Scientists Coax Nerve Fibers To Regrow

Malthooslie writes to tell us ScienceDaily is reporting that scientists have managed to regrow nerve fibers after a spinal injury. Using an enzyme called sialidase, isolated from bacteria, researchers were able to stimulate nerve fiber growth in rats. From the article: "While surgeons can sometimes reattach the yanked nerves to the spinal cord, this treatment is not as effective as physicians or patients would like. This is in part because nerves in the brain and spinal cord, unlike those in the rest of the body, fail to grow new nerve fibers. Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by signals from other cells in the injured area that stop them from growing."

Comments

Help my memory

[Profane MuthaFucka]

Is this the 20th time I've read about this "new" development in the past year, or is this really something different than all the other times rats were made to walk again after a spinal cord break?

Re:Help my memory

[S.P.B.Wylie]

Yeah, that is pretty funny. I just watched a show on the science channel where the repaired a mouses spinal cord. Thing is, you never hear about human trials. Maybe mice are just really good at re-growing spinal cords.

Re:Help my memory

[Anonymous Coward]

All this rat talk gets on my nerves.

Re:Help my memory

[ultranova]

Yeah, that is pretty funny. I just watched a show on the science channel where the repaired a mouses spinal cord. Thing is, you never hear about human trials. Maybe mice are just really good at re-growing spinal cords.

No, they're just really bad at calling lawyers if something goes wrong.

Re:Help my memory

[Darkman, Walkin Dude]

Its probably all the same experiment being reported multiple times. I know for a fact its the third time its been duped on slashdot. Triped?

Re:Help my memory

[Anonymous Coward]

> > Yeah, that is pretty funny. I just watched a show on the science channel where the repaired a mouses spinal cord. Thing is, you never hear about human trials. Maybe mice are just really good at re-growing spinal cords.
>
> No, they're just really bad at calling lawyers if something goes wrong.

"Same thing we do every night, Pinky. Try to get out of the chair."

Re:Help my memory

[cptgrudge]

I know for a fact its the third time its been duped on slashdot. Triped?

Oh, Bravo! You've managed to loosely equate repeated slashdot stories with shit!

Brilliant!

Re:Help my memory

[Anonymous Coward]

There are lots of ways to make peripheral nerves grow into the spinal cord. That's not really the issue anymore. You want central neurons, particular members of the cortical spinal tract, to be able to regrow down the spinal cord so that you can walk. The interesting thing about this article is that cleaving sialic acid chains from neuronal receptors such as MAG is tantamount to removing GAG chains from proteoglycans with Chrondroitinase ABC.

Headline

[Concerned Onlooker]

And to think, all this time the secret was lying right behind the television.

Re:Headline

[Anonymous Coward]

I'm still a bit confused. I thought we had to choose between coax or fiber. Like with SPDIF audio. I've never heard of coax fiber before. Is that what you get if you drill out the center of a large fiber and insert a small fiber?

Re:Headline

[darklordyoda]

This opens whole new paths in the pharma-audiovisual industry! Soon Monster will gold plate your spinal cord and charge you 10x the cost.

yeah

[r00t]

Something about this treatment... doesn't it make you nervous?

They coaxed?

[Anonymous Coward]

They coaxed, did they? Persuaded, gradually and by flattery, to do something?... ooooooh.. you are such a nice nerve... you put other nerves to shame.... Oh comon just regrow a bit!! Just a tiny bit!! You look so great when you regrow....

Honestly the nerve... flattery gets you nowhere.

Re:They coaxed?

[PieSquared]

1 To persuade or try to persuade by pleading or flattery; cajole. 2 To obtain by persistent persuasion: coaxed the secret out of the child. 3 Obsolete. To caress; fondle. 4 To move to or adjust toward a desired end: "A far more promising approach to treating advanced melanoma is to coax the immune system to recognize melanoma cells as deadly" (Natalie Angier). See #4. Also please learn all the meanings of a word before trying to make fun of someone for improper usage

Re:They coaxed?

[Belgarion89]

Hey, if the doctor's cute, she can coax my spine any time she likes!

Re:They coaxed?

[gangien]

7 entries found for humor.
humor ( P ) Pronunciation Key (hymr)
n.
The quality that makes something laughable or amusing; funniness: could not see the humor of the situation.
That which is intended to induce laughter or amusement: a writer skilled at crafting humor.
The ability to perceive, enjoy, or express what is amusing, comical, incongruous, or absurd. See Synonyms at wit1.
One of the four fluids of the body, blood, phlegm, choler, and black bile, whose relative proportions were thought in ancient and medieval physiology to determine a person's disposition and general health.
Physiology.
A body fluid, such as blood, lymph, or bile.
Aqueous humor.
Vitreous humor.
A person's characteristic disposition or temperament: a boy of sullen humor.
An often temporary state of mind; a mood: I'm in no humor to argue.

A sudden, unanticipated whim. See Synonyms at mood.
Capricious or peculiar behavior.

Please get a sense of humor before responding to a post marked funny.

Re:They coaxed?

[__aaxwdb6741]

I have things more rigid than my spine she can coax...

Re:They coaxed?

[thePowerOfGrayskull]

Uh, I may be mistaken... but I believe GP was making a joke. That is to say:

1a : something said or done to provoke laughter; especially : a brief oral narrative with a climactic humorous twist b (1) : the humorous or ridiculous element in something (2) : an instance of jesting : KIDDING <can't take a joke> c : PRACTICAL JOKE d : LAUGHINGSTOCK 2 : something not to be taken seriously : a trifling matter <consider his skiing a joke -- Harold Callender> -- often used in negative constructions <it is no joke to be lost in the desert>

See #1a, 1b1, 1b2. May I also recommend to you this informative work on the very nature of humor? Please do attempt a full understanding of humor before trying to make fun of someone's post.

Oh, man... A thought just occurred to me... what if your post was also tongue-in-cheek humor, a commentary on the rigid nature of grammar nazi's and their ilk?

Re:They coaxed?

[mikael]

That gives a completely new meaning to coaxial cable....

"... please cable, just grow a little bit more, you've almost made it to the router, just
stretch out those coils a little bit more, that's it, a few more inches, I know you can do it. I don't want to have to hang you from the roof and stretch you out..."

Re:They coaxed?

[foniksonik]

This is my favorite thing about the English language... some other languages can't be coaxed into meaning many completely different things by context... they are what they are and you can count on a usage being unique and self-descriptive... luckily we have a system that allows for creative usage which in turn fosters a creative mindset which is what keeps us at the top of the economical food-chain.... see there, see how I did that? I mixed terms up to create a metaphor of sorts, I mean all you have to do is imagine the world's varied populations as a bunch of hungry beasts eating each other up according to their ability and/or preference to dominate and you get a decent idea of how creativity impacts our world. ;-p

Re:They coaxed?

[Anonymous Coward]

Also please learn all the meanings of a word before trying to make fun of someone for improper usage

While you are technically correct, that doesn't make the parent post any less funny.

OW!!

[S.P.B.Wylie]

I keep mailing congress about making puns a capital offence, and they keep not listening!!

Re:OW!!

[Scarletdown]

Well, you have some nerve attempting to legislate humor. ;)

Re:OW!!

[GreyPoopon]

Well, you have some nerve attempting to legislate humor. ;)

Stop it! You're going to give me a nervous breakdown!

Me, myself...

[QuantumFTL]

I, for one, welcome our new neural-regnerating rodent overlords...

Re:Me, myself...

[QuantumFTL]

Alright, I should apologize to all of slashdot, I merely wanted to do that once, just to get it out of my system. There, I feel much better now.

Re:Me, myself...

[Anonymous Coward]

Apologize to the rodents: they've heard you, and they're comin' to git ya.

Can it help Multiple Sclerosis?

[HTMLSpinnr]

I wonder if this could at all help existing nerves regenerate after damage caused by diseases like Multiple Sclerosis. While MS symptoms are a result of the mylin sheath being attacked rather than nerves being detatched, the end result is ultimately the same as the disease progresses - partial or total loss of nerve function in one or more regions of the body. If nerves can be encouraged to grow, it'd be great if they could be encouraged to repair as well.

Re:Can it help Multiple Sclerosis?

[Tim]

Unlikely. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, and even if new nerves could be generated, they would be just as susceptible to attack by the host immune system.

Re:Can it help Multiple Sclerosis?

[JMemmert]

Unlikely. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, and even if new nerves could be generated, they would be just as susceptible to attack by the host immune system.

I agree. It would not have a lasting effect. But repairing existing damage, even if not a permanent effect, would greatly reduce the damage done by the flare-ups.
For patients of both the relapsing-remitting and progressive form of MS, a treatment that would reduce the retained damage would be very helpful.
Patients who can, depending on the degree of the MS, suffer greatly in terms of reduced motor functions and control, for instance, would welcome a treatment that restores their motor skills.
However, causing the growth of nerves where there were none is, to me, significantly different from repairing existing nerves and the mechanisms to do that seem to be quite different.
The Wikipedia article on this describes the damage repair mechanism as follows:

The oligodendrocytes that originally formed a myelin sheath cannot completely rebuild a destroyed myelin sheath. However, the brain can recruit stem cells, which migrate from other unknown regions of the brain, differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, and rebuild the myelin sheath.

This indicates a completely different mechanism as in this research and I find it doubtful that there would be synergy effects. But I am not a doctor. Unfortunately. :-(

Re:Can it help Multiple Sclerosis?

[CodeShark]

As someone whose significant other (my wife) was diagnosed about three weeks ago, I would hope that the science behind the research is what leads to the "right" answer being developed in a new direction.

The thing is, medically, I don't think that the sudden onset of "nerve ending" (re)growth taking place in the brain is the answer. What we want is to discover a chemical means of telling the body to stop attacking the myelin sheaths between the nerves as if they were a virus. Meaning that this research has value in terms of "if we can do something like this (A) here (at the spinal cord junctures), how can we do similar thing (B) at the myelin level. So if researchers can specifically enhance the good molecules or block the bad molecules that are causing problems in MS from being active in the brain space like they are in this experiment, you have permanent stability at the point in time when a diagnosis is made.

Which then allows other research to go forward on medications that can be used to selectively induce myelin-damaged neurons to re-lay those molecules into position like they did when we were growing up.

Re:Can it help Multiple Sclerosis?

[peterfa]

I was thinking similarily. However, I thought of Parkinson's Disease and it's sister disease (I can't remember the name... oh shit!). These both are degenerative nervous diseases. They may not be cured, but rendered a nusience, and nothing more. These particular diseases torment the loved ones of these people as they watch him or her become more and more lost. Who was there is there no more. Putting a stop to the advancement would save a lot of heart ache.

Re:Can it help Multiple Sclerosis?

[HTMLSpinnr]

I feel your pain - my wife has been diagnosed for nearly 5 years, and has been progressively getting worse, hence my initial post. I think what my hope is that once a treatment/cure is successfuly developed (Tysabri - sp?), then an alternate treatment such as what the article referenced, or treatments that other posters suggested (stem cells) could be used to repair some of the damage.

Until then, I continue to wear my red wristband, labeled "Hope", with the http://nationalmssociety.org/ URL.

Re:It's sad

[Mozk]

They took the title of TFA minus the last four words... So blame ScienceDaily, not the Slashdot editors.

Scientists coax /. stories forward in time

[davidwr]

Scientists from the Cowboy Neal Temporal Institute released a study in which stories posted to Slashdot transported themselves almost a month into the future. This research is preliminary, but Dr. Neal hopes that someday soon, we will be able to read about the moon landing, Columbus's voyages, and even the birth of the Universe as they happened.

Re:Scientists coax /. stories forward in time

[Anonymous Coward]

Not the same. That was stem cells to grow new nerve cells, this is an enzyme to cause nerve cells to grow new connections.

Keep your paralyzed rats straight here ;)

Re:It's sad

[wjsroot]

Maybe the editors need to coax their nerves to regrow...

Re:It's sad

[DAldredge]

No.

I blame those that accepted the submission. They have a job, they really should look into doing it once in a awhile.

Let me be the first to say.,..

[ErikTheRed]

The nerve of them!

/me runs, ducks, and hides...

Yes but

[einhverfr]

we need an upgrade to 10BaseT nerve fibers now...

Re:It's sad

[oskard]

It is a common term used in biology, meaning exactly what it implies.

Who cares what the headline is, there's an article accompanying it isn't there?

sheesh

Man with Two Brains

[Doc Ruby]

You know, I remember when that summary would have said "nerves, unlike other cells, don't regrow when damaged". Now it's just brain/spinal nerves, not growing fibers, which an enzyme can fix.

How long before I can backup my mind in a spare brain, and go back to partying like when I was a kid? When nerves didn't regenerate, and I was too dumb to care?

Re:Man with Two Brains

[FirienFirien]

Nerves outside the spinal cord/brain have always had the capacity to regrow. I was run over 10 days ago, and suffered severe bruising down my left wrist; over the last week the bruise has been incredibly itchy at times. I've never had itchy bruises before, so I looked it up; apparently it's the regrowth of the nerves that were smashed up. I mentioned this to a colleague of mine who studied some bio at uni, and he agreed with it and cited a better example - he'd had a bad cut to the outside edge of his hand, and lost the feeling in his little finger. Over the year it took to heal, he would occasionally get itching and even burning sensations as the nerves regrew - as mentioned in TFA, it's the cells in the spinal system that inhibit the regrowth there, and it's the treatment of this inhibition that's being focused on here.

Re:Man with Two Brains

[Doc Ruby]

Well those nerves have always had the capacity to heal. We're only now working with adding capacities by meddling with inhibition mechanisms. But the conventional wisdom used to be that nerves don't regenerate. Even through my premed physio classes in the 1980s they taught us that principle. Now the CW is a lot less humbug.

I watch medicine's continuing developments in letting the body heal itself while playing a champion support role. Ben Franklin said "god does the healing, the doctor collects the reward". I'm looking forward to seeing that principle become more and more true, worshiping my god at the temple of my body.

Yawn

[Noodles]

Ever since 1983 when my spinal cord was injured, I've heard over and over that a "cure" is only 5 years away. I'll belive it when I see it.

Re:Yawn

[FullMetalAlchemist]

Reminds me of SPAM; like all the penis enlargement pills, and what not.

The problem is that penis enlargement pills will never work, but the money hunt is similar.

Spinal cord treatment is very risky research on humans.
Rats have better regenerative abilites, stronger immunesystem and shorter lifespans; so doing clinic tests on human almost always fails completely.
I wish that they did some proper clinical tests on humans instead trying to get more funds by publishing things like this, time and time again.

Similar to the "Cry Wolf" story? Well, the risk is fairly obvious, I think. The more spam we get like this, a smaller portion will be put into research going somewhere useful.

Re:Yawn

[Anonymous Coward]

Ever since 1983 when my spinal cord was injured, I've heard over and over that a "cure" is only 5 years away. I'll belive it when I see it.

Actually, given that attitude, you won't be able to believe it when you see it, because when a "cure" finally is only 5 years away, you still won't be able to see it, because the Progress of Science is unseeable, except retroactively.

So, to be able to see that a "cure" is only five years away, you need (drumroll please) a Time Machine! You hop sufficiently into the future, review the literature to see when the "cure" was created, travel backwards to the date-5 yrs, and then proclaim to the world- "Now I see! The cure is 5 years away!"

While you're there, you can also give us data on when GNU/HERD will be ready, Duke Nukem Forever becomes playable, and Vista gets released. Also, be sure to update us about the heat death of the universe, if you'd be so kind. Thanks!

Slashdot- providing useless nitpicking inconsistently mixed with ridiculous sweeping generalizations since... whattheheck, call in the '90s.

Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[zymano]

Why not something artificial to replace the lost nerves ?

Like wire or something that conducts electricity.

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[vix86]

Nerves don't transmit electricity per say, the transmission happens through a progression of chemicals being dumped from an axon and a in flux of ions from outside coming in which cause a similar reaction down the line at another membrane gate on the axon. Its an elctrochemical reaction that carries the signal in a axon.

(My biology is a little rusty, so maybe someone can better explain it.)

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[FirienFirien]

As vix86 points out, it's not the electrical signals that matter. The human nervous system is not based on electricity, but on ions; the application of electricity to the skin will cause those ions to move, since they're charged particles, but the nervous system itself is purely chemical. For one thing, it doesn't have any closed circuits - the nerve system is entirely radiative, pointing outwards but with no equivalents of wires that come back. What matters here is the synapses. When these are ripped out of place by medical trauma, it's damn hard to fit them back together again - in the rest of the body, it works, but in the spinal cord there's other cells present that effectively inhibit this healing.

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[FirienFirien]

Eh, bah. Link broken, my bad. Try this one instead: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse.

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[Ihlosi]

The human nervous system is not based on electricity, but on ions; the application of electricity to the skin will cause those ions to move, since they're charged particles, but the nervous system itself is purely chemical.

Actually, it's electro-chemical. Signal transmission along the axon works by having a depolarized zone travelling down the axon. The depolarization happens electrically, this is why having a myelin sheath around the axon will speed up signal transmission (the depolarization can "skip" the parts of the axon covered by the myelin sheath).

Signal transmission between two nerve cells is a chemical process that happens in the synaptic cleft, involving neurotransmitters and enzymes to break them down.

What matters here is the synapses. When these are ripped out of place by medical trauma, it's damn hard to fit them back together again - in the rest of the body, it works, but in the spinal cord there's other cells present that effectively inhibit this healing.

Actually, no, the synapses are not the biggest problem. They're simply a connection between two cells that can be reformed fairly easily (nerve cells have a natural tendency to try to establish meaningful connections with other nerve cells). The big problem is having nerve fibers that are cut - the usual healing process of the body consists of disposing of damaged cells and replacing them with newly formed cells. This obviously doesn't work with neurons as they usually cannot be re-grown. Therefore, if a neuron is damaged, it has to be _repaired_, not _replaced_, and this is the hard part.

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[FirienFirien]

There's a flow of ions; it's not conventional electricity, because there's no loop, nor does the signal travel back along the same axon later like a Leyden jar. Sure, you can label the flow of ions in one direction - a chemical gradient caused by the synapse reaction - as electricity, but to most people that's misleading and confusing.

I appreciate the clarification on the dispose/replace, though.

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[Ihlosi]

There's a flow of ions; it's not conventional electricity, because there's no loop,

Yes, there actually is a loop, albeit a tiny one - between the depolarized and the not-yet-but-soon-to-be depolarized part of the axon. The myelin sheath (with its gaps) increases the length of this loop and allows the signal to travel faster.

Re:Why not artificial nerve fiber ?

[Anonymous Coward]

Your Latin is even rustier, the correct phrase is per se, not per say.

Good! Now do it in humans!

[jigjigga]

Its as though every announcement concerning breakthroughs are only good for our rodent friends ;) Get the stuff to work for people and we can all live.

Re:lol

[StarkRG]

Is it just me or should posts like this be an immediate ban?

1 entry found for sense of humour.

[Thorsten Timberlake]

n : the trait of appreciating (and being able to express) the humorous; "she didn't appreciate my humor"; "you can't survive in the army without a sense of humor" [syn: humor, humour, sense of humor]

Any idea why?

[pembo13]

This is in part because nerves in the brain and spinal cord, unlike those in the rest of the body, fail to grow new nerve fibers. Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by signals from other cells in the injured area that stop them from growing.

Has any research been done to find out why the body didn't/hasn't adapted to work around the reasoning for said nerves not regrowing?

Re:Any idea why?

[Ihlosi]

Has any research been done to find out why the body didn't/hasn't adapted to work around the reasoning for said nerves not regrowing?

Simply because such a mechanism would not have provided any significant evolutionary advantage, because damage to the central nervous system usually resulted in death long before the body's repair mechanism can do their thing.

Of course, the latter part is no longer true for humans today, but ~100 years are merely a blip on the timescale of evolution.

Re:Any idea why?

[lbbros]

There are a number of probable factors.

- First of all, the brain cells are "terminally differentiated". This means that once their growth is complete, they can't reproduce anymore (though they're free to adapt to the environment);
- Then, when there is injury in the central nervous system, the specialized immune system of the brain (microglia) causes an inflammation that further damages the area and prevents regrowth;
- Third, neurons are *extremely* susceptible to stress: for the sake of preserving their mission-critical function, if they get damaged, they usually commit cellular suicide (apoptosis). Actually a good part of research is devoted to preventing the cellular suicide, because even if neuron numbers decrease, if it's a small lesion they can compensate by rearranging their networks;
- Last but not least, don't forget that the micro-environment of the brain and spinal cord and the periphery is extremely different at a chemical level, so there may be molecules that influence a regeneration in periphery and not in the center.

Signal to grow is there for the looking

[__aazdqt2542]

When lesioning mice experimentally, it was found that only early in development could spinal cords regrow. The older the beast, the less function could be expected. Since chemical signals surround adult nerve fibers preventing their re-growth, change the chemical bath. This is such an obvious tack, that it is just downright criminal that it is not being followed up. Developmentally, nerve fibers grown into everything early in life, it is only later that the extra nerves die off. So how do you fix damaged CNS nerves? Find out what differences exist between fetal and 3 month old and infuse the area with the fetal bath. What are the most blatently obvious? Blood, hello! Fetal hemoglobin disappears in correlation to the neural die off, along with other choice proteins. Experiment: Does a fetal circulation enable CNS lesion healing? Provide a fetal-type circulation to an affected area, then see. Sure, fetal circulation to CNS lesions might involve some interesting, even controversial plumbing, but the idea is sound.

Re:Signal to grow is there for the looking

[sensei85]

Great idea in theory, but very hard to put into practice. First of all, there are a lot of immunological compatability issues when transferring blood or serum from one organism to another. The human (and mouse) body has an amazing system to recognize foreign material and destroy it, and the bood wouldn't last very long. The second issue is cost. It would be very hard to get a large enough quantity of infant blood to "bathe" an injured area (short of pushing the limits of ethics, which our country seems unwilling to do as of late). "Why not use synthetic materials?" Basically the same two reasons. Synthetic proteins are "copies" of what is naturally produced. However, there are a lot of modifications and interactions that occur in the body that synthetic materials don't undergo, and therefore don't work as well as the natural anologue. Also, making synthetic serum would be very expensive, since there are a lot of elements interacting, and we have no idea what's actually making the difference. That having been said, studying these interactions and coming up with strategies (like introducing specialized bacteria, certain blocker molecules, or even *gasp* stem cells to the mix) is a very promising field, and is being worked on in labs all over the world.

(Nitpick)

[Ihlosi]

Signal transmission between two nerve cells is a chemical process that happens in the synaptic cleft, involving neurotransmitters and enzymes to break them down.

Addition - there are also electric synapses that transmit the signal electrically. However, they lack all the ways to influence/modulate signal transmission in the synaptic cleft, and therefore are rare compared to the chemical synapses.

Maybe the doctrine of not regenerating brain...

[Tanuki64]

cells is outdated. I am not an expert, but more and more I hear of different results, e.g. here: http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s59648. htm

Maybe they're not growing...

[Frightening]

Maybe they're just happy to see you.

The Lizard, anyone?

[x-vere]

Can anyone recall what happened to a certain Dr. Connors for doing something like this? We're gonna have a whole bunch of Lizards running around. If I recall, he kinda went nuts too.

What? They didn't have to grind up any babies?!?!

[Anonymous Coward]

I bet the "scientists" sure are disappointed.

Posting A.C. because the crackpot notion that fetal stem cells AREN'T a panacea isn't very popular with the egghead crowd

WTF???

[Unknown Poltroon]

I read about them doing this 10 fucking years ago, only it was dogs. Inject the shit into some people already!!!!

And yes, I am a little pissed off at how slow and screwed up the FDA and AMA are. Stevia is bad, but have some more ritalin children.

Not as Impressive as Adult Stem Cells

[Anonymous Coward]

Why are they wasting time doing research that isn't related to Adult Stem Cells? There's just no way that Adult Stem Cells aren't the solution to all of our problems. It says so in the Bible. I heard it from God Himself during one of his scripted press conferences. So all you "scientists" should stop your research and go pray for the great Adult Stem Cells to save us all!

Rat Overlords

[nephillim]

...It is amazing that Rats even have any health problems anymore. Seems like every week they have some miracle cure for the Rats!

thank god

[kasgoku]

good work there, it'll be pretty helpful for the future(which is now). good to see that this didnt happen in india... although i think that one of the researchers was indian.

Re:It's sad

[Anonymous Coward]

lol