't even close to being ready for the desktop, but I had heard that it was supposed to perform decently as a "server" based operating system. The 3 machines all went into swap immediately, and it was obvious that they weren't going to be able to handle the load in this "enterprise" environment. After running for less than 24 hours, 2 of them had experienced kernel panics caused by Bind and Apache crashing! Granted, Apache is a volunteer based project written by weekend hackers in their spare time while Microsft's IIS has an actual professional full fledged development team devoted to it. Not to mention the fact that the Linux kernel itself lacks any support for any type of journaled filesystem, memory protection, SMP support, etc, but I thought that since Linux is based on such "old" technology that it would run with some level of stability. After several days of this type of behaviour, we decided to reinstall windows 2k on the boxes to make sure it wasn't a hardware problem that was causing things to go wrong. The machines instantly shaped up and were seamlessly reintegrated into the server pool with just one Win2K machine doing more work than all 3 of the Linux boxes.
Needless to say, I won't be reccomending Linux/FSF to anymore of my clients. I'm dissappointed that they won't be able to leverege the free cost of Linux to their advantage, but in this case I suppose the old adage stands true that, "you get what you pay for." I would have also liked to have access to the source code of the applications that we're running on our mission critical systems; however, from the looks of it, the Microsoft "shared source" program seems to offer all of the same freedoms as the GPL.
As things stand now, I can understand using Linux in academia to compile simple "Hello World" style programs and learn C programming, but I'm afraid that for anything more than a hobby OS, Windows 98/NT/2K are your only choices.
thank you.
C - A language that combines the speed of assembly with the ease of use of assembly.
another year of feculence here on slashbot
Eggy, thats a nice one. DO you pick up many biters?
Having to be a testicle, I am happily the testicle of a spork.
Don't look for neurons to hold 1's and 0's, because you'll probably take up more room with neuron+silicon substrate+implantation technology than you would in plain magnetic or CMOS storage.
Now, silicon subsrtate technology probably does hold great wonders for helping people with sensory disabilities, but don't be looking for Nerual RAM upgrades in the near future.
The next Slashdot story will be ready soon, but subscribers can beat the rush and slashdot the links early!
...me having to study for my January/February 2002 university exams?
...and I'll briggs you until you reach total ecstacy.
Short-term memories, it turns out, result from the instant assembly of more filaments to strengthen the skin of the cell temporarily, whereas long-term memories result from the growing of a new synapse to strengthen the connection permanently
Seems like the difference between WinXP and Linux programmers!
Desi Noise, Live!
This is a good step towards making 'biological' computers if you ask me. Computers designed after natural minds are bound to be better adapted for some tasks, such as learning etc...
"The United States has no right, no desire, and no intention to impose our form of government on anyone else." - Bush 05
there have been studies upon studies of how marijuana effects short-term memory (NORML always posts messages about how it has been proven that it does not in any way effect short term memory).
So, if the researchers start smoking will:
A) the neurons will start firing so fast that they light up the room?
B) the neurons die -- proving that it has a negative effect on STM
C) the neurons have no change
D) you don't remember any of the options -- proving for sure that marijuana does have an effect on STM
Happy New Year everyone.
The article about evolving computers via FPGAs?
Hey for a minute I thought you meant something important, like quals for a phd or something (Mine were a fucking bitch, but my stupendous intelligence carried me thru). Then I realized you are talking about the fucking SATs. I got a combined score of 1750 on those, piece of fucking cake!
Having to be a testicle, I am happily the testicle of a spork.
I know, I know, why not a human. I start getting all ethical when I think of that.
The simple truth is that interstellar distances will not fit into the human imagination
- Douglas Adams
Here is a link to the lab's home page. The project is described briefly here. It would be nice if web-based included those links. It would also be nice if people in the biological sciences followed CS and put their publications on-line.
human(oid) creatures
scary or cool?
And here is something I always wanted to do. (No goatse link, really)
Owner of a Mensa membership card.
For more background info on how neurons work: see How stuff works sub-page on the brain. I was hoping that they would have a good discussion on how sodium and potasium ions move through the cell membranes creating a charge, but at least it's a good intro.
Kind thoughts do not change the world
Link in parent, UID > 100000, troll alert.
/dev/penis is here! control your penis from the command line!
forma3
...to being able to download our brains into computers. Not that it's something I'd want to do for a closer association with my computer, I just don't want to die.
A Guide to Canine Sex- Anna
Zoofilia, sexual intercourse with animals, has for a long time been a forbidden subject, considered 'sick', unethical and 'kinky' to name only a few classifications. With this text I would like to illuminate one of the kinds within animal sex, namely Canine sex -- dog sex as you would call it. The reason why I write this is to share my knowledge of this kind with other women, who have a similar interest, or who have considered having sex with dogs, but not dared to, or who have not known how to go about or who have not known it existed.
HISTORY
Zoofilia isn't something newly invented, something our 'modern depraved human brains have fallen into', in fact it goes thousands of years back in time, believe it or not.
Already before the Hellas Empire (the Greek) there are legends of humans having intercourse with animals, or half animals. It's quite interesting to read those stories, as a woman, the male is played by an animal and the female by a human woman. Often the texts are very detailed, and most of the times the women get pregnant, giving birth to gods, half-animals or humans with animal looks.
Whether one should believe these stories or not, I don't know, but at least it shows us that even before our so-called modern time there was some thought of animal intercourse. Whether it occurred or not, we don't know for sure, but the thought isn't hard. With the increasing technology mankind left the fields for the cities, and by doing this we also left the farms, which has created a large gap between man and animals, so you could probably think that zoofilia has decreased dramatically, but it's not that simple. Moving to flats in highly populated areas has of course led to having only some pets in the homes, with this the closeness pet-human has increased, and many households have shown that pets, especially dogs, have become a part of the Eastern way of living, the dog has become almost a member of the family, sleeping, eating and being a part of the daily routine in a home. This has increased the chance for women to enjoy animal sex, most of the sexual relations has in fact started quite innocent.
Some of the women I have met tells me that it started after looking at the dog doing his daily cleaning - that is licking himself and that they had started to fondle with his penis, others tell me theirs started by accident when the dog was sexual active and sniffed between their legs, some say it started with the dog trying to hump their legs, as dogs can do when they seek sexual relieve. It's quite hard to give any accurate figures in sex with animals, it's after all taboo, but some reports like the German 'The Haffner Sex Report', from 1992, tells us that about 14% of the farmers on a regular basis practices sex with animals, this includes all kinds of animals found on the farm and of course even men included in the practicing of animal sex. The report also tells us that another 3% of the farmers have at some point 'fooled around' that is, masturbated the animal, played with its genitals etc. This German report based on several thousands of interviews also shows that about 2-3% of all women has at some point tried some kind of dog sex, most of these from populated areas. About 80% of these women have continued having dog sex on a regular basis. This I know from experience, that is if done correctly. Dog sex can be very stimulating, and if done the 'proper' way even more exciting than a 'normal' human to human intercourse...
It's very easy to go on with animal sex, most women have fantasies about animal sex, to be taken by a wild animal, to enjoy it as much as the animal, to feel that specific animal lust within your- self... women thinking of animal sex might seem rare, but the truth is contrary. Psychological studies shows that more than 80% of all women has at some point fantasized or dreamt about begin taken by an animal, so it's merely a decision of actually doing it, and if you dare, you will be very happy you tried, believe me...
More to come..
My brain is as smoothe as a baby's bottom...
Its fun being dumb!
[The team] tested out the theory that learning results from a physical change that strengthens the connections between selected neurons. [They showed] how short- and long-term memories result from different physical effects in the brain
They showed physical effects that MAY be responsible for the phenomenon that we call memory. This is very good work, and it shows that these physical effects occur in the brain (there is some possibility that it's an artifact of their method but it's pretty slim.) They also occur on about the right timescale to explain memory. HOWEVER that is NOT sufficient to show that these physical effects are responsible for the phenomenon we call memory, just that they very well could be.
The point at which you call something "proven" can be fairly subjective but in this case we haven't eliminated other potential physical effects that might play some role, possibly a crucial or pivotal one, in actual memory.
As a scientist, I am convinced (just short of certain) that the effects that they've observed play some role in real memory. That doesn't mean that they play the definitive role.
I suspect that the scientists responsible for the research couched there statements in a number of caveats that the reporter simply ignored.
The good and new comes from no quarter where it is looked for, and is always something different from what is expected.
...but how can I use this to learn Ju-Jitsu?
You're right on the Johnny Mnemonic thing, but hey, if I could plug a module in my head that stored an entire encyclopedia and be able to access it like it were an adjunct to my own memory think what a benefit that would be in so many environments!! :)
Need to repair that aircraft engine you've never seen before? Plug the chip in! S'long as one has a foundation of basic skills and knowledge, the minutiae of many fields could be placed on a chip, saving (potentially) years of study.
If we could interface a neuronal structure (our brain) to a silicon structure (ROM) it would totally revolutionise the way we conduct our entire existence.
Not to mention the potential for interfacing. (DOOM the way it was meant to be! And other, er, "entertainment"
Just to inject a little shoot the moon sci-fi here, it seems like this moves the concept of memory "blanking" up a few years. With a good understanding of this stuff, it seems like you could develop a treatment (or perhaps even a drug) that could wipe out someone's memory of the past 24 hours (insert X-Files / Orwellian string swell here).
If your bitterest enemies are people who hack the heads off civilians, then I would say you're doing something right.
...on a Beowulf cluster of these!
Though not an impressively large cluster...
Oops, Blue Visual Field of Death again.
Give it up for the monkey! Every day you must give it up
Your a goat!
Some have photographic memories and some dont. These statistics you talk about dont take everything into account.
If you use Linux, please help development of Autopac
if you uploaded your brain signature into a computer you would merely copy your intellect, somewhat like a clone.
Would that self, that *I*, that makes you, YOU move to the computer? Or would it stay, and die in you?
It seems like a good idea, but unless you were somehow able to take your own unique spark of consciousness (christian sheep may be yelling Soul right now..) you would be dead as dead could be.
To do this kind of thing requires complete understanding of each *individual* brain. Everyone understands things in different ways, precisely because of the way that these neural connections form dynamically. To wire anything into a brain that can be understood would most likely take phenomonal brain power just to work out =)
Although.. The current brain implants rely on the brain to figure out what it means.. do you think it's possible for a brain to just `pick up' a data stream by figuring out it's relationship to existing knowledge? Sounds a little far-fetched to me..
The chip preparation seems cool, but this experiment doesn't prove a thing about learning or memory.
Changes in individual neurons have been observed in many ways (electrically, visually) in many preparations (live animals, brain slices, brain cultures) in response to artificially induced activity like what these guys used.
The problem is the assertion that the artificially induced activity is anything like what happens during real learning in an intact, awake brain. This is a hard problem, and the present study doesn't address it at all.
The study therefore has no real relevance to learning and memory.
It doesn't address the issue of HOW memories are stored, WHAT consists of a whole memory, and HOW memories exist in the same physical space.
-
Steve's Computer Service, Hobbs, NM
It's true. Don't reply to any of his posts.
that in the future (50+ years) I'll be able to plug a jack into my head and download PDF manuals to my motherboards so that I won't have to go digging in my huge file cabinet anymore? Matrix style baby!
I can't wait to have a USB jack in my head! heheh
Can all fish swim?
My "Dr. Weil" spider-sense is tingling. Maybe off topic, but Dr. Weil is Mr. Pseudo-Science.
While I agree with the idea that medical science should be more attuned to mental and nutritional aspects of health, Dr. Weil goes way beyond this. He basically leaves science behind. If you're just reading him because he has some interesting ideas, great. But don't treat him as a medical or nutritional authority. I don't have time to look up lots of links now, but here's a relatively benign one.
Move on. There's nothing to see here.
For the lazy:
See: http://www.inc.salk.edu/
Slashdot is an anagram for Has Dolts, and I am Dolt number 468543
That the mechanical guides the logical has been the basic assumption of Neural networks research for a long time. By Mechanical, I mean the physical connection between neurons, as opposed to the chemical levels in the neuron (the neuron holding state).
I've read that neurons can feed back into themselves, kind of like latches in computer memory, but in a much more complex way. I wonder if this is how the brain knows how to do long sequences: Part of the neural net keeps the brain focused on the task at hand, Say playing a song on a piano. The combination of the steady state and the current state ( I am at measure 4, third note, held for a count of 2) Figures out what to play next (G major chord in the left hand, start the trill with the right.)
So to learn a long sequence, the brain must start off with the short term memory of reinforcing with fibers the synapses for certain combinations...and then make new connections. That is why it is hard to learn a new song, and possible to play something you memorized in 5th grade. But since the actual playing of the instrument is common to both, it fades into the background.
One concept that I read about that is helpful in the study of Neural Nets is Orthogonaity. The more different two things are from each other, the easeir they are to differentiate. IE, Fire either Neuron 1 or Neuron 2 type distinctions. I guess that is why two things that are very similar (two different editors with different shortcut keystroke settings) can really confuse you...at least until the short term memory fibers kick in and reinforce the current task. Over time, It should get easier to switch between the two editors...just need to kick your brain into the right editor mode. Since Typing is the same for both of them, it fades into the back ground.
I wonder what triggers the start of the long term memory building process. Is it a threshhold of the short term memory that, once reached, kicks it into gear? Or is it a gradual process: adding more fibers will eventually build another connection.
Open Source Identity Management: FreeIPA.org
I smell a /. poll if I ever heard one.
.... er maybe that's just my christmas tree on fire!
... Kung-Fu.
Thank you.
P.B., Esq.
It's very cool to read that the basic research to verify neural models is being done. Like someone else said, it's not definitive, but it certainly does give us good evidence that certain electro-chemical situations strengthen existing synapses and even form new ones (the filaments).
I've always felt (intuitively, not scientifically) that the brain was made up of a series of interconnected networks, each fulfilling different roles. There's a very special role, though -- our point of interest.
If synapses are altered by the current that flows through them, then point of interest is critically important because it directs where the current goes.
The upshot is that the things you find interesting (and think about) are the things that get strengthened. So what determines your interest?
Well, we're very visual creatures, so a lot of what interests us is stuff we can see. We are continually interested in a great deal of the information that comes in from our five senses.
This sort of implies that you can strengthen different points of your mind by focusing on them, directing your interest towards those points. Your interest excites those neural pathways in your mind, strengthening them.
Want to get better at programming? THINK about it. A lot. Stop thinking about what you're seeing, and move in an abstract direction instead. Don't waste your valuable brain electricity on strengthening visual neurons that take too much already.
Wow, that is good! I only got a 1601.
SO this means, I can shine a flashlight in my eyes and learn all kinds of crazy shiznat?
SWEEET! My folks always said that some of my neurons weren't firing!
Step 2, finding batteries for my maglight...
Find Escorts, Strippers, Massage Parlours, Swingers
The idea that presynaptic firing and postsynaptic firing control the synaptic efficacy of a cell was proposed by Donald Hebb in 1947. However, it has also been questioned that different neurons behave differently. For instance, granular cells may act differently then cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (they are drastically different in size and number for one). Therefore, these scientists have shown a particular case, they have not shown that Hebb learning can be generalized throughout all the brain, only that in certain cells obey Hebbian learning.
ANNs do all those things ... it's just a question of allocating enough I/O-layer neurons and processing layers to cover an association problem, and then adjusting the synaptic connections by training. Training the chip-mounted natural neurons should be easy, because the substrate will allow independent control of internal layer states.
1. Fire neurons, grow them on silicon, tell death conscious geeks that they can achieve immortality if they donate to the EFF (who wants to live forever in RIAAland?) and the folks who need the $ to actually work on this kind of stuff.
2. ???!?!!! --- work on after lunch
3. Majorleague Profit for all invovled!!!!!!
- mr. underhill
Neurotic Behavior Observed
Simple Hebbian learning wouldn't produce long and short term memories because with Hebbian learning, as with most other synaptic strength adjustment rules, all of the associative information ends up encoded in the synaptic strengths, AFAIK. This article suggests to me a continuum of neuron body states existing irrespective of synaptic strengths, with dependence on the recentness of training. It's maybe also worth noting that other learning rules could be implemented after pre-training of connections i.e ensuring a uniformity of layering, etc. in the "blank" associative memory.
PubMed Central: an Archive of life science journals
As a Neurscience grad student, I agree with a previous poster that this research does not really PROVE it, but, IMHO provides more evidence to the body of previous work which supports the idea that these effects are truly a part of mammalian memory.
/. crowd to know this (I hold little expectation of good biology knowledge from the people here anyways - read how many people talk about neuronal-computer interfaces anything SOMETHING neuro is brought up.).
I also feel that people here should realize that this isn't as ground-shaking as it seems. Neuroscientists have long been studying the effects of Short-Term, Medium-Term, and Long-Term Memory in Fruit Flies, as well as the supposed molecular basis of these effects (Short Term and Long Term Potentiation) in neuronal cultures as well as dissociated and intact nervous systems of Opisthobranch molluscs (esp. Aplysia).
It seems that the techniques and silicon substrate is the more novel part of this analysis, but I don't expect much of the
For anyone who SERIOUSLY wants to learn more about this sort of thing, here are a few authors/researchers to check out(and where they arem to the best of my knowledge):
Long-Term Memory in Fruit Flies:
Martin Heisenberg (Max Planck - Germany), Jerry Yin, Tim Tully (Cold Spring Harbor Lab - NY, USA)
Short, Long Term Potentiation/Learning in Neuronal Cultures and Molluscs:
Eric R. Kandel (BIG name in neuro - Columbia, NY, USA), John H. Byrne (U. Texas Medical at Houston, TX, USA), Thomas Carew (UC Irvine, CA, USA), and David Glanzman (UCLA, CA, USA)
Sincerely,
Kevin Christie
Neuroscience Program
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
crispiewm@hotmail.com
The neurons used were from the hippocampus, the area of the human brain thought to be crucial in forming memories.
Note that this does not say
or In all likelihood, an unborn child was murdered, and its corpse mutilated, to provide the fodder for these hideous experiments.[Thanks to Fark.com for all of these wonderfully sick jokes! I couldnt have done it without you! And thanks to all the Anonymous Cowards who have flamed me, I have three words for you! YHBT! YHL! HAND! Apparently this post is extremely good at getting biters. According to an anonymous coward, Attorney General Ashcroft is also after little old WIPO Troll now, in addition to the Canadian cops-on-a-horse that another A.C. sent after me a couple days earlier. Well, this should be fun. Keep up the biting, Slashdotters! ed.]
________________________________________J. Wipo Troll, Esq.
Crapflooder Associates
Slashdot.org
ACHTUNG! Down with any who use ethics and any logical understanding of how you can not kill one to save another and still claim to be a benefactor of good progress.
I don't believe there's much difference between the neurons of most mammals for the experiments described in the article, so using human embryo neurons is a bit far-fetched, not to mention un-needed, you know? I doubt that using embryonic cells of any species for that purpose is necessary, anyways -- the hippocampus creates new neurons constantly, AFAIK. Maybe you'd be happier if the research was being done in another country?
I've got no problem if it's rats or mice or squid.
On the other hand, if an unborn child were murdered...
Confutatis maledictis, When the wicked are confounded,
Flammis acribus addictis: Doomed to flames of woe unbounded,
Voca me cum benedictis. Call me, with Thy Saints surrounded.
Oro suplex et acclinis, Low I kneel, with heart submission!
Cor contritum quasi cinis: See, like ashes my contrition!
Cere curam mei finis. Help me in my last condition!
It's a really interesting effect and I don't doubt that it's got something to do with the mechanisms of memory, but there's a lot of evidence for the role of changes in gene expression in memory as well. Take a look at Doctor Eric Kandel's research. There's a reason he got the Nobel Prize, the Wolf prize, the Lasker Award, the Gairdner Award, the Harvey Prize, and the National Medal of Science - the man has done an immense amount to elucidate the basis of memory. I know it's more fashionable around here to think of neurons as something to hook up to electrodes, but like just about everything biological it's a little bit more complicated than that. I'd place real money on both effects being part of the process.
My main question for all this: How does free will come into the picture? In fact, what is free will? This is not so easy to answer, when I consider that at best our brains (the biological thing--not the mind) are only switches, however complex. These switches must either be deterministic (i.e., a single input to a unique brain state relates to a single output), or deterministic with some randomness thrown in (arising from uncertainty on a quantum level, for example).
So what part is the free will? Is it deterministic when I make a choice? Is it random? It is at best a combination of these. When I choose A or B (for example), the outcome of my choice depends on my initial brain state (i.e., the configuration of my brain's matter and energy) plus the input. This is deterministic, or at best random. There is no homonculous inside me making the choice. (And if there were, what makes him decide?)
So where does my free will arise? Is it just a product of my deterministic/random machine? If so, could we not reprogram those who make consistently wrong (i.e., criminal) choices? It would be just like reprogramming a complex neural network, using something like the techniques mentioned in the article.
What about holding people accountable for their choices? We presume that people mean the obvious results of their actions, but what part of this deterministic/random machine is responsible for the final choice? If the decisionmaker is actually deterministic or random, is it accountable? Are we ever actually free to choose other than we do?
Anyone who says the answer lies in the human soul, please stay home.
Here are two articles that relate to the work done with NMDA receptors (from late '96). IMHO they are rather convincing of the role that synaptic strengthening plays in the process of learning.
The first article also tells that they were able to translate the activation pattern in hippocampus to the spatial location of the mouse (while it was swimming in Morris water maze).
Watch out! It's a goatse.cx link!