Slashdot Mirror


Antarctic Craters Reveal Asteroid Strike

dhuff writes "Scientists using satellites have mapped huge craters under the Antarctic ice sheet caused by an asteroid as big as the one believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs 65m years ago."

54 of 234 comments (clear)

  1. Maybe....but I'm not buying it by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    It could have been an explosion from several adolescent Predators when being overtaken by thousands of Aliens?

    1. Re:Maybe....but I'm not buying it by SirTalon42 · · Score: 3, Funny

      Lets find everyone named Shinji and kill him... FAST!

      I would rather the Angels win than he the world revolving around him...

    2. Re:Maybe....but I'm not buying it by mshurpik · · Score: 2, Interesting
      From the article:

      The Antarctica strike occurred during an ice age, so even tidal waves would have been weakened to mere ripples by the calming effect of icebergs on the ocean.

      My understanding is that tidal waves are seismic events that travel along the seafloor. They raise the water level only a few feet, and are essentially invisible until they hit shore and start climbing. Since icebergs float, it's not clear how they would suppress a shockwave happening below and around them.

      Prof Van der Hoeven said: "The extraordinary thing about this meteor strike is that it appeared to do so little damage. Unlike the dinosaur strike there is no telltale layer of dust that demonstrates the history of the event.

      Yeah see, this makes more sense. It hit antarctica. Plonk. Except for the magnetic field....
    3. Re:Maybe....but I'm not buying it by hazem · · Score: 3, Informative

      My understanding is that tidal waves are seismic events that travel along the seafloor. They raise the water level only a few feet, and are essentially invisible until they hit shore and start climbing. Since icebergs float, it's not clear how they would suppress a shockwave happening below and around them.

      I'm not a specialist in this in any way at all. But maybe this is a good analogy:

      Smooth out 2 big comforters on your bed. Kneel on the side of the bed, and sweep your arm under the comforters from one end to the other. It's fairly easy because you only have to displace the comforters right around your arm.

      Now put a piece of cardboard as big as your bed between the two comforters. This simulates iceburgs. Now slide your arm through. It will be harder because your arm has to displace a larger amount of comforter as it moves along - the cardboard kind of spreads out the force/displacement that your arm is causing.

      That's the only thing I can think of.

  2. Curious by ValiantSoul · · Score: 3, Interesting

    "One thing that did happen at exactly the same time was the reversing of the Earth's magnetic field." Darn so the water hasn't always drained the same direction? Does the magnetic field being reversed actually affect anything important?

    1. Re:Curious by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Well....

      The compass industry will go South ;)

    2. Re:Curious by erick99 · · Score: 3, Insightful
      From GPSWorld.com

      Most electronic compasses are based on sensors that are magnetometers. A magnetometer is a device for measuring the intensity of one or more components of the Earth's magnetic field.

      I would think that a great deal of electronic devices would have a problem if the earths magnetic field suddenly "flipped."

      Cheers,

      Erick

      --
      http://www.busyweather.com/
    3. Re:Curious by Ralph+Wiggam · · Score: 5, Informative

      "Does the magnetic field being reversed actually affect anything important?"

      It doesn't matter what direction the field points, what matters is that there is a magnetic field around the Earth. During the time it takes for the field to flip, the field becomes very weak. That causes two problems. Some animals use the magnetic field for navigation. More importantly, the field is a shield protecting us from cosmic high energy particles. According to a story in the NY Times (covered on /.), Earth's magnetic field has weakened 10-15% since we started measuring 150 years ago. Maybe our grandkids will have to wear lead undies.

      -B

    4. Re:Curious by jdhutchins · · Score: 2, Informative

      If we lose our magnetic field, and start having much more solar wind hit the earth, the concern isn't so much for cancer as it is for our electronics. Solar storms will have a much bigger effect on our electrical system (electronics and primarly power distribution). The solar wind, during slight solar storms, could knock out our power, etc if we don't do something to shield it.

    5. Re:Curious by AstrumPreliator · · Score: 3, Insightful

      According to a story in the NY Times (covered on /.), Earth's magnetic field has weakened 10-15% since we started measuring 150 years ago. Maybe our grandkids will have to wear lead undies.

      Then again it might just be an insignificant fluctuation that happens every billion years or so. We have 150 years worth of data, the Earth is billions of years old, I don't think we're qualified to make assumptions.

    6. Re:Curious by johannesg · · Score: 2, Funny

      Other people have already mentioned some of the problems we might expect, but think of the upside: all the pigeons will go and shit on things on the southern hemisphere!

    7. Re:Curious by Ralph+Wiggam · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Or course we don't have enough data. That's why I made a joke about lead undies and didn't declare the world was ending. The little data we have indicates that the decrease in field strength is accelerating. 10% is a significant drop. This is something we need to keep an eye on and take seriously.

      -B

    8. Re:Curious by Pinkfud · · Score: 2, Informative
      I call bulls**t on that. As a Geologist, I can speak with some authority on the subject of magnetic field reversals. There have been hundreds of reversals in the earth's history, and the one that happens to correlate with the impact is merely one in a long series. We don't know why the field reverses, but it doesn't appear to have anything to do with external events.

      We also don't know how long the reversals take to complete, and that's the worrisome aspect. If it happens fairly quickly, there wouldn't be too much of a problem. But if it takes thousands of years, mankind would be in serious trouble, maybe even to the point of extinction. Why? Because that field is all that protects us from the ionizing radiation from the sun. We might have to become cave dwellers again just to survive as a species, and that's no joke!

      --
      The world is my oyster. That's why it's always in a stew.
    9. Re:Curious by oquigley · · Score: 5, Interesting

      The Earths Magnetic field keeps all kind of nasty radiation from hitting the surface.
      So it's always been a bit of a puzzle why there's no correllation between magnetic reversals (where the magnetic field weakens, fades, then reappears with swapped poles) and mass extinctions.
      After all, one would think that floods of radiation washing across the Earths surface would be unhealthy, no?

      But now it appears that when the magnetic field weakens, the solar wind induces a magnetic field in the ionosphere that's pretty much as effective at stopping high energy particles and cosmic rays as is the original field.

      Here's an article about it in New Scientist from a few months ago.
      New Scientist


    10. Re:Curious by Gooba42 · · Score: 2, Informative

      There is of course that nasty geological record at the Atlantic rift showing a periodic reversal of the magnetic alignment in newly formed rock going back millions and millions of years.

      That of course doesn't count because humans didn't record it, right?

      --
      I just found out there's no such thing as the real world. It's just a lie you've got to rise above. - John Mayer
    11. Re:Curious by Phragmen-Lindelof · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It is too bad you know very little about science and the way it works. There is much more than 150 years of data available. Scientists really dislike being wrong and will usually wait until they have a "strong case" before making public claims or submitting papers to journals (the "cold fusion" mess proves how dumb carelessness (or stupidity) can be). The fact that you are modded "Insightful" (at least at this moment) indicates that you are not the only person who does not "get it."

  3. What are the odds? by erick99 · · Score: 2, Interesting
    I doubt that we could get away with this again:

    Prof Van der Hoeven said: "The extraordinary thing about this meteor strike is that it appeared to do so little damage. Unlike the dinosaur strike there is no telltale layer of dust that demonstrates the history of the event. It may have damaged things and wiped out species but there is no sign of it."

    Cheers,

    Erick

    --
    http://www.busyweather.com/
  4. No damage? by tasidar · · Score: 2, Informative

    Prof Van der Hoeven said: "The extraordinary thing about this meteor strike is that it appeared to do so little damage. Unlike the dinosaur strike there is no telltale layer of dust that demonstrates the history of the event. It may have damaged things and wiped out species but there is no sign of it."

    One thing that did happen at exactly the same time was the reversing of the Earth's magnetic field. There is no other explanation as to why this took place and Prof Van der Hoeven believes it was caused by the impact.


    Does this mean we're safe a a few more years

  5. Well now... by reezle · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I'd like to think we could do something about this problem, but I wonder if any technology we have could alter the course of an asteroid large enough to be a problem. Do we even have a prototype of something like a fusion rocket that could potentialy move the hundreds (thousands/millions) of tons of mass that these big rocks have?

    Have the nuk-lear worryworts made sure that we haven't even researched the possibilities? Best I've ever seen is the occasional schematic of an orion-type starship from decades ago. Screw Ion-Drives. Let's give some money to the big engines...

    1. Re:Well now... by dyfet · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I believe this very question was seriously studied back in the late 60's and early 70's in project Icarus. I think their conclusion at the time was that the best option was to load up a Saturn V with as many nukes as possible, aim carefully, and just hope for the best...

    2. Re:Well now... by aled · · Score: 2, Funny

      It won't save the Earth but it would make our last moments valuable by throwing the full crew of that movie out in space. Almost worth the end of the world.

      --

      "I think this line is mostly filler"
    3. Re:Well now... by e9th · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I've wondered about that. If you're going to explode a bunch of nukes right next to each other, how precisely must the explosions be synchronized? If one bomb goes off a millisecond early, won't it just ruin all the rest?

    4. Re:Well now... by lommer · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Yes, they do have to be timed perfectly. However, in the nuclear explosion world, perfect timing is what it's all about. One of the primary difficulties in constructing a nuclear warhead is timing all the conventional explosives that compound the critical mass of plutonium (or uranium) to produce the nuclear explosion. The science is so precise that they have to account for the time delay it takes the electricity to travel down wires that are only meters long, let alone the rates at which the shockwave propagates through the conventional explosive - all of which must be correct to within thousandths of a second. Add another layer of complexity for hydrogen bombs.

      So yes, they would have to time them perfectly, but that wouldn't be too difficult as it's a problem they've already figure out how to solve when constructing the devices in the first place.

    5. Re:Well now... by jadavis · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Yup. Even an individual nuke requires very precise timing so that it implodes evenly. If not, it will start to break apart and never achieve the pressure required to detonate. Even when a nuke does detonate it only gets a moderate yield (I think "fat man" was about 15% yield) because it breaks itself apart so fast.

      --
      Social scientists are inspired by theories; scientists are humbled by facts.
  6. No layer of dust? by rde · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Quoth the good professor:
    The extraordinary thing about this meteor strike is that it appeared to do so little damage. Unlike the dinosaur strike there is no telltale layer of dust that demonstrates the history of the event.

    It ploughs through millions of tonnes of ice and snow, then leaves no layer of dust... d'you think it might have, I dunno, melted or something?

    More information at The Scotsman, btw.

  7. Stay away... by SteamyMobile · · Score: 5, Funny

    If they find pyramids under there, stay away from them.

    1. Re:Stay away... by Xshare · · Score: 2, Funny

      What pyramids? I think you mean Ancient Outposts... Only evidence of Goa'uld action in the Antarctic was the couple of serpent guards dead near the stargate. :-/ I'm such a loser.

  8. Hail by Tesko · · Score: 2, Funny

    I for one welcome our new asteroid overlords
    Hah! Take that Karma!

  9. Interception by panurge · · Score: 4, Insightful
    Perhaps this really is the time for NASA, the ESA, and Russia to pool their efforts to find a way of detecting, intercepting and deflecting comets and wandering asteroids that present a threat. The European Quijote Project seems to be a step in the right direction(as well as having a very witty title).

    Obviously, statistically the chance of an individual being killed by a major meteor strike is fairly low, perhaps lower than that of being killed in a terrorist attack and much lower than that of being killed on the roads. But it's the meteor strike that has the potential to kill perhaps 99% of the human race, and this latest evidence seems to suggest that the frequency of such impacts is higher than expected.

    --
    Panurge has posted for the last time. Thanks for the positive moderations.
    1. Re:Interception by stevesliva · · Score: 2, Insightful
      The European Quijote Project seems to be a step in the right direction(as well as having a very witty title).
      Or they could just be giving ammo to those who say they're tilting at windmills.
      --
      Who do you get to be an expert to tell you something's not obvious? The least insightful person you can find? -J Roberts
    2. Re:Interception by Kamerynn · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Statistically speaking, death rate by asteroids is non negligible and much higher than by terrorist attacks. The earth gets hit by an asteroid big enough to cause a global catastrophy once every 500,000 years, so the odds of that happening in any given year are 1 in 500,000. Assuming such an impact kills 25% of the Earth's population, that makes the risk from an impact 1 in 4. The odds of any individual dying from an asteroid strike in any given year are 1 in 500,000 multiplied by 4, or 1 in 2 million. But since we live on average 75 years, these odds must be multiplied by 75 to obtain the risk of premature death in any given year. Hence the lifetime odds of dying from an asteroid strike is 75 in 2 million, or 1 in 25,000. More than plane accidents.

  10. impact reversing magnetic field? doubtful by Lobachevsky · · Score: 5, Interesting

    I don't dispute Hans' rigor in studying the issue, but how can the correlation of the impact and the magnetic field reversing lead to the conclusion the impact caused the reversal?

    And why even compare this 780K yr old impact to what might've done the dinosaurs in 65m yrs ago? It just would confuse people with poor reading skills (*cough* slashdot readers) and lead them to associate this 780K yr old impact with the extinction of the dinasaurs.

    Also, the article attemps to explain why the 65m yr old impact would've caused climactic change whereas the 780k yr old impact would not -- I didn't quite understand their argument of why the older impact caused dust clouds leading to extinction while the newer impact did not -- was it because of the composition of ice vs rock?

  11. Re:Sounds suspicious by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    "Is it just me, of is that article have the stench of bullshit about it?"

    Not at all, but if they claimed the dinasaurs built an earth ship to drill to the core and detonate 4 nuclear bombs, I'd be suspicious.

  12. 65 milli years ago? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    That's 24 days ago.

    The dinosaurs were wiped out on July 28 2004?

  13. Parent is ignorant or trolling? Hard to tell. by Scrameustache · · Score: 2, Insightful

    "One thing that did happen at exactly the same time was the reversing of the Earth's magnetic field." Darn so the water hasn't always drained the same direction?

    Magnetism has nothing to do with the direction in which water flows in a drain. That would be the rotation of the planet.

    Does the magnetic field being reversed actually affect anything important?

    Yes.
    Things like radiation reaching the planet's surface, stuff like that.

    --

    You can't take the sky from me...

    1. Re:Parent is ignorant or trolling? Hard to tell. by Aardpig · · Score: 4, Informative

      Magnetism has nothing to do with the direction in which water flows in a drain. That would be the rotation of the planet.

      And for all reasonable-sized drains (such as the ones you have at the bottom of your bathtub), the Earth's rotation has a completely-negligible effect on the outflow. The notion that the Coriolis force causes water to drain in opposite directions, in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, is a fallacy.

      To see why this is so, consider the so-called Rossby radius of deformation , defined as the ratio between wave speed and rotation frequency. This quantity is the length scale at which the Coriolis force begins to have an appreciable effect on disturbances in a fluid in a rotating system. Plugging in the appropriate values for water waves in a bathtub on the rotating Earth, you find a Rossby radius of around 20km. This is four orders of magnitude larger than the scale of the bathtub, indicating that the influence of the Coriolis force on draining water will be almost non-existant.

      --
      Tubal-Cain smokes the white owl.
    2. Re:Parent is ignorant or trolling? Hard to tell. by Robber+Baron · · Score: 2, Funny

      The Earth's rotation has a completely-negligible effect on the outflow.

      I take it you don't watch The Simpsons...

      Bart: "Do the toilets go backwards in here?"
      U.S Embasy guy: "No. To combat home sickness, we've installed a device that makes them swirl the correct American way."
      *Flushes toilet. Machine kicks in and water swirls the other way*
      Homer (weeping, singing): "Sweet land of liberty..."

      --

      You're using her as bait, Master!

    3. Re:Parent is ignorant or trolling? Hard to tell. by Aardpig · · Score: 2, Informative

      WHAT MAKES THE WATER ROTATE WHEN IT GOES DOWN THE DRAIN?

      Conservation of angular momentum. As the distance between a given fluid element and the drain gets smaller, the angular velocity of the element must increase, to ensure that angular momentum is conserved.

      Is this simple enough for you now?

      --
      Tubal-Cain smokes the white owl.
  14. You really are missing something...... by TheAxeMaster · · Score: 5, Insightful

    a lot of people believe that the 65m impact was centered over land NOT covered by ice and snow, as in the central point in which all current continents used to be connected (pangea).

    That impact would have crushed mountains and created enormous amounts of dust from them. The 780k impact hit a huge block of ice and snow, i.e. no dust to scatter in the first place. I really doubt it would have affected any land life at all, antarctica being so far from land inhabited by anything more than penguins and stuff. Ocean life probably got pretty roughed up at least close to the impact.

    1. Re:You really are missing something...... by Capt'n+Hector · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You're kidding, right? An asteroid going any appreciable speed would vaporize the few thousand feet of ice between it and Antarctica proper. It's like saying a sniper (oh sorry, "sharp shooter") bullet won't go through the ice cream cone you're holding.

      --
      Quid festinatio swallonis est aetherfuga inonusti?
      Africus aut Europaeus?
    2. Re:You really are missing something...... by davidsyes · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Or, was it just "a close shave"?

      Don't we pass through an asteroid belt about twice a year? I seem to remember something on Discovery Channel or on an astronomy site that named the belts. I'll revisit the sites, but in the meantime... Aren't there all sorts of odds (in favor of nature/against human populations) that could see us or the Earth being hit once in a while more frequently than we've recorded or claimed? If not, then...

      What are the chances (hi or lo) that we pass through some metallic or iced or similar matter that envelops or fries all the satellites in orbits? I'll concede that it MIGHT NOT happen in our lifetimes, but if it were GOING to happen by fluke or freak of nature, what kind of circumstances would be needed but not rip up large swaths of ground, and not rip away the breathable atmosphere?

      And, if we suffered such a "scrape", what would be needed to make orbital space unusable for say, 5 years, but, again, without the solar event tearing up the terra firma? Would passing through a sort of cometary corona or ice tail for about 6 or 7 days be enough? (And, let's assume or posit that no more than 20% of the the clean water and no more than 30% of the food production are affected.)

      Would anyone speculate on the confluence of events needed?

      David Syes

      --
      Previously: "Linux... Toward the Sunrise..." Now: "Linux... Toward the-- No, now, part of Every Sunrise"
  15. Oh my by Tablizer · · Score: 2, Funny

    The poor widdle penguins. If they all died, Linus may have picked Walruses instead. Walnix?

  16. Re:Sounds suspicious by Vreejack · · Score: 2, Interesting

    A gravity anomoly is anything other than what you would expect from a continuous, uncratered surface. It would not be something you could measure without very precise instruments.

    The ice would definitely prevent large tsunami. I have seen even the lightest coating of snow tame the rough north atlantic.

    As far as the meteor causing magnetic pole reversal, I don't see how. The earth's magnetic fields originate in the spinning iron core. Perhaps disturbing the spin slightly might help trigger a field reversal but that would be more likely to occur after an oblique equatorial collision than after a polar strike. The melting of the antarctic ice sheet would not even affect the planet's rotational inertia the way it would if Greenland's suddenly melted. But all of these effects are miniscule. The field reversal timing is almost certainly a coincidence.

    --
    "Will future ages believe that such stupid bigotry ever existed!" -- Ivanhoe
  17. Human evolution by cruachan · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Does this match up with the proposed theory that humans went through a short period of being reduced to a very few individuals - the so called 'mitochondrial eve' hypothesis?

  18. Location? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful
    The article doesn't say where in Antartica or even what conference. After much searching I found this which says,
    Using satellite technology to observe the Antarctic gravity field from thousands of miles above the earth, the international team of geophysicists found evidence of many large meteorite impact sites across the entire continent. Presenting their research to the International Geographical Congress in Glasgow this week, the results of the imaging revealed that the sites extend from the Ross Sea in the vicinity of the Pacific Ocean, to the Weddell Sea south of the Atlantic Ocean. However, those wishing to make a journey to Antarctica to see for themselves the craters left by the interstellar objects will be disappointed.
    That sounds like most of West Antarctica.
  19. Homo Erectus was there by oquigley · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Wow! Only 780 thousand years ago?
    At that point our hominid ancestors were strolling around southern Africa. By then we had stone tools and the occasional use of fire. That's really recent in a hominid lineage that goes back, what 6 million years? They lived through a 3-7 kilometer asteroid impact! Can you imagine?
    Good thing it didn't land a few thousand miles to the north...

    1. Re:Homo Erectus was there by oquigley · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Yeah, hominid fossils are pretty thin on the ground.
      Partly that's because Africa is a difficult and dangerous place to conduct archeological digs. We have a much better sense for the history of the European Neanderthals, for example just because Europe is an easy place to work.

      Homo Erectus is fairly well represented, but as you get deeper in time, the fossil record gets spottier. We've only found a handful of Australopithecus, for example.
      But we know that they were there. At Laetoli in Tanzania, there's that famous set of footprints captured in volcanic ash:
      Laetoli Footprints
      And that was about 3.6 Million years ago. Pretty deep history.

      But I'm curious what you're getting at? Do you support the multi-regional hypothesis? Humans evolved independently from scattered Homo Erectus populations in locations other than Africa?

      Or that we evolved in East Africa, not South Africa (which is, I understand a point of contention)

      Or are you simply arguing for divine creation in the relatively recent past?

  20. Several questions by Daetrin · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Well, we seem to have come through the Second Impact realtively unscathed :)

    However this report raises a lot of questions that it doesn't answer.

    First of all, they seem to be talking about a single strike, but they first talk about "the crater" and then later "the holes" and "the craters." Are we talking about one crater or many? Did the person who wrote the article typo, or are the scientists being that unspecific?

    Second of all, wasn't the Antarctic continent still near the south pole 780k years ago? That seems to mean that either the meteor hit at a very extreme angle, or it was _far_ out of the elliptic. In either case, it would be a very rare occurance.

    On the other hand, magnetic reversals are _not_ a very rare occurance, they happen about once every 700,000 years. Why is he assuming that the very rare occurance caused the frequent and mostly regular occurance? It seems much more likely that it was just a coincidence. "There is no other explanation as to why this took place" yeah, and there is no other explanation for the other several _hundred_ nearly identical events either, because we haven't figured out why they happen yet! So is he proposing that Antarctica gets hit by a giant meteor about every 700k years like clockwork?

    Finally exactly how "huge" are these craters, and what were the climatic conditions 780k years ago? If the climate was similar and Antarctica was near the south pole and covered with ice, wouldn't a "huge" strike have melted/dispersed quite a lot of the ice and caused ocean levels to rise?

    --
    This Space Intentionally Left Blank
  21. Re:Still can,t tell, but I was ignorant! :( by Aardpig · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Well, I'm off to filling my tub and experimenting for myself, thanks.

    The best possible attitude toward science -- "show me!". Have fun in your tub!

    --
    Tubal-Cain smokes the white owl.
  22. But... But ... But... by commodoresloat · · Score: 2, Insightful
    My preacher told me the earth was only 5,000 years old!

    But on a serious note, whether or not this is an ordinary fluctuation is irrelevant in practical terms. If the magnetic field weakens enough to wreak havoc on our expectations (and that could affect much more than just compasses, of course), we should be paying attention to it, whether or not it is "insignificant" in terms of the larger time frame of the universe. Human beings ourselves are likely insignificant in terms of the history of the universe.

  23. Re:Curious - NOT TRUE!!!!!!! by peculiarmethod · · Score: 2, Informative

    not true. we have thousands of years of data preserved in pottery, which aligns its metals when heated in kilns..we use that data to make a map of the field. We also have millions of years of data collected from hardened lava flow in hawaii.. so we have plenty of data.

    pm

    --
    ** "It's not my job to stand between the people talking to me, and the ones listening to me." -- Pego the Jerk
  24. Don't be silly; it happened by commodoresloat · · Score: 2, Funny

    In fact it was a preemptive strike; the asteroids found evidence that the dinosaurs were close to developing weapons of mass destruction.

  25. Re:Not signing on with bible crowd, but ...... by Anthony · · Score: 2, Informative

    You can't kill everything and everybody unless ~100% lived near the coast AND the water rises faster than people can run including those at the limit of the sea level rise! As for hot spots, like Yellowstone, Google the term "flood basalts" and you will get an idea of what has gone on in the past. See http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/no rth_america/yellowstone.html for example. Notice the mention that the calderas get younger toward the east. This ties in with plate tectonics due to ocean floor spreading at the mid-atlintic ridge. If you want to put some models together to test the possiblity of "The Flood" and the likelihood and nature of future catastrophes, understanding plate tectonics is vital. It's bigger than evolution is. Predictions and observations, that is what makes for a good theory. The only Diluvian stories that make some sense at all are those who interpret the Bbiel less than literally. such as a local inundation.

    --
    Slashdot: Where nerds gather to pool their ignorance
  26. Asteroids? by feidaykin · · Score: 3, Funny

    Everyone remain calm. I spent countless hours in arcades preparing for such an impact. That's the real reason the dinosaurs died: they didn't have arcades.

    --

    "To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the human spirit." -Stephen Hawking