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California Tries Spam Ban

Schlemphfer writes "Spammers have likely received their biggest setback yet, when California governor Gray Davis today signed a bill outlawing all unsolicited email sent to and from the state. Two things about this new law stand out: first, it puts the burden on senders to prove that they are sending solicited email. Second, it bans the entire practice of spamming, with no loopholes at all like allowing messages with ADV: in the subject. Keep in mind California has the world's fifth largest economy, and they are planning to enforce the law with fines amounting to $1000 per each piece of spam. This law could be ruinous to spammers when it takes effect January 1st."

38 of 556 comments (clear)

  1. Can we really enforce this? by soren42 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The issue here is one of enforcement. What's to stop the dishonest from forging e-mail headers and the rest, to fine a company or individual out of existance?

    There's a huge issue with the volume of spam potentially involved. In the case of "fraudulent spam", who's going to investigate it, since the burden is on the sender?

    Not that I'm defending spammers, I think the law is a good idea, but if the execution is flawed, it could be short-lived.

    --

    "Adventure? Excitement? A Jedi craves not these things."
    1. Re:Can we really enforce this? by the_bahua · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I think a zealous group of vigilantes will emerge, and make a killing on hunting down and exposing spammers, for a while, until the spam actually calms down.

      Good move, CA.

    2. Re:Can we really enforce this? by prichardson · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Ok, here's a scenario for you. Suppose company A competes with company B. Company A sends out spam pretenbding to be company B. Company B gets fined out of existance. Company A has no competitors.

      --
      Help I'm a rock.
    3. Re:Can we really enforce this? by azav · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Good idea.

      We should organize representatives in many countries around the world to help track down these spammers that are out of the US. Then find a way to take them to court in their country by their violation of US law. If they are sending for someone in the US, they should be able to turn over theeir manes and an affadavit stating thay were spamming in proxy for a US company. Then go after the US company and run them up the flagpole. The representative who worked to resolve the problem would get a % of the judgement, say 25 - 50%.

      Any lawyers out there want to shoot me down or refine the idea?

      --
      - Zav - Imagine a Beowulf cluster of insensitive clods...
    4. Re:Can we really enforce this? by Doobian+Coedifier · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Have you registered your email address? Have you filed any complaints with the attorney general? Have you filed a lawsuit? Please don't complain if you haven't. It's like complaining about Bush, and having not voted.

    5. Re:Can we really enforce this? by exick · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Let me start by saying, I agree with the notion that the spam problem is only going to be fixed within the community, not by laws or regulations. However, the problem with spam isn't just about people receiving and having to sift through a bunch of unwanted email. It's also about the amount of bandwidth it consumes. Even if I am able to block the spam at the server side, it obviously still took someone's bandwidth to get it that far.

      Also, the average person doesn't run their own mail server. If they want to use Bayesian filtering or any other method of blocking spam at the mail server, they are at the mercy of their ISP or email provider. I think it's unreasonable to expect every person with an email address to have the skills necessary to run and maintain a spam-filtering mail server. That's not to say they shouldn't make some effort to learn how to deal with it, just not that extreme.

      I say if you want to get rid of the spam problem, stop fucking clicking through! Spammers don't keep sending this stuff out because they like watching people get pissed (though I'm sure some do). They continue to do it because they are making money. That means people are visiting the sites and/or making purchases via the spam. If people would cut that out, the spam would likely slow down considerably.

      The question I have is how is it possible that California is making it illegal to send UCE to my Inbox, but it's still legal to send UCRealMail to my actual mailbox? I find it very difficult to believe that this will be enforceable, but it sure looks good on paper.

    6. Re:Can we really enforce this? by miu · · Score: 4, Insightful
      People who have serious spam problems are not very good at dealing with it.

      You are so wrong. My home email which I manage myself is mostly spam free - I see maybe one piece of spam a week. My work email is full of internal communications, mail from marketing, mail from customers, status reports, and so on. I cannot filter that mail aggresively and see 10 to 20 pieces of spam a day.

      I know exactly how to deal with spam, but because of the use and exposure of that email address those options are unavailable.

      --

      [Set Cain on fire and steal his lute.]
    7. Re:Can we really enforce this? by randyest · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Stop the FUD and RTFL (Read The Fine Law):

      The bill would instead prohibit a person or entity located in California from initiating or advertising in unsolicited commercial e-mail advertisements.

      So:

      1. Not commercial. Flame away in private.
      2. The "spoofs" would need to include some commercial message or invitation to buy a product. If that spoof doesn't include a commercial offer, case closed. If it does include a commercial offer, it would be rather easy to show whether or not a business relationship exists between the acutal sender and the commercial entity on whose behalf the email was (allegedly) sent or spoofed (i.e. compensation was exchanged or not). In short: cuo bono (who profits?).
      3. Commerical endeavors have always suffered more restrictions than non-commercial ones. This does not jeapordize that clear line in any way, shape, or form. Witness the anti-telemarketing Do Not Call registries that apply to commercial interests but not non-profits or politicians. There is no slippery slope here, please move along.

      Oh, and kindly bite my minorly-irritated shiny metal ass ;)

      --
      everything in moderation
    8. Re:Can we really enforce this? by zurab · · Score: 2, Insightful
      Stop the FUD and RTFL (Read The Fine Law):


      I am not the parent poster but I read the law and I believe it is narrow-minded and broadly written.

      It is fine for gov't to try to regulate spam in the short term before it gets totally out of hand and before a more long-term technical solution is widely adopted. Where this bill lacks in inside understanding is how it defines spam. The bill prohibits anyone in CA (or anyone sending an e-mail to anyone in CA) to send an "Unsolicited commercial e-mail advertisement". This is how this term is defined:

      (o) "Unsolicited commercial e-mail advertisement" means a
      commercial e-mail advertisement sent to a recipient who meets both of
      the following criteria:
      (1) The recipient has not provided direct consent to receive
      advertisements from the advertiser.
      (2) The recipient does not have a preexisting or current business
      relationship, as defined in subdivision (l), with the advertiser
      promoting the lease, sale, rental, gift offer, or other disposition
      of any property, goods, services, or extension of credit.


      This does NOT differentiate between bulk e-mail and regular e-mail. Any e-mail message with any hint of commercial advertizing in it could be included in the above definition, even if it is addressed to a specific person/party with a specific purpose. For example, if you are a business owner producing widget A, and, while searching the web you find a company that buys A widgets to make B widgets, you proceed to look up their contact information, introduce yourself, and request someone get back to you if they are interested - this whole scenario is now illegal.

      In fact, there's nothing illegal if you did exactly the same as above but over the phone, or via snail mail. Moreover, the following argument that

      (a) Roughly 40 percent of all e-mail traffic in the United States
      is comprised of unsolicited commercial e-mail advertisements
      (hereafter spam) and industry experts predict that by the end of 2003
      half of all e-mail traffic will be comprised of spam.


      is stupid. Roughly 90% of my snail mail box is junk mail. Yet I don't see any politicians jumping on bills like these that would outlaw sending bulk or individual "commercial" letters.

      And, to reemphasize the point, the problem lies in bulk commercial e-mail, not individual e-mail correspondence (whether commercial or not). The bill fails to define the problem correctly and overreaches to what otherwise would be completely valid and legitimate means of communication. In this way, it restricts business, and, more importantly, I believe restricts free speech.
    9. Re:Can we really enforce this? by cpt+kangarooski · · Score: 2, Insightful

      the only law that really counts IMHO (the Constitution) provides protection for free speech, not commercial speech

      Well, there is of course a California constitution. I'm not very familiar with the constitutional law of California, but it's certainly possible that Art. I, Sec. 2 might be applicable -- mere unsolicited email may not mean abuse.

      As for the somewhat more important federal constitution, it affords protection to very nearly all speech. Obscenity, fraud, libel, and slander are the traditional areas of exclusion.

      Commercial speech is protected. Where it differs from non-commercial speech ('free speech' isn't really a useful thing to say in this context) is that it's generally accepted to require additional disclosures to be made, whereas most people are protected from having to assert a belief. (See e.g. Barnette)

      But the line of cases involving commercial speech makes VERY plain that it is protected speech, and these days is very nearly protected as much as non-commercial speech.

      Of course, ANY speech may potentially be regulated sans an amendment to the constitution. There are various analyses that go into whether or not it's permissible in a given case. See, e.g. Brandenburg, New York Times, Black, O'Brien, etc.

      And of course, even the vaunted FTC is limited as to how far it can regulate commercial speech -- it only enjoys as much power as Congress could give it. What Congress is forbidden to do, the FTC is forbidden to do as well.

      --
      -- This and all my posts are in the public domain. I am a lawyer. I am not your lawyer, and this is not legal advice.
  2. whatever... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

    Davis is just trying to save his own skin. He's going group by group and signing off on half-baked laws to basically "buy" each group's vote.

    Anyone need a driver's license? Just go to California with a very easily forged Mexican id.

    Eventually this law will be pulled as a violation of free speech.

  3. Hello small claims court! by Broodje · · Score: 3, Insightful

    This bill would authorize the recipient of a commercial e-mail advertisement transmitted in violation of these prohibitions,... to recover liquidated damages of $1,000 per transmitted message up to $1,000,000 per incident..

    I won't get greedy and just take my chances in small claims :)

  4. Burden? by Rkane · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The burden will ALWAYS be on the recipient of unsolicited emails. When I login to my computer and find 90 ads for viagra and mother-son sex sites, it is on MY shoulders to inform authorities of the sender. Also, with all of the masking of addresses and such, how are they going to possibly prove who sent what to whom? A smart spammer will still get away with it.

    On another note, how will the law apply to someone from another state visiting CA and checking their mail? What about a Californian visiting another state checking their mail? What about someone using an out of state ISP to check their mail?

    One state banning spam is just going to create a paperwork nightmare. Call me when you have a real solution.

    1. Re:Burden? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      On another note, how will the law apply to someone from another state visiting CA and checking their mail? What about a Californian visiting another state checking their mail? What about someone using an out of state ISP to check their mail?

      RTFA - the ban only applies to CA state employees, and presumably, only to thier 'work' address. This law isn't a big deal, and it would be very easy for spammers to comply, simply filter out those domains. At the same time, the state has some chance at enforcement if they throw resources at it, and manage to find spammers in the US, though, if they (the spammers) were not in CA I think there would be a lot of legal hassles over jurisdiction and standing.
      FWIW, it seems that this law is more of a monument, an idea to get the ball rolling in other states and the national level. Let's hope it works.
      -BK

    2. Re:Burden? by wik · · Score: 2, Insightful

      > The burden will ALWAYS be on the recipient of unsolicited emails

      When someone steals your car, who calls the cops? Certainly not the thief!

      --
      / \
      \ / ASCII ribbon campaign for peace
      x
      / \
  5. Follow the money! by HaeMaker · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Just follow the money...

  6. Re:spam is ramping up by stratjakt · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Does that count as solicited or unsolicited?

    Did you ask him to send you an email? Nope? Then its unsolicited.

    But he got the address off your web page, just like the spammers. So if that makes his solicited, then so are theirs.

    The potential for abuse with this loony law is enormous.

    Keep laws off the internet, use technology to fix technology.

    A good admin can eliminate most spam. A lawyer cant.

    --
    I don't need no instructions to know how to rock!!!!
  7. Who can enforce this? The Geeks know... by Schwartzboy · · Score: 3, Insightful
    Good point. Disturbingly so. Since this is a government entity attempting to interact with, nay, regulate, something in cyberspace, I'm very afraid of the possibilities here. If, as I'm frequently told and haven't ever bothered to learn for myself, a good techie-type can dig through the forged headers and faked sender info to discover the true origins of a message, then this entire anti-spam plan would hinge upon hiring enough of the right kind of geeks to investigate every claim.
    "Step 3: Geeks Profit!" would have to be religiously adhered to, because I can think of few jobs more dull than sifting through possibly-faked message info. If I've been misinformed and a really well-faked e-mail is indistinguishable from the genuine article, or if the gov't suits refuse to pay geeks good money to waste time investigating this stuff, I can look into the future and see all kinds of poo-poo hitting the spinning blades.

    The third choice, I guess, is to set up a Beowulf cluster of SCO-kerneled Linux boxen, give each spammer an original sig, and declare that forevermore all unsolicited e-mail shall originate from billgates@microsoft.com. I'd pay $699 to watch that unfold.

    --
    "Linux doesn't exist. Everyone knows Linux is an unlicensed version of Unix"- Kieren O'Shaughnessy
  8. Re:Please! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I would be frustrated if my mental acuity was on your level too. If you think Gray bankrupted the State of California, why don't you mull these points over for a bit: 1) California has less money now, why? Because the REPUBLICANS CUT TAXES while the going was good; 2) Isn't it REPUBLICANS that are currently bankrupting the country too?

    Dude. Get a clue.

  9. Re:Please! by shaunyb · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This idiot governor...ruined our states economy

    actually he didn't. the cali economy is ruined for one very specific reason: a few years ago, the electric industry tested how free enterprise would work in their industry. the test was done in cali. electric companies were allowed to charge whatever they wanted for power, and the result was disastrous. at one point, a company was charging $9999 for one unit of electricity (whatever a unit is) because they thought they only had 4 characters for the price (they actually had 7). in addition, some companies were falsely claiming plant failures and malfunctions so that other more expensive plants would pump out the energy at higher prices. this caused massive blackouts. since energy bills were so high, many people couldn't pay them, and had to live without power for long periods of time. others "protested" the prices, and refused to pay even though they had the money.

    this has left california's electric industry in ruins. it is the cause of the massive deficit.

  10. But is it the right jurisdiction? by UninvitedCompany · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I have believed for some time there are only two ways the spam problem can be solved. 1. Ending the convention of accepting e-mail from unknown sources, that is, anyone not on a whitelist; and requiring authentication. 2. Legal means. The trouble with California's law is the jurisdictional issues it raises. Regulation of email traffic crossing state lines is arguably soley in the purview of the FCC, so aside from companies in California seeking to spam other Californians, I can't imagine the law will withstand a court challenge.

  11. Re:Please! by donutz · · Score: 2, Insightful

    AHHHHHHHHH, sorry... just a frustrated californian here.

    Don't just be frustrated. Vote the bastard out of office! and don't let his cronie Bustamante in either. That guy is full of crap too.

    What I don't get is why Hispanics think the Democrats' crap is good for them. Yay, illegals get free education and drivers licenses. That means plenty of cheap labor, so there's no pressure on employers to raise workers' pay. That's bad for low income people...which many Hispanics are. And now these low income ILLEGAL people get to drive and go to college...to better themselves, ostensibly...and that puts them in a position to economically displace the low income legal people...

    So why are Hispanics supporting Davis/Bustamante, when the two are really just out to screw over their constituency? All I can see about the Dems is that they tell people whatever they want to hear just to get the vote...then go spend spend spend on their little pet projects to "make the world a better place." Barf.

    As for the republicans...either McClintock or Schwarzeneggar have to bow down to keep Bustamante out...I'd prefer it was Arnold to leave because McClintock's got a no bull attitude -- he won't tell you what you want to hear just to get your vote.

    What a screwed up state. Excuse my rant.

  12. OS flaws by $exyNerdie · · Score: 4, Insightful


    So what if someone's computer is hacked (we hear about all kinds of Windows flaws) and used as relaying server for spam (without their knowledge), is the burden on innocent to prove that their computer was hacked or used as mail relay without their knowledge ?

  13. Re:spam is ramping up by www.sorehands.com · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Did you ask him to send you an email? Nope? Then its unsolicited.

    The law is against unsolicited commercial email. Specifically e-mail that is offering a service, product, etc.


    The problem with spam, is that a technical solution can be bypassed. The only way to eliminate spam is to bankrupt all the spammers so they cannot afford a 80286 to send spam from.

  14. did not the supreme court by Archfeld · · Score: 3, Insightful

    already say that there exists a direct marketer's right to send out notices ? While I applaud this it seems likely to #1 run into huge court challenges, #2 be VERY HARD to enforce, #3 seems to smack of grandstanding....

    Otherwise MORE POWER TO HIM..I HATE SPAM...

    --
    errr....umm...*whooosh* *whoosh* Is this thing on ?
  15. Re:spam is ramping up by ewhac · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Keep laws off the internet, use technology to fix technology.

    Ordinarily, I'd agree with you; the fewer poorly drafted laws, the better. However, in this case, the problem (mostly) isn't technological, it's sociological.

    There are a surprising number of very broken people out there who live their day-to-day lives with the maxim, "If it's not expressly illegal, it's perfectly okay." This idea is, of course, hogwash, since it completely ignores unwritten social custom, which often varies regionally.

    On the local region known as The Internet, it is the custom that it is impermissible to send unsolicited bulk email, particularly when it is commercial in nature. However, it is not, per se, illegal. So these sociopaths clog the network because, hey, it must be perfectly okay.

    Normally, the counterbalancing force to such aberrant behavior is social ostracism or, in extreme cases, pillorying (or equivalent). Spammers are aware of this, and go to great lengths to conceal their identities and escape accountability.

    While technical measures can thwart these people, such as widespread deployment of SMTP AUTH, it does nothing to fix the underlying sociopathy. Spammers are already deploying viruses and worms to create a network of open SMTP relays. Who here honestly believes they won't escalate into stealing SMTP AUTH passwords? Hence, spam is mostly a social problem, needing a mostly social solution.

    Schwab

  16. Re:Woohoo! by azav · · Score: 2, Insightful

    To paraphrase Dave Barry, this is like saying that laws inacted against muggers infringe on their ability to earn a living.

    Your logic and your argument are tragically flawed.

    --
    - Zav - Imagine a Beowulf cluster of insensitive clods...
  17. Re:spam is ramping up by Creep73 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Keep laws off the internet, use technology to fix technology.

    Technology isn't the problem. Please explain what the problematic technology is.

    The problem is that people are willing to make money off the misery and suffering of others. To combat this you need to hit these people where it hurts and that would be the pocket book. Unless you harm their bottom line they will not care what you do. You could introduce a myriad of new technologies to stop them but there will always be an innovator who finds a way around the technology.

  18. Novel new approach to politics by interstellar_donkey · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Simply amazing. The citizens want you gone, so you use your power to help pass laws that the citizen actually wants!

    What's next?

    Amnisty for p2p traders?
    Caps on insurance hikes?
    Regulation of energy to keep costs down?
    Actually following the letter and intent of the weed decrimilization law?

    As a Californian who isn't too fond of Davis, I have to snicker a bit. So the threat of being kicked out actually does make law makers push to enact laws that the average person wants, instead of pandering to corperations.

    Gosh, the next thing you know, Davis will be the champion of providing a quality education.

    --
    The Internet is generally stupid
  19. Re:spam is ramping up by scovetta · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I'd use the 80/20 rule here. If 80% of the spam is sent by 20% of the people, and we kill--err- i mean, sue, those 20%, then the problem is much reduced. I'd be fine with getting a *few* spam messages a week, but not 100+ a day. I say let the lawyers deal with the spammers, technology can handle the rest.

    --
    Wer mit Ungeheuern kämpft, mag zusehn, dass er nicht dabei zum Ungeheuer wird. --Nietzsche
  20. Meaningless by rudy_wayne · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I hate spammers, but this law is meaningless, as are ALL anti-spam laws:

    1. Spammers will ignore the law. Which leads to the next point:

    2. Laws are meaningless unless enforced. How will it be enforced? When I get hit with spam that violates this law, who do I complain to? Who will investigate my complaint and then pursue and punish the spammers?

    3. Where will all the money and resources come from to enforce this law (see point #2 above) -- to actually enforce this law will take FAR more money and resources than anyone realizes or will admit.

    And even if significant money and resources are allocated to enforce the law:

    4. What about all the spam originating from servers outside the U.S.

  21. Re:More idiocy from Gray Davis by Reziac · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Not only free drivers licenses for illegals, with no background check -- but it's been made MORE difficult for *U.S. Citizens* coming from another state to get a drivers licence: CA DMV is now *enforcing* the requirement that you present an original birth certificate as proof of age. Which of course an illegal, born in some backwater province with no centralized record-keeping, won't have and won't need to produce to get a license.

    --
    ~REZ~ #43301. Who'd fake being me anyway?
  22. Theft vs. Distraction - be honest by billstewart · · Score: 2, Insightful
    If you look at the article, it doesn't support your assertion that spam is a theft of billions of dollars. It does say that spam is a waste of billions of dollars worth of recipients' time, but the average non-Tivo-owning American wastes much more time watching TV commercials than deleting spam; this just wastes their time at work also. Spam is also not a big bandwidth cost of connectivity-oriented ISPs - you get more bytes of Slashdot a day than spam.

    It *is* a serious problem for email service providers, who do see a significant impact on their resource usage, but for the rest of us, most of the impact really is the annoyance and the time wasted on it.

    --

    Bill Stewart
    New Fast-Compression-only CPR http://preview.tinyurl.com/dy575ks
  23. OT: Jury Duty by red+floyd · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "I'll be damned if I'll trust my fate to 12 people who aren't even smart enought to get out of jury duty..."

    Speaking as a former member of several juries, and as the foreman of one of those... Some of us are smart enough to get out of it if we want to, but realize that it's our civic duty.

    --
    The only reason we have the rights we have is that people just like us died to gain those rights. -- Cheerio Boy
  24. How innovative by mabu · · Score: 3, Insightful
    Virtually every state in the country already has anti-spam laws in effect, as well as most of Europe. Has anyone noticed any reduction in Spam? Has anyone heard of any spammers being intimidated by the hundreds of existing laws on the books?

    We already have a number of laws on the books that can be used to take action against spammers:
    • Child Pornography Statute 18 U.S.C. 2252
    • Electronic Communications Privacy Act 18 U.S.C. 2701-2711
    • Economic Espionage and Protection of Trade Secrets Law Pub. L. No. 104-294
    • Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 18 U.S.C. 1030
    • Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 50 U.S.C. 1801-1811
    • No Electronic Theft Act
    • Transportation of Obscene Matter for Sale or Distribution 18 U.S.C. 1465
    • Federal Wire Fraud Act 18 U.S.C. 1343


    How about we get the government to enforce some of the laws listed above instead of passing more? How's that for an innovative idea?
  25. Finally, the European solution by Nice2Cats · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Finally, somebody in the U.S. has the sense to stop pretending that spam is a technological problem. I do not get any repeat any spam from German companies because unsolicited ads of any form are simply banned. This is the way to go.

    It should not be legal to make money with somebody elses resources without their permission. It's that simple, folks.

  26. Too bad they defined it by content not method by geekotourist · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Their definition of spam is simultaneously too narrow and too wide. Too narrow in that they say only commercial speech is spam. Political or religious or not-obviously-commercial bulk email will use the same resources and clog the same inboxes are the (currently) more common obviously commercial bulk email. (I'm shocked that they didn't ban themselves from spamming.) Too wide in that they say that an individually written email is spam. Because individually written emails, however annoying, don't (and can't) cause the same damage as bulk email, courts might not uphold laws that stop single emails.

    To survive the courts, you want a definition that maximizes the damage of spam while minimizing any overlap between spam and free speech issues. This is why I like a definition of "bulk email from a stranger." Bulk is what fills inboxes and servers, bulk clogs up pipelines, bulk requires hijacked resources and stolen credit cards to send out. 'Stranger' = tens of millions of businesses = even 1 email per year from each of them would be too much to handle, let alone try to opt-out from. I think courts can see that the burden and damage from bulk email from strangers is extremely large.

    In contrast, courts might not like a law that lets Bob sue Sue for sending a "Hi Bob, Fred said you're starting a Foo business. Do you need a consultant with 10 years Foo experience?" Certainly its unlikely that Bob would sue because of this commercial email from a stranger, but the law as written will allow it. As this particular message would be legal in other formats, the courts might not like banning it simply because it is email, absent any other damage. (And a related argument would apply to bulk emails from people/businesses to which you voluntarily gave an email address.)

  27. Spam is not a speech issue. by jcr · · Score: 2, Insightful


    How many times is this same canard going to be recycled?

    Spam is not, and has never been a freedom-of-speech issue. It is a property rights issue. A spammer's right to speak does not include a right to use my property for the purpose.

    -jcr

    --
    The only title of honor that a tyrant can grant is "Enemy of the State."