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1KM 802.11b @ 2MB
OffTheRack writes "Check out this web site to see how a guy in Egypt built his own line-of-site (H:Get? It's Punny.) 1KM broadband connection. Plenty of nice pictures." Pretty cool set-up.
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Plenty of nice pictures. not for long.
this site has been up for several years, back when the pringles can first came out, sheesh, get some new contenct (like those cool dlink repeaters for 802.11b)
come comment on the madness at http://slashdot.org/~phreak03/journal/
"Line-of-site" is what the surveyors drew along an edge of a pyramid which was to be built.
I feel my children growing third arms, though they be but little swimmers in my special place.
Don't know how long this server will last so:
:)
----------[snip]---------------
1KM, 2Mbps, 802.11b wireless link using
Linksys WAP11 + Yagi, in Hurghada, EGYPT
By: Hassan Adly
Hurghada, Red Sea, EGYPT
Posted December 10, 2001
Background:
I have an Internet cafe in Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt, with an expensive broadband satellite connection, located 1 km from my house. The roofs of both buildings have a clear line of sight between them. At home I was previously limited to a V.90 modem connection, and remote administration of the cyber cafe network was impossible.
A fast connection between my house and the cafe was becoming more and more necessary, mostly in order to provide remote administration at acceptable speeds, but also of course to finally get fast Internet at home! Me-wann' download quicky-quicky now!
The Project:
A lot of aimless browsing brought me to I, Cringly. This man is a genius. On his "Pulpit" section is a treasure trove of articles on what I would call survival techniques in the digital age. After considering rolling my own DSL on an analog leased line, which would entail for me a hefty annual telecom fee (plus the rather high cost of Pair-Gain SDSL modems), I stumbled across This article about 802.11, which describes how Bob Cringley, with little trouble (use of telescopes notwithstanding), connected his rural home to a DSL connection he had set up 10 miles (16km) away.
So according to the theories gleaned from Cringley's article, I realised I could connect my domestic LAN to my workplace LAN, with the help of two wireless LAN bridging devices, and a couple of good antennae (and no annual fee!). Obviously worth further investigation..
I started with Cringley's 802.11 links, which sent me well on my way to wireless Nirvana. Detailed instructions and antenna designs abound, along with some innovative ideas (mostly about saving money, which is good).
After some quick price-researching I found that the cheapest 802.11 unit available that suited my purposes was the Linksys WAP11, which has detachable antennae, LAN-bridging capability, 128bit WEP encryption, and best of all, at the time of writing only costs US$134.- on Amazon.com! This unit has the best value for money available for this type of device right now. I lost no time in ordering me a couple of these gems and having them delivered to a friend in California who just happened to be on his way to Egypt a few weeks later. Lucky me!
The WAP11 has an out-of-the-box claimed maximum range of about 450 meters under ideal conditions, which even if true falls well short of my 1km requirement. I Also want to be able to connect at high speeds. A replacement is required for the antennae (obviously). So, logitech wheel-mouse in hand, I set about building some!
My first project was based on the ingenious Pringles can design. The hardest part for me about emulating the design on Rob Flickenger's website was finding Pringles cans for sale in Egypt. Fortunately I found a supermarket that stocks them and was able to build a pair. If you want to try the Pringles design let me warn you: Under no circumstances should you eat more than a few Pringles at a time! After eating a canful I was positively sick, to the point that all antenna construction was halted for two days! Unfortunately after all my efforts the "Pringletenna" link refused to work, either through a design fault of my own, or noise, or whatever. Maybe it's the grease in the pringles..
After much hand-wringing, beard-ripping, hair-pulling, etc, I decided to construct a more "industrial standard" antenna, which I did without much ado (pictured right). Sporting a 3 full wavelengths collector (compared to the pringletenna's 1 wavelength), and weather-proof PVC piping as the outer shell, these antennae from the start looked as if they meant business, and indeed they did, because as soon as they were installed and properly aimed, they produced a 2Mbps signal at 1km distance. Hurrah! Me do download at home quicky-quicky now!
At one side of the connection the LAN switch is more than 40 meters away from the antenna, with the other side about 20 meters. Instead of trying to push the WAP11's FCC-impaired signal through long antenna cables I decided to put my WAP11's right next to the antennae. Since the WAP11's aren't weatherproof I had to use a weatherproof housing.
I found these boxes (pictured above and left) at about US$10.- a piece at a local electrical parts store. To the left you can see how my access point as well as its DC adapter fit inside the box, with the LAN, power, and antenna cables entering through the side. BTW the DC adapter included with the WAP11 works internationally, supporting voltages from 110-250VAC. Very thoughtful on Linksys' part.
The roofs of both buildings are relatively secure, so theft of the AP is unlikely, however I am concerned about the fallibility of my housings, at the time of writing it is winter here, with average temperatures around 20-25C during the day, however in summer temperatures here in the Sahara desert can reach 50C. Additionally we very ocassionally experience high wind speeds (over 100km/h) and sand storms. The housings are rain and wind-proof, but whether the AP's will survive the extreme summer environment and sand storms is still a question unanswered. In theory I could install some forced-air cooling such as computer power-supply fans, but I've decided to let next summer be my creation's token reliability test (perhaps Linksys could pay me and use it in an ad-campaign like: "tested in the Sahara desert"..).
The WAP11's antenna connectors, I found to my chagrin, are unlike anything available in northern Africa. The "pigtail" connectors I have read about on American sites are unavailable in Egypt and considering that they cost about $60 each anyway, all the better. After days of driving from one electronics shop to another with no success, I decided to dismantle the standard WAP11 antenna and modify its connector for my purposes. After a lot of clamping, hammering and grinding, this is what I ended up with, a brutalized Linksys connector with a standard satellite dish N-connector jammed onto its backside. So instead of a $60 pigtail, I got a solution that cost me about $1 for the n-connectors (including the ones I destroyed during experimentation). I got the approximately 4 meters of cable I needed for free from a sat-dish repairman I know.
So far the most expensive modification was the 60 meters of Cat5 cable I had to pull from my LAN switches to the AP's.
For now I've set up one WAP11 as an AP, and the other as an AP client. I am using 64-bit shared-key WEP encryption (the WAP11 supports 128-bit WEP but higher encryption reduces speed). To support bridging mode and 64/128 bit WEP the WAP11 requires a firmware upgrade.
I should note here that the WAP11 has a nasty habit of going to sleep (for lack of a better expression) when there has been no traffic for a while. I solved this by setting my proxy server to continuously ping the client WAP11 from the other side of the link. That keeps them lazy WAP11's awake! I think Linksys should include a "keep alive" function in the next WAP11 firmware update, because this issue appears to be confusing a lot of people.
In order to preclude any unauthorized wireless access to my network I am planning to implement a Linux router behind the AP with CBQ routing to experiment with bandwidth management and deny bandwidth to unauthorized IP addresses. Not that we have many wardrivers in Egypt, but you can never be too safe, especially in Africa, eh?
My Costs:
2x WAP11:
$298.- (now $268 incl. shipping!)
60 meters CAT 5 cable:
$30.-
Yagi antenna parts:
About $10.-
2x Weather-proof boxes
$20.-
60 meters Electrical cable
$10.-
So for a total cost of about US$360.- I built a 1 km wireless link, running for the past 2 months at 2Mbps. Yay!
Future mods:
I am beginning to suspect that my choice of coca-cola cans as reflectors on the Yagi antennae may be affecting signal quality (hence the maximum speed of only 2Mbps). Hence I am looking for a flat-based can that has the same diameter as the coca-cola can.
Another modification I want to try is putting an Omni-directional antenna on the AP side. I'm combing newsgroups and websites for designs and ideas as time allows. My Dad has a nifty Senao wireless phone with a 60km range, and I'm trying to convince him to lend me his station antenna
For really long range links and highly improved signal strength, I believe one would require a bi-directional 2.4GHz amplifier like one of these hard to get wonders. Dear Santa, I want a couple of those military-spec 10 Watt amplifiers for Christmas!
Last on my wishlist is a UPS connected to each WAP11. I find that after power-outages the AP's take a while to see each other.
Noise issues:
Although I live in a small-ish town with presumably little electromagnetic interference, it is worth mentioning that this high-gain, 3 meter tall GSM network monstrosity is located about 7 meters away from my AP antenna, on the same roof. I really can't tell whether or not it is affecting my antenna. Across the road are a pair of of GSM omni-directional antenna towers (pictured below) which to my knowledge also don't seem to affect my link.
By: Hassan Adly
Acaila
Growing Old is Inevitable; Growing Up is Optional.
Download pr0n and kill some birds at the same time!
Job? I don't have time to get a job! Who will sit around and bitch about being broke and unemployed then?
Egypt is pretty flat, so LOS is easy. All you need is an AP & a Pringles can.
Now if they were wiring all the pyramids with net access or something. then that would be cool.
You tried your best, & you failed miserably,
The lesson is:
Never Try
Although I live in a small-ish town with presumably little electromagnetic interference, it is worth mentioning that this high-gain, 3 meter tall GSM network monstrosity is located about 7 meters away from my AP antenna, on the same roof. I really can't tell whether or not it is affecting my antenna.
I think the more important question would be, "Is your unlicensed amplified antenna affecting their transmissions"
amazing - a site that has all
.. when you could use lynx and download individual gifs and view them without problem ..
Clear text
Clear reference links
adequate pictures
interesting topic matter
and no popups or ads
Sounds like the internet around 1995
http://trevormarshall.com/biquad.htm
I read direct TV dishes are a lot easier to build and go alot further.
How sad. The Egyptian guy comes from a nation that has an illustrious history and a civilization that predates yours by oh....a couple thousand years, and you come up with such a stereotypical "joke".
It's no wonder the "2nd World" nations resent the West. We hold them down and put them down at any chance.
-- You see, there would be these conclusions that you could jump to
I sure hope they don't get serious electrical storms in Egypt, or this fellow may find himself with a big problem on his LAN.
Anyone else picture WAPs on the tops of all the pyramids when you read the summary?
"Sic Semper Tyrannosaurus Rex."
After who knows how much time spent on planning and building the project, he finally gets it working, much to his delight: ...these antennae from the start looked as if they meant business, and indeed they did, because as soon as they were installed and properly aimed, they produced a 2Mbps signal at 1km distance. Hurrah! Me do download at home quicky-quicky now!
But, like a true geek,
Future mods:
I am beginning to suspect that my choice of coca-cola cans as reflectors on the Yagi antennae may be affecting signal quality (hence the maximum speed of only 2Mbps). Hence I am looking for a flat-based can that has the same diameter as the coca-cola can.
It works! It's perfect! Now let's take it apart merely for the sake of making it faster!
I guess "quicky-quicky" just isn't quick enough.
only solve the last 3/4 mile problem then? what about that last 1/4 mile?
Linksys outputs 50mw. If you were to go to the FCC regulation maximum of 100mw (1 watt), you would do better.
If you use Cisco's Wireless Calculator Excel spreadsheet, you will see that a 21 dbi parabolic dish (as seen here could grant you 76.1 kilometers.
Now you have problems with this distance. Line of sight, for one.
The common calculation calls for a cone shaped space from each antenna meeting at the middle. This is called the Fresnel Zone The calculator says that this zone, for 76km is 28.2 meters (92 feet). So, you have to have 92 feet of clearance. No trees. No buildings. Nothing.
At this distance (44.5 miles) The earth curvature is 90 feet, somehow your signal must peak over that!
So, you are going to need antenna heights of over 150 meters to set up a 802.11b wireless like of this long.
Most engineers say this is simply not feasable. Other issues, such as antenna alighment, water (nasty multipath bounce), WiFi hotspot interferance, and the actual time it takes for a signal to travel that far are issues as well.
So just remember line of sight. If you have clean line of sight to the other endpoint, and clarity through the Fresenel Zone, you might just have a chance for point-point 802.11b wireless.
Cheers!
Best quote from the article:
"Me-wann' download quicky-quicky now!"
No one has come to the defense of Pringles yet!
He quite plainly accuses of making him sick for days. I figured some geek would be defending their favorite snack food by now.
I guess you can't just dive into two cans. Without a digestive system attuned to American junk food, you have to work your way in slowly.
Either that or those pringles could easily have been off. He looked for them for days, who knows how long they'd been around and what summer in the desert does to them.
And I second the observation - clean text no advertisements, what is this the web circa 1996.
Ick
Thank you, Slashdot, for making me the man^H^H^Hboy I am today.
Sorry. Missed my link. Type too fast:
You can check out the various power limitations for 802.11b across the world at this site:
Maximum Power Levels and Antenna Gains
A country to regulation listing is here
not to nitpick, but is it 100mw or 1 watt....100 mw = 0.1 w
I may be way off base here...but I was under the impression that 128 bit encrypted products couldn't be exported without a permit of some kind. The author mentions that a friend in California brought the products to Egypt. Wouldn't that be illegal to export such a product?
And yes, I do find it cool what he did... just curious about the legality by US laws.
Mike
I'm using a HyperLink omni and amp on a 20 foot mast on
top of a two story farmhouse. The amp is fed by an Airport
base station. My rev. A iBook gets 2mb from 2 miles away
with it's internal antenna if it can LOS the antenna.
I'm in rural flatland Indiana so it's pretty easy to spot the
house and antenna from far away.
I'm running below legal power limit but I'm feeding the
antenna with a 75 ft. feed from the amp so I'm very
sub optimal. Gotta get things spiffier in the spring
but for now, it's cold out there. No way I'm going up
on the roof for a couple months.
And as everybody knows you get more chicks if you can tell the difference.
:wq
I would say this practice deserves the name 'Google wacking' a lot more than that silly game with two words and one hit.
<grub> Reading
Why? Do you feel that while you are checking out the bowels of Khufu's pad you'll suddenly really need to check your E-Mail on that little PDA?
If the answser is Yes to the above question you need to logout right now and run (don't walk) away from the computer. You are hearby banned from all eletronic gizmo's for the period of 48 hours.
"They do not preach that their god will rouse them, a little before the Nuts work loose." Kipling, 'The Sons of Martha'
Am I the only person who glanced at this headline and thought that Slashdot was posting headinlines in leet?
Thats probably why you got modded to +5 funny.
...ducks!
In Soviet America the banks rob you!
So phreak03 claims the site has been up for "several years".
The author of the site, claims on it, that it was posted in Dec'01. Not really what I'd consider "several years".
The Cringely article referenced in the piece was posted Feb 7,2002.
Odd, what?
"Politicians are interested in people. Not that this is always a virtue. Fleas are interested in dogs." P.J. O'Rourke
The plastic in your coax (or insulation on your twisted pair) has epsilon of more than 1, slowing signal down. Light is fastest in vacuum, in air it's just a notch slower, but when you start adding solid insulation, it can get you down quite a bit.
Paul B.
whee.........
Hey, Snake, did you know that childlessness is hereditary? That's right, if your parents never had children, there's a good chance you never will either.
Friends don't help friends install M$ junk.
This guy has a page hit counter at the bottom of his page, it's quite funny to refresh it and watch it go up extremely fast. 45845... 45900... and so on.
I am a filthy pirate.
Hmmm, guess what, this will take you to their damn ugly website where I'm sure you can find out more! I can't be bothered to read up on the phones, but did notice that they have a range of 802.11b hardware for up to 25kms that this guy would love to have, why? well they have lightning protection (surge arrester) aswell as being watertight and weatherproof with POWER over Ethernet (never heard of it before myself). He'd also have got a standard N-type connector, 273K-323K temperature range (he could still go to high though, just). The only wierd thing (is it not) is that it has a 10 Base T connector for the local network, so your 11Mbs suddenly gets chopped to a theoretical 10 before you even try to get anything out of it.
Never underestimate the dark side of the Source
Under no circumstances should you eat more than a few Pringles at a time! After eating a canful I was positively sick, to the point that all antenna construction was halted for two days!
Sounds like he got the Olestra version...(although even the regular pringles are pretty damn greasy)
Don't believe me? Check out this. Look at the section called "Microscopic View of Copper Wire".
The electric FIELD in the wire moves at nearly the speed of light. The electrons THEMSELVES are barely moving at all!
2Mbps at 1km point p-t-p is not much - we do that at work all the time (I'm working for a wireless ISP).
Linksys WAP11 is one of the worst pieces of HW I have seen (I haven't even looked at the worse ones). You need a trained monkey to monitor it (no SNMP - try using Cricket or MRTG) and have to reboot it once a week. Even if you have the monkey, the box won't tell you anything - no signal strength, no retransmission counter, just the packet counters (at least in version 1.009).
If you intend to build such a link, use either decent FHSS devices (but those are quite expensive), or something like SparkLAN (sorry, no URL, try google) - a friend of mine is using those for 5km 8Mbps links (under ideal conditions, of course). These are about $200 in Slovakia, don't know about US (or Egypt).
It is also better to use high-gain (like 24dBi) antennas - have a look at Andrew. Do not use omnidirectional antennas.
Also try to keep the HF cables as short as possible (the guy could have made them some 2ft shorter) and water-proof your connectors - or your link will go down anytime the rain coes (and will not come up after some months due to rust)
Ahh, to have American FCC regulations.....
/ ps 430/products_configuration_guide_chapter09186a0080 0e0299.html#1013548
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless
Americas - 4W effective power (out of the antenna). You can stick a 13.5dB antenna on a full power 100mW access point, no problem
Europe - 0.1W effective power. You can stick a 0dB antenna on a 100mW access point, or 2.2dB on a 50mW AP.
China - 0.01W effective power. You can stick a 0dB antenna on a 5mW access point. Anything more powerful you cant.
I geuss that rules out legal long range (or even short-range) hops in the UK. Anyone got any more information?
CPC sell a 22dB antenna with a high-power 2.4GHz video sender too. very naughty.
It turns out that what matters is the dielectric constant of the medium in which the electric wave travels.
In the case of wireless, that medium is air, which has a dielectric constant very nearly the same as free space (vacuum).
But electrical signals travelling in twisted pair wire (like category 5 cabling) travel a bit slower because the dielectric material they are travelling in is really the insulation in the wire. That's right, the signal is really travelling in the dielectric, not in the wires, per se.
So the speed of propagation doesn't depend on the properties of the wire conductor, but on the dielectric in between the two conductors.
You can calculate the speed if you know the relative permitivity of the dielectric. This is very closely related to the index of refraction, by the way.
Anyway, in most practical situations (i.e., in non-magnetic materials) the velocity equals the free-space speed of light divided by the square root of the relative permitivity of the dielectric. So in typical fiberglass circuit board, called FR4, where the '4' represents the relative permitivity, the speed of light is C/sqrt(4), or about half the free-space speed. Since the free-space speed is 300 Million meters per second, half of it is 150 million meters per second. You could also say that it is 150 meters per microsecond, or 0.150 meters per nanosecond, or 150 mm/ns.
But this is really only true for signals which are not on one of the surface layers. Surface layer signals experience a medium partially of FR4, and partially of air, so they travel a little faster.
--
MM
By including this sig, the copyright holders of this work or collection unreservedly place it in the public domain.
This is not a matter of legality, it is completely legal for Slashdot to link to this sites, but I believe it is in the moral duty and mere common decency for Slashdot to figure out some way to not fry some of these webservers.
/. would cache a page before posting a story (after requesting approval if copyrighted) and maybe including real links for future reference.
Huh? Moral duty? It would be nice if
But moral obligation?
Piss off webmasters? Do they post web sites in the hope that as few people as possible see them? If that were the case, they ought to have private sections.
War crimes, torture, lies, illegal spying... Would someone give Bush a blowjob, already, so he can be impeached?
I noticed that he mounted the antenna using what appears to be conventional Tie Wraps (AKA Ty Wraps). This is a very bad idea as the UV in sunlight will quickly break down the plastic Tie Wraps, turning them extremely brittle and the antenna will come crashing down to the roof.
I sent him e-mail to warn him about this but wanted to warn other Slashdot readers. If you must use Tie Wraps outdoors, use UV-resistant Tie Wraps which are usually, but not always, black. But even then, I would not recommend them in a structural role. It's fine to use them to keep wires neatly bundled and routed, but don't use them in "mission-critical" applications where a Tie-Wrap failure would leave something non-functional.
Hello everyone,
Stop! I can't take all this attention!
Anyway I wanted to shamelessly use this opportunity to post some comments:
Since I wrote that article my network has improved significantly. I now use proper N-connectors and RG213 cable, and I've got some links at about 5km now. I now have ten nodes installed, including one AP with a 9dbi omni.
All my AP's survived the summer and winter with no problems, the oldest units have been up for more than a year now.
If anyone is wondering how well the WAP11 deals with heat, they would be interested to know that last summer we had 47degC temps, and besides the operational nodes staying up, I left a WAP11 in my car. When I got to it it was warped and melted - but it worked anyway!
I never expected this kind of attention, else I would have updated my article.
Thanks everyone for the comments and emails!
Regards, Hassan