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ISS Gyro Fixed Via Spacewalk

Teahouse writes "After a failed attempt last week, the ISS Astronauts finally got to fix the external gyroscope circut breaker in the station. Tests are being run today, but it looks like the ISS is back to having attitude stability with redundancy. This is particularly significant with the Shuttle being grounded for an extended period because the ISS would have had to use thruster fuel to keep the Station's solar panels pointed in the right direction without the gyroscopes, and no guarantee when more fuel would be arriving."

51 of 143 comments (clear)

  1. Attitude stability? by DrEldarion · · Score: 5, Funny

    but it looks like the ISS is back to having attitude stability

    Did they put it on Prozac?

    1. Re:Attitude stability? by jZnat · · Score: 3, Funny

      There are a lot better meds than Prozac. I personally enjoy the drug "alcohol", but that isn't recommended for people with severe asshat syndrome.

      --
      'Yes, firefox is indeed greater than women. Can women block pops up for you? No. Can Firefox show you naked women? Yes.'
    2. Re:Attitude stability? by Xshare · · Score: 5, Informative

      Attitude = The orientation of a spacecraft relative to its direction of motion.

    3. Re:Attitude stability? by DAldredge · · Score: 5, Funny

      Wosh = Sound of joke flying right over your head.

    4. Re:Attitude stability? by secolactico · · Score: 4, Funny

      I personally enjoy the drug "alcohol"

      Yup... that'sh gonna do wondersh for shtability...

      --
      No sig
    5. Re:Attitude stability? by Maserati · · Score: 2, Funny

      Out in the cold is fine by me, that leaves the rest of us inside where it's warm. And with all the booze.

      --
      Veteran, Bermuda Triangle Expeditionary Force, 1992-1951
    6. Re:Attitude stability? by stuktongue · · Score: 3, Informative

      Disregarding the fact that you're responding seriously to a joke, I'd like to make one minor correction to your thought, just so people understand. A spacecraft's attitude is its orientation relative to some coordinate frame. That frame might be defined such that one axis is inline with the spacecraft's velocity vector, but this is not a requirement, in general. Such a frame would be a local frame. One could easily define the spacecraft's attitude in an inertial frame (or relatively inertial) that had no relationship to the velocity vector.

      Pedantic, yes, but perhaps useful. Or not. :-)

  2. Another space station dying of neglect? by coupland · · Score: 5, Insightful

    So... Mir died of Russian neglect, and so early into its mission the ISS seems to be dying of US neglect. Even if shuttle missions resume the importance of the ISS in US plans has been eclipsed by a moon base and a Mars mission. Lots of people criticize the ISS because it was largely conceived with politics in mind moreso than economics or science. Surely they hate the new US direction even more -- billions more will be blown, over the course of far more administrations who will always be gunning to kill it for more cash -- just to give the impression of superiority over the Chinese. I say either fund and finish the ISS or start a new economical, science-based space project from scratch. But moon bases? Please, ISS doesn't deserve to fall apart for this...

    1. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by character_assassin · · Score: 5, Interesting

      It's kind of arbitrary speculation to claim that the Bush "Mission to Mars" initiative is "just to give the impression of superiority over the Chinese." The US doesn't define itself relative to China, and only recently quit defining itself relative to Russia. Now, this may be more arbitrary speculation, but I think Bush's Mars initiative has more to do with Reaganesque feel-good-about-America vaporware. Quite frankly, I wouldn't be surprised if the whole thing started on one of Karl Rove's cocktail napkins, which is probably as far as it will ever get.

      --

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    2. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by irokitt · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Personally (and as an American) I think we shouldn't have made the shuttle into what it was. Most engineers without a stake in the profits were very concerned with the design, since it was rather fragile. It was also expensive.

      The problem was that the ISS was concieved and built with a dependency on technology, two decades old, with a somewhat troubling penchant for failure.

      As for the "moon base", unless Google is going to chip in and fund it, I doubt America will go through with it. The US space program has lost a lot of the "I did it first" impetus it had when it was competing with the Soviet Union, and that could be a good thing. The NASA of today should focus on the practical, useful aspects of space, instead of being used as a political tool by whatever president is in office. I would rather have my tax dollars spent on putting communications/navigation satellites into orbit than have it spent on a moon base with little practical value to me or America.

      --
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    3. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by brianvan · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Gah! I'll bite on this one:

      The ISS is not dying of neglect. Far from it. If your computer loses a secondary hard drive to old age and you replace it with a new one, is your computer dying of neglect? No. If a car's tire goes flat and you put on a new one, are you neglecting it? No.

      That said, the ISS is the biggest white elephant program going on in space travel at the moment relative to everything else. Actually, they're all pretty undefendable except Hubble. (And, of course, except any other additions to the list that I'm sure people more familiar with NASA will spank me with in the replies) Nothing makes money, and the science-to-spending ratio is obscene compared to most programs. If we had to transfer funding away from these projects specifically for... oh, let's say, education, cancer research, or domestic security (this is HYPOTHETICAL! No flame here, I know what our war budgets and football stadium budgets are, I'd NEVER advocate cutting NASA before those things)... then most people would never argue the loss of the projects. They wouldn't like it, but they wouldn't think twice either.

      Besides, the entire point of these risky, socially purposeless, complicated, budget-eating manned space missions is basically to do more things big and showy to pat ourselves on the back as a species. In that sense, Mars would be a greater success than the ISS. We've never been to another planet, but we've already done the orbital-sardine-can trick.

      Pretty soon, robotics and remotely-operated mechanical systems will eliminate the need for a human presence on many science missions, so the cost of science should decline rapidly. This will be excellent. As for the manned missions... well, if we get into the space tourism game or we privatize some elements of the various programs, things may improve. For now, we do what we can, and we're in a tough spot. We've always recovered from disaster and tragedy in space travel, and we shall do so again.

    4. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by coupland · · Score: 4, Interesting

      character_assassin, you may be right, but personally I think the Bush administration is scared poopless of the Chinese. It's the most populous nation on earth. It can do basic, medium and even some high-tech manufacturing for a fraction of the price to do so in the US. And here's the kicker -- last year foreign investment in China exceeded foreign investment in the US. THAT IS HUGE.

      If that doesn't hit you like a slap in the face, think about it this way... When people or companies make it rich around the world, what do they do? They invest their money. And for decades they have put that investment into US companies, knowing their investment was safe. Last year, more people chose to safely tuck their money away in China than in America. I think China/US relations will continue to become a major issue on the world scene, and I think China has only begun its 21st-century ascendency.

      Maybe I'm wrong, but I believe the US is in an overt economic and political struggle with the People's Republic.

    5. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by toddhunter · · Score: 3, Insightful


      Besides, the entire point of these risky, socially purposeless, complicated, budget-eating manned space missions is basically to do more things big and showy to pat ourselves on the back as a species


      Just keep in mind that our planet is doomed to be sucked into the sun one day. Sure we have a fair while to get off this planet, but the sooner we start the better right?

    6. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by DAldredge · · Score: 2, Insightful

      No, the Bush mars program is about getting him votes.

    7. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by dj42 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Do you even remotely have any idea of the spin-off products created by NASA in these adventures to space? We're not just learning how to go to space. NASA is DIRECTLY responsible for many of the household conveniences you no doubt ignorantly use, as well as THOUSANDS of other spin-off products that make BILLIONS for the US Economy. People really need to lay off NASA that believe these missions are only about their surface purpose. The technology in doing what these people do to get into space is literally indispensable in real world applications and is DRIVING the U.S. technologically and economically, despite the "irrelevant" nature of the missions, in a nation devoid of spiritual inclination. Mod me to the moon... and mars! *cough*

      --
      We are one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. Back to you with the weather, Bob!
    8. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by RickHunter · · Score: 4, Informative

      Never mind the collossal risk posed by an asteroid strike. Sure, the chances of a species-killer are pretty low, but the downsides are enourmous. Better to start on contingency plans as soon as we can.

    9. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by Igmuth · · Score: 2, Insightful

      And yet at the same time, the military is responsible for even more those same things. Yet, should we go around starting wars just to get more cool toys?

    10. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by delibes · · Score: 2, Insightful
      The sun will be in its current stage for much longer than we can comfortably imagine. A few billion years or so. If we haven't got a nice Star Trek future (go on, admit you want it) within the next million years, we're probably all doomed anyway.

      As for asteroids. What good is a manned space program going to do? I would imagine solutions involving long-range detection and nuclear explosions. Possibly a big frikin' "laser"... but do you really thing it'll be like the film "Armageddon"?

      --
      This is not a sig
    11. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by TheGavster · · Score: 2

      I think the idea of manned missions preparing for an asteroid strike is more along the lines of either evacuation or having colonies up before the strike, so that the species survives.

      --
      "Because Science" is one step from "Because old book". Try "Because of my experiment testing my falsifiable assertion".
    12. Re:Another space station dying of neglect? by joeljkp · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Not with half the country not supporting it. It's more about giving the flailing NASA a mission and closing the Columbia book.

      --
      WeRelate.org - wiki-based genealogy
  3. Dyslexic by Neo-Rio-101 · · Score: 3, Funny

    I thought for a moment that a gyro in IIS got fixed via a spacewalk. I never knew that there was a gyro in IIS requiring a spacewalk to fix, but it might explain the bugs.

    --
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  4. Reminds me of Galaxy Quest.. by bigattichouse · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Specifically, the line "Why is this room here" when they're in thec hompers room. Note to self, when designing something where it is incredibly dangerous to go outside and fix, spring for the extra twenty feet of cable and put the circuit breaker INSIDE THE DAMN SHIP.

    --
    meh
    1. Re:Reminds me of Galaxy Quest.. by ThisNukes4u · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Seriously, why can't they just put all vital electronic arteries inside the ship? Unless that part of the station was put on after the main section was sent into orbit, I don't see any reason for it to be outside. Isn't it also more vulnerable to damage from debris out there too?

      --
      thisnukes4u.net
    2. Re:Reminds me of Galaxy Quest.. by mrchaotica · · Score: 4, Insightful

      maybe they're worried about it shorting out and catching on fire, like Apollo 1?

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

  5. Fixing a bad gyro... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny
    Anybody can fix a bad gyro, so the question is: How does one fix a good gyro in orbit? There's no gravity! Extremes of temperature! I for one wouldn't want to eat an ISS gyro. Space tourism will never take off without good space resort chefs dammit!

    Now *THIS* is a gyro!

    (on second thought, this joke isn't very funny. posting anonymously anyway.)

    1. Re:Fixing a bad gyro... by bigattichouse · · Score: 3, Funny

      Falafel is much better in zero G

      --
      meh
  6. Problems with the Shuttle-centric approach? by A.+Pizmo+Clam · · Score: 5, Interesting

    I'm sure a lot of people are going to use this malfunction and (necessarily) hazardous repair as an indictment of the current investment in manned, shuttle-based spaceflight.

    However, until NASA has a better platform, they will probably continue to use the shuttle.

    Perhaps if the open source movement were to desing and implement a shuttle replacement, we might have a working replacement faster than if NASA were told they have to come up with a cheaper faster replacement.

    For those thinking of suggesting that Soyuz would work, might I remind you that every Soyuz capsule is a one time use vehicle. Even when everything goes right, it doesn't get re-used. It has no airlock, so either everyone gets suited up, or no-one does a space walk. It has no payload capability, so no sattelite recovery. It has no manipulator arm, so you can't rely upon it for doing sattelite maintenance as the shuttle crew has.

    The shuttle may not be perfect. It was designed for a set of missions that have very little to do with what it is doing now. (The military provided some of the specs to support black projects, few of which have ever been attempted.)

    The Civilian side of the project was to haul people and material to and from the space station that was being desinged by NASA, which was not the international space station. It was also decided to use it to deploy sattelites as well once the capacity of the payload bay was defined.

    As a jeep, the shuttle has done an ok job. If you think we need a better design, I am all for it. Start working on that better desing, and give us status reports as you find the time.

    --

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    1. Re:Problems with the Shuttle-centric approach? by complete+loony · · Score: 2, Interesting
      ... few of which have ever been attempted

      And how the hell do you know? The whole point of black op's is ... wait for it ... they're black. Though I can see the point that it's hard to hide a shuttle launch, we won't know for 50 years if the shuttles have actually been used as they were designed.

      --
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    2. Re:Problems with the Shuttle-centric approach? by stevesliva · · Score: 4, Interesting
      Could Titan provide heavy lift to LEO? Could the Proton? Could Ariane V? Do the astronauts need to ride the freighter?

      The Shuttle was the wrong paradigm. It's the Concorde of space. Columbia couldn't even make it to the ISS orbit, IIRC

      Could the money being spent to keep Discovery, Endeavor and Atlantis going be better spent figuring out how to get US ISS components launched autonomously using existing lauch vehicles and purchasing additional Progress and Soyuz maintenence and crew transfer launches?

      --
      Who do you get to be an expert to tell you something's not obvious? The least insightful person you can find? -J Roberts
    3. Re:Problems with the Shuttle-centric approach? by HeghmoH · · Score: 2, Interesting

      There have been some secret missions carried out on the shuttle. The fact that these missions have been carried out is public knowledge, although the details are not.

      Given the amount of preparation required for a mission and the number of people involved, I don't think it would be possible to carry a secret payload or carry out a black operation during an otherwise normal mission without at least the existence of such a thing being known to the public. I'm not a big believer in conspiracies, and something like that would just be too hard to keep secret.

      --
      Mod down posts with a "Free Mac Mini/iPod" sig, they're spam!
    4. Re:Problems with the Shuttle-centric approach? by ttsalo · · Score: 2, Interesting
      For those thinking of suggesting that Soyuz would work, might I remind you that every Soyuz capsule is a one time use vehicle. Even when everything goes right, it doesn't get re-used.

      So? Who cares about that? It's still a lot cheaper than the reusable alternative. Why crave for reusability just for reusability's sake?

      The shuttle may not be perfect. It was designed for a set of missions that have very little to do with what it is doing now.

      Its biggest flaw is that when they thought it up, they envisioned much, much smaller maintenance, overhaul and refit costs per launch. That would have permitted a much greater frequency of flights and achieved a radically lower $/lb (or /kg) cost to orbit than non-reusable designs. That really didn't work out, and the special abilities (like satellite repair) haven't had that much demand either. Only in special cases (like the "contact lenses for Hubble") has that been useful. At $500M per launch, it's not very cost effective to go and repair most of the stuff out there.

      The russians orbited their shuttle (Buran) once and canceled it as too expensive. European shuttle designs mostly never got off the drawing board - too expensive again. They're on the radar still, though.

      If you think we need a better design, I am all for it.

      Pretty much everyone agrees that the new design should be cheaper. And the big, expensive, do-it-all design like the shuttle doesn't seem to be the ticket for that. (If we just had some sort of low-maintenance, single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane, that would be great, but we don't have the tech for that. A SSTO spaceplane would need to be something like 97% fuel with chemical fuels...)

      ESA is planning to launch a new non-reusable design (ATV, Automated Transfer Vehicle) next year. It's basically a Progress-like cargo truck that can lift 21 tons to ISS. That's actually pretty close to what the shuttle can lift there - but the shuttle does it at around double the price per launch.

      --

      --
      If the road to hell is paved with good intentions, where does the road paved with evil intentions lead to?
  7. We're going to Mars! by Scoria · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Unfortunately, nobody appears to understand that with the shuttles grounded indefinitely, the International Space Station provides one of the few opportunities for the United States to safely (relatively speaking) evaluate new technology in the precise environment that it must function properly in. Hypotheses and simulation, after all, often differ from reality. And with their newly aggrandized objective to ensure "complete astronaut safety," shouldn't NASA be utilizing every resource in its arsenal?

    --
    Do you like German cars?
    1. Re:We're going to Mars! by dj42 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It's supposed to comback online in 2005. Aside from that, safety concerns are a joke. These astronauts want to go to the space and the government, for political reasons is preventing them. What do you think test pilots, and the true explorers have been doing for ages? Sure, we don't want to needlessly die, but we're a bunch of water-meat-bags attached to a ball of rock -- if we're interested in the giant cosmos that supports us, and are willing to risk our lives to do so, isn't that a noble cause? My god. The USA will send thousands to their death to a country rich in oil, and yet, they won't even risk 5 or 10 people to explore the vast universe they live. What a short-sided pitiful view of the world. Right now, if I could fly in the shuttle, and they'd take me into space for some dangerous mission, I would go. No shit.

      --
      We are one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. Back to you with the weather, Bob!
    2. Re:We're going to Mars! by dj42 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      "The real issue here isn't astronaut safety, but asset safety. We have hundreds of astronauts, but only three shuttles. As such, we should be concentrating solely on how to maximize their survivability and not expending so many resources on crew survivability in the event of a catastrophic failure." When we start supporting materialism over life, we've gone the wrong direction. I believe in searching for answers to our questions, but if we start caring more about our means instead of those that may risk their lives to achieve it, it's possible we've missed the purpose.

      --
      We are one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. Back to you with the weather, Bob!
    3. Re:We're going to Mars! by Einer2 · · Score: 2, Insightful
      The issue isn't about materialism at all. The space shuttle is a national asset. As such, the government has to weigh its value to the nation as a whole. It sucks for the astronauts, but after a point, you simply have to decide that the interests of 280 million people outweigh those of seven.

      This is the same reason we don't leave Iraq in order to save hostages and the same reason we don't spend ten billion trillion dollars installing tons of high-tech armor on every humvee. Government is about assessing cost/benefit ratios, and when those in charge forget it, we all land in deep trouble.

      --
      Microsoft delenda est!
  8. Re:boring ? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    They spend all their simply MAINTAINING the station. Not much actual science happens aboard the debacle called ISS.

  9. Nice, but.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    The station's computer is still complaining of an ongoing fault in the AE-35 unit.

  10. Re:how do gyros work?? by Lord+Kano · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Inertia. Gyros work for the same reason that it's not easy to push a stopped car. It takes a lot of energy to make an object change its rate of motion.

    LK

    --
    "Hi. This is my friend, Jack Shit, and you don't know him." - Lord Kano
  11. Re:how do gyros work?? by eingram · · Score: 4, Informative

    Maybe this will help? I can't really think of a simple way to explain it. They're a lot of fun to play with, though. :)

  12. Re:Wouldn't it be easier... by grammar+nazi · · Score: 3, Funny
    This is significant with the Shuttle being grounded for an extended period because the ISS would have had to use thruster fuel to keep the Station's solar panels pointed in the right direction without the gyroscopes, and no guarantee when more fuel would be arriving.

    I'm not the type of person who usually points these types of things out, but after the first few sentences of atrocious grammar, the remainder of attrocious grammar is all packed into a run-on sentence, that, depending upon proper comma placement is incomplete.

    --

    Keeping /. free of grammatical errors for ~5 years.
  13. Yes, but what is 'practical'? by dj42 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "The NASA of today should focus on the practical, useful aspects of space, instead of being used as a political tool by whatever president is in office." pratical? spiritual? I agree it shouldn't be used as a tool, but no matter what we do in space, with humans there, as of 2004, we will learn remarkably more than we know now about how we live, who we are, and where we can go.

    --
    We are one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. Back to you with the weather, Bob!
  14. Chinese economic growth by ArsSineArtificio · · Score: 2, Insightful
    And for decades they have put that investment into US companies, knowing their investment was safe. Last year, more people chose to safely tuck their money away in China than in America.

    You're confusing 'risk' and 'return'. People haven't put their investments into US companies because they knew their investment was safe, they did it because they felt they could get a high rate of return on their money. If they wanted a safe investment, they would buy US treasury securities, currently the safest investment on Earth.

    Now, they're investing more money in the Chinese economy, because they feel that Chinese companies will grow faster (and thus provide a higher rate of return). That's not terribly surprising, as it's easy to see that China has enormous economic growth potential. Much the same occurred with southeast Asia in the early-to-mid 1990s, until their bubble collapsed.

    It can do basic, medium and even some high-tech manufacturing for a fraction of the price to do so in the US.

    The reason for this is not some magic, but because China has vastly lower labor costs. To some extent, this is because China uses a huge amount of slave labor.

    --
    All employees must wash hands before seeking equitable relief.
  15. Russia = 1 time | Nasa = repeated use by dj42 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    It's clear that Russia designs things to be used once and replaced. It's a good strategy. Look at their spacesuits: Russia intends for them to be used up and then discarded, provided extras. Whereas the USA sends up very specific space suits which must be carted up and down from space for restoration. To suggest that a maintenance plan is better than a "brute force" approach is questionable at this point. Frankly, I like how Russia does space. They keep it simple, they send backups. Then again, the USA's refusal to use disposable technology drives our innovation. Let's just consider that that both ways are valid, and we're all humans trying to explore our existence. What is space travel? Just hanging out above the air because you can? Don't you have any interest in what's out there?

    --
    We are one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. Back to you with the weather, Bob!
  16. "attitude stability with redundancy" by geek · · Score: 5, Funny

    "attitude stability with redundancy"

    Wish my ex-gf had that =/

  17. What Idiot... by Nom+du+Keyboard · · Score: 3, Funny
    to fix the external gyroscope circut breaker

    And just what idiot made it an external circuit breaker?

    --
    "It's the height of ridiculousness to say for those 9 lines you get hundreds of millions."
    1. Re:What Idiot... by Urban+Garlic · · Score: 3, Interesting

      An idiot who noticed that both the power source for the gyros and the gyros themselves were outside the pressure hull. An idiot who remembered the problems with Mir had with cables running through hatches. Possibly an idiot concerned that a failure of a power system might involve fire, so that, where possible, power systems should be outside the habitable area.

      Not that I'm saying the ISS doesn't have design flaws, I'm sure it does. But, from software to spaceware, design is compromise, and shit happens.

      --
      2*3*3*3*3*11*251
  18. What the shuttle is worth by cameldrv · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The Shuttle costs around $1 bil each launch. If you figure that the average NASA or NASA contractor employee makes about $50k a year and has a working lifetime of about 40 years, that's about $2 mil per working lifetime in salary. Thus the equivalent of 500 people put their life's work into each launch. A person's life's work is not the same as his life, but it's in the ballpark. The shuttle's construction is far more complicated than just launching it once, so to say that the shuttle is more valuable than its crew is true. It is the life's work of thousands upon thousands of people. Something like the shuttle is one of the only artifacts we have that is comparable to, for instance, the cathedrals of Europe in its scale.

  19. Re:how do gyros work?? by stuktongue · · Score: 2, Informative

    I'll try.

    Gyro is short for gyroscope. Did you ever play with a top as a child? Hopefully, at least once. Conceptually, a gyro is like a top; it is spun up very fast (thousands of RPM, typically), gaining a lot of angular momentum (sorry). Part of the gyro is fixed in the housing in which it resides; the rest is free to move around, typically in two axes, just like a top leans to and fro a little as it moves across a surface. The housing is mounted to the spacecraft in an orientation that aligns the gyro in a known way. When the spacecraft's attitude, or orientation, changes, the housing moves with it BUT the gyro "top" remains fixed inertially, i.e., with respect to things outside the spacecraft. Remember Newton's first law of motion? Paraphrasing, an object in motion stays in motion, maintaining it's orientation, unless something acts on it. The gyro is free to move in the housing, so its orientation remains fixed (inertially) even though the housing its in moves around it.

    Anyway, electronics in the inertial reference unit, the overall package of which the gyro is a part, sense the change in orientation of the gyro with respect to the housing and convert this into rotations about the axes the gyro is aligned with. Actually, IRUs typically put out accelerations, which must be integrated to produce rotations, but the idea is the same.

    Hopefully, that helped a bit. :-)

  20. Reasons for putting it outside by rosbif73 · · Score: 5, Informative
    The reasons were explained recently by a NASA insider on sci.space.station:
    To minimize the number of penetrations through the pressure hull (both the power source and the load are outside, in this case), minimize the number of connections through hatches (lesson learned from Mir), and minimize potential crew exposure to ammonia (used to cool external power components).
  21. Please explain one thing by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Having a job is not important. Survival and living a happy life is. If you have enough money to survive and live a happy life, you don't need a job. If you can survive and live a happy life without money, then you don't need money.

    Do you think a person's life is defined by the work he or she does? Does work equal life?

    Let the robots do the boring jobs. Let humans come up with things the robots can't do.

  22. A couple of reasons.. by AzrealAO · · Score: 2, Informative

    Mostly because they're integrated in the Z1 Truss Structure on the outside of the station, where it's easier to swap them out with a space shuttle and the robot arm. They're big, they have a lot of mass, they're not the sort of thing you want astronauts to be shoving around inside (where you could smash something important with them) without the help of something like the robotic arms. Putting them somewhere the Crew could reach without a space walk, would mean that they've have to put them inside the station, and they're big (there are four of them), and that's a lot of habitable volume to lose.