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Could Black Holes Be Portals to Other Universes?

David Shiga writes "Astronomers have identified many objects out there that they think are black holes. But could they be portals to other universes called wormholes, instead? According to a new study by a pair of physicists, we wouldn't be able to tell the difference. They have discovered that wormholes with the right shape would look identical to black holes from the outside. But while a trip into a black hole would mean certain death, a wormhole might spit you out into a parallel universe with its own stars and planets. Exotic effects from quantum physics might produce wormholes naturally from collapsing stars, one of the physicist says, and they might even be produced in future particle accelerator experiments."

51 of 277 comments (clear)

  1. Into the Unknown: The Circle by HTH+NE1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    In fact, theorists say one variety of wormhole wraps back onto itself, so that it leads not to another universe, but back to its own entrance.
    I'm expecting others to beat me to referencing The Black Hole and Dr. Hans Reinhardt's line, "In, through, and beyond," or even Farscape and Rigel's bored, "Wormhole. Normal space. Wormhole." So instead, and considering slashdot's current technical problems, how about something more obscure.

    Wasn't this an episode of the original The Tomorrow People, except that transit time felt like it took much longer than it really did, whereas the reality of time dilation would likely be the reverse?
    --
    Oh, say does that Star-Spangled Banner entwine / The myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's vine?
    1. Re:Into the Unknown: The Circle by IthnkImParanoid · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Wasn't this an episode of the original The Tomorrow People, except that transit time felt like it took much longer than it really did, whereas the reality of time dilation would likely be the reverse?
      That also sounds like a Steven King short story called (IIRC) The Jaunt, where teleportation to Mars was nearly instantaneous for outside observers, but if you were awake when you traveled your consciousness perceived the transit time as nearly infinite.
      --
      It's nothing but crumpled porno and Ayn Rand.
    2. Re:Into the Unknown: The Circle by Pollardito · · Score: 3, Funny

      a wormhole that's a loop and leads back to itself reminds me more of European Vacation: "Hey look kids, there's Big Ben, and there's Parliament."

    3. Re:Into the Unknown: The Circle by rasputin465 · · Score: 5, Funny

      Black holes are where god divided by zero

    4. Re:Into the Unknown: The Circle by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      No, No, NO!

      It was a Steven King story, but Alfred Bester coined the word "Jaunte" in The Stars My Destination. Bester also developed the whole idea of almost-instantaneous space travel in the very same.

      I love SK, but the canon is still the canon, dude - credit where it's due.

  2. Could Black Holes Be Portals to Other Universes? by XnavxeMiyyep · · Score: 2, Funny

    A question that was never asked before today!

    --
    I put the 't' in electrical engineering.
  3. I can only imagine by wmwilson01 · · Score: 5, Funny

    "Err... Captain, are you *sure* that's a wormhole and not just a blackhole?" "Shush! If there's one thing I learned at Starfleet Academy it's the difference between a wormhole and a

    1. Re:I can only imagine by suv4x4 · · Score: 4, Informative

      "But while a trip into a black hole would mean certain death, a wormhole might spit you out into a parallel universe with its own stars and planets."

      Err.. something's gotta be wrong here. First of all, let's face it: you'll be dead never mind if it's a portal or not. The fact that my energy will somehow exit on the other end offers little comfort, knowing that to be alive, I need to also have my structure preserved.

      The idea about wormholes was introduced when experimenting (mathematically) what would the opposite of a black hole be, using just the known laws of physics and math.

      The thing is, most objects in the universe have their exact opposite version (the most trivial example being matter and antimatter), so scientists thought the same might apply to black holes. Lots of new object classes were prophesied this way.

      Thus, the concept of a while hole was born, which is not like a black hole at all: instead of only sucking in matter and energy (ignoring Hawking radiation for a moment), white holes can only emit matter and energy. Naturally, this posed the question, where is this matter coming from? And the obvious answer was: from a blackhole that's elsewhere. So a wormhole is in fact the whole mechanism where a black hole is tied to a white hole, and whatever falls in a black hole, comes out the white hole.

      So I don't know what those scientists are talking about, but either is the article written very poorly, or the term "wormhole" is being used totally inappropriately here.

      A "wormhole" can't look the same as "blackhole". It's like saying that a computer (the whole thing) may look to a keyboard (the input only). A wormhole isn't some sci-fi generic space warp where you put your ship to go to Degoba.

      And you're definitely dead either way, but if you're brave, up on the next shuttle and go try it, in case a wormhole is passing by.

    2. Re:I can only imagine by Frumious+Wombat · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Since we can't actually travel to any suspected blackhole/wormhole-entrance, we need the dudes at CERN to whip one up, then someone can step through and hopefully wind up farther away in our own universe.

      You first.

      --
      the more accurate the calculations became, the more the concepts tended to vanish into thin air. R. S. Mulliken
  4. Going into confusion... by bitRAKE · · Score: 5, Funny

    What would a blackhole going through a wormhole look like?

    (Or is that when the 503 error happens?)

    1. Re:Going into confusion... by rs79 · · Score: 5, Funny

      "What would a blackhole going through a wormhole look like?"

      Utah.

      --
      Need Mercedes parts ?
  5. Life imitates art, doesn't it? by semifamous · · Score: 3, Funny

    I always knew that black holes were portals.
    I mean, isn't this basic science? You go in one side and you come out the other.

    It's kinda like Pac-Man, right?

  6. Wow, what an original idea! by caywen · · Score: 3, Funny

    I simply never thought of black holes and wormholes that way. Going to another universe/dimension/time/etc - gosh that's something that I don't think even science fiction has considered. I always thought they were just kind of, um, holes or something.

    1. Re:Wow, what an original idea! by aled · · Score: 2, Funny

      I always thought they were just kind of, um, holes or something.


      Tubes.
      --

      "I think this line is mostly filler"
    2. Re:Wow, what an original idea! by Jarjarthejedi · · Score: 3, Funny

      Hmm...seems more like a Truck to me...I mean, you get in and may or may not come out...reminds of hitchhiking and it's even dependant on what kind of effects you have on you!

      --
      There are two kinds of fool One says 'This is old therefore good' Another says 'This is new therefore better'- Dean Ing
  7. easy to test... by pedantic+bore · · Score: 2, Insightful
    ... just send some probes through what seem to be black holes, and then see if any of them come back.

    Oh, wait, there's another small problem to address first -- all the known black holes are a bajillion miles away. Maybe we should work on answering the question of how to get there before we start to obsess about what's on the other side. Or perhaps the multiverse is just teasing us, saying "Hey, there's a portal here to another universe -- want to see what's on the other side? Too bad you won't know for a few thousand years! Psych!"

    --
    Am I part of the core demographic for Swedish Fish?
    1. Re:easy to test... by mdahl · · Score: 2, Funny

      Getting there is no problem. Just have Ballmer fling a chair its way and wait a few seconds.

    2. Re:easy to test... by aled · · Score: 2, Insightful

      all the known black holes are a bajillion miles away.


      No problem, just find a wormhole to go there.
      --

      "I think this line is mostly filler"
  8. Universal gravity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

    A chemistry teacher of mine in high school (early 90's) of mine had a big, long lecture about the universe and built it all up from subatomic particles and ended with the vastness of space. It was his Xmas gift for his classes every year, and we loved it. Well at least those with half a brain did.

    Anyway, his twist at the end resembled this article. He said that everything in the universe has gravity. Well, if everything has gravity, then the universe itself has a gravitational pull. Eventually the mass of the universe would be such that any light trying to escape it would be pulled back inside, which would make the universe appear to be black hole from anyone on the outside looking in...

    1. Re:Universal gravity by Ambitwistor · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Well, if everything has gravity, then the universe itself has a gravitational pull. Eventually the mass of the universe would be such that any light trying to escape it would be pulled back inside, which would make the universe appear to be black hole from anyone on the outside looking in... It sounds like your teacher may have had the misconception that the universe is an expanding sphere, with stars and galaxies on the inside, and a void outside into which the matter expands.

      That's not how Big Bang cosmology works, however. In that theory, all of space is filled with matter, and space itself expands, carrying the matter with it. There is no "edge".

      Consequently, it doesn't make much sense to speak of light trying to "escape" the universe, since the universe has no boundary. That's why it's problematic to speak of the whole universe as a "black hole".

      For a related FAQ, see here.
    2. Re:Universal gravity by Brad1138 · · Score: 2, Funny

      It sounds like your teacher may have had the misconception that the universe is an expanding sphere, with stars and galaxies on the inside, and a void outside into which the matter expands.

      It sounds like you may not be familiar with this.

      --
      If you could reason with religious people, there would be no religious people
    3. Re:Universal gravity by radarsat1 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Once can say that the expansion of the universe is due to the expansion of space, which means that the distances between spatial points change with time.


      Which is actually something that's been bothering me since I thought of it: I feel like there's a tendency in cosmology to forget that time is also a dimension, and that the big bang is an expansion not of SPACE, but of SPACE-TIME. So if space and time is expanding, how can it be something that is taking time? How can time be expanding along a timeline? It's a recursive definition. Circular logic.

      I have yet to hear a good explanation of this. I get the feeling, in all these many multi-dimensional theories of our universe, that it's a mistake to think about "time" as being somehow distinct and "special" as a dimension. But who knows, I've got nothing to base that on, it's just a hunch. All the theories I've seen have been things like, "3 large space, 6 small space, 1 time", or "5 space dimensions, 1 time". I've never seen a theory of physics that unites these two critical concepts of dimensionality. On the other hand, maybe there really is a difference between them, so it's not necessary. But in that case, does time play some special role in the big bang?
    4. Re:Universal gravity by Ambitwistor · · Score: 4, Informative

      Which is actually something that's been bothering me since I thought of it: I feel like there's a tendency in cosmology to forget that time is also a dimension, and that the big bang is an expansion not of SPACE, but of SPACE-TIME. No. "Expansion" refers to space, specifically an increase of spatial distances over time.

      However, it is true that spacetime is curved.

      So if space and time is expanding, how can it be something that is taking time? How can time be expanding along a timeline? That's one of many reasons why nobody speaks of "spacetime" expanding. It doesn't have a meaningful definition.

      This is an issue of semantics, not of physics.

      I get the feeling, in all these many multi-dimensional theories of our universe, that it's a mistake to think about "time" as being somehow distinct and "special" as a dimension. Geometrically, it is distinct and special. It's because the geometry of spacetime is described by a modified Pythagorean theorem (a Lorentzian metric), in which the sign of a (squared) timelike displacement is opposite to that of a spacelike displacement.

      Space and time are unified into spacetime, but that doesn't mean that space and time are the same thing. Rather, it means that what is "space" to one observer may be a mix of "space and time" to another. However, all observers agree on whether a direction is overall timelike or overall spacelike.

      But in that case, does time play some special role in the big bang? In general relativity, time isn't even defined at the Big Bang; the geometry of spacetime breaks down. In a replacement theory of quantum gravity, who knows ...
  9. Just like putting by geekoid · · Score: 5, Funny

    a portable hole into a bag of holding!

    --
    The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
  10. what would happen on the other side? by radarsat1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Well, I'm no physicist, but it seems reasonable to me to assume that if the formation of black holes can rip through to another universe, or perhaps another part of a curved universe, then an event would take place on the other side: the formation of a matching wormhole mouth.

    We have to assume that if blackholes can form in our universe, then they can form in the "other" universe. So we would be seeing the spontaneous formation of black holes occurring here that are the result of collapsing stars on the other side.

    So my question is, what does this event look like from the perspective of the other side, and have we observed it happening here?

    1. Re:what would happen on the other side? by radarsat1 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      An additional question comes to mind: If black holes have an event horizon beyond which no matter can return, and there is a wormhole with a black hole on each side, then if you went into the black hole and try to get out the other side, you'd find that you're behind the other black hole's event horizon and are unable to escape. So... you'd be in a tunnel from which there is no escape. So... you'd stick in a wormhole... which doesn't seem all that different from a black hole... what was the point of this thought experiment again?

      Perhaps wormholes just don't exist then.

      I think the thing that differentiates worm holes from black holes is that they DON'T shrink to a singularity, but instead attach to a hole on the other side of the universe through a tunnel that has a finite radius. So they're not the same thing... the difference between having a singularity and NOT having a singularity is pretty staggering. Is the point of the article just trying to say that wormholes have an event horizon?

    2. Re:what would happen on the other side? by suv4x4 · · Score: 2, Interesting

      We have to assume that if blackholes can form in our universe, then they can form in the "other" universe.

      Let's just be clear that without more details, the claim that wormholes open in some "other" universe appear quite random. The original theory of wormholes doesn't claim any other universes, just different points in the same (and only) mother universe we know.

      There are two types of "other" universes currently science theorizes about: parallel universes as found in quantum theory (all possibilities of a super-state), and the universes formed by the additional dimensions suggested by the string theory (where "sliding" along the additional dimensions may create alternative universes where laws of physics change and even Pi might change as a constant).

      Again, maybe just the article is written poorly, but it seems they're talking about some kind of Star Trek -style "other" universe, and we should expect lots of aliens with rubber foreheads. It's hard to take any of this seriously when all of the substance and coherence was sucked out (if it ever existed) in the process of turning it into an article.

    3. Re:what would happen on the other side? by maraist · · Score: 4, Informative

      I can't remember the original source.. But in the book 'The God Delusion', there were references to several official big-bang theories.. One of which was the hypothesis that black-holes represent spontaneous synthesis of isolated sub-universes. Where information doesn't leak-back-in to the source universe.. Each sub-universe could have potentially deviant quantium properties such that the mass, charge, force-strenght, etc of various quantum particles would differ ever so slightly.. That by this process, universes actually evolve - ones that have unstable quantum characteristics quickly devolve (perhaps expanding too quickly, or collapsing back into itself, etc).. By virtue of the fact that our universe survived long enough to spawn life, this would represent a successful set of quantum characteristics - though there may be alternate sister, parental or child universes with more ideal states.

      But, it stands to reason that such evolutionary universes don't allow cross-talk, that you wouldn't be able to worm-hole back into your neighboring universe. If nothing else, the difference in quantum properties would cause your physical person to become highly unstable.

      Of course it's still conceivable that the sister universes have identical properties (that there is only one set), that perhaps only the differing ratio of particles (such as the over-abundance of matter v.s. antimatter in our universe). To which we may still survive in the alternate universe - just have to watch out for our alter ego.

      Though, to me, an identical universe, or even a sister universe is kind of boring to me.. Just seems like infinity times k. whop-ti-doo. The only interesting cases to me, are the evolving universes or the true singularity of our universe.

      --
      -Michael
    4. Re:what would happen on the other side? by instagib · · Score: 2, Funny

      > I am largely talking out of my ass

      Which proves that sound waves come out of black holes ...

  11. Let's throw the hardened convicts in there by atari2600 · · Score: 4, Funny

    You know, the really really bad guys. Give them a ship with food, guns and other building blocks for "civilization". If they make it, well we win. If they don't, well too bad but that relieves the load on prisons. What? It worked for Australia didn't it? Ok laugh now - that was supposed to be funny.

    Hmmm, come to think about it; not a bad idea at all.

  12. If this were true... by AbsoluteXyro · · Score: 2, Insightful

    If this were true... Shouldn't we see some black holes spitting out extradimensional spaghetti noodles?

    1. Re:If this were true... by Dachannien · · Score: 2, Funny

      Only if His Noodly Appendage wills it so.

  13. Oh, well, that's different by Deadstick · · Score: 5, Funny
    But while a trip into a black hole would mean certain death, a wormhole might spit you out into a parallel universe

    ...dead.

    rj

  14. The paper by Ambitwistor · · Score: 3, Informative

    New Scientist has a link to the paper, which is small and off to the side and easily overlooked (and does not make clear that the whole paper can be accessed, not just the abstract). The paper is here for anyone who may have missed it.

  15. Too exotic by Dr.+Eggman · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Who needs a multi-verse explaination when it suffices to explain a blackhole as vast swaths of time/space condensed to an ultra-hyperfine, darn-near-singular point? That's what I had always thought they were, anyways.

    Who knows, maybe a black hole is just an area approaching infinity, shrinking all that comes to the area with it. Why not? And Hawking's Radiation naturally permeates all of the universe but remains unobservable as it's particles are so large that it would fit many solar systems in it's space, but shrinks down at a black hole to a (weakly) observable radiation. It's not as if something that large would be identifiable; it would be discounted to an observation of the basic state of the universe. Our universe is only our observable universe; all this multi-verse and worm-hole stuff isn't any more real science than my silly-sized particle, just imaginative speculation.

    --
    Demented But Determined.
  16. is this like saying by semiotec · · Score: 2, Funny

    toilets are in fact, gateways to other people's homes? perhaps someone could make a pretty picture to make this argument more plausible.

  17. Logical contradiction by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

    Sorry to split semantic hairs here...but we are geeks after all...

    The word "universe" logically means "everything." From Dictionary.reference.com:

    1. the totality of known or supposed objects and phenomena throughout space; the cosmos; macrocosm.

    An etymological analysis reveals the word to be of Latin origin, the prefix "uni" meaning "one" and "verse" derived from the word for "to turn," implying something to the effect of "all things turned to one." (I also have a beef with the misuse of "uni" in such words as "unisex," but I won't get into that here).

    Anyway, if it is possible to get to a "parallel universe" then that means that it exists. If it exists, then that means that it is already part of the universe. Therefore saying that there are many universes is a simple logical contradiction.

    So, perhaps these other places exist, and are parallel to the place in which we exist. I am envisioning something like a stack of 4 dimensional space-time continuums all lined up along a fifth dimension, with worm holes propelling objects along the 5d axis between these continuums. That may be possible for all I know, but they aren't parallel universes; they are all part of the universe.

    1. Re:Logical contradiction by illegalcortex · · Score: 4, Insightful

      You're not just splitting hairs, you're assuming that a word is simply a collection of roots (Latin or otherwise) and it has a fixed and unchanging meaning derived from them.

      That's really not the case with language. It's ESPECIALLY not the case with scientific language.

      You might also notice that what you posted isn't the definition of universe, it's a definition of universe. Another from the same page: a world or sphere in which something exists or prevails. This is much more applicable to our usage of universe to mean the current cosmology we understand.

      I know it makes some people who crave order and stability mad, but language is created, molded, abused and transformed by the speakers and writers with little remorse for whose feelings may be hurt.

  18. No event horizon by suv4x4 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The article claims, that unlike a black hole, a "wormhole" (in the sense they explain it) has no event horizon. If it has no event horizon, it means light can escape it.

    So it wouldn't look like a black hole AT ALL. I call bullshit on the whole article.

    1. Re:No event horizon by Ambitwistor · · Score: 3, Insightful

      So it wouldn't look like a black hole AT ALL. I call bullshit on the whole article. I think you may want to take a more informed look at their claims before making such strong statements.

      The authors propose a wormhole constructed such that light takes so long to escape from its mouth, it's effectively indistinguishable from a black hole, because nobody can realistically wait long enough to see anything come out of it.

      They write,

      An immediate consequence of the metric (2.1) is that time in the throat is extremely slow from the point of view of a distant observer. Indeed, they are related by lambda, [...] The throat thus mimics what happens at the event horizon of a black hole where time is "frozen" [we recall that the old name (especially in Russia) for a black hole was a "frozen star"]. The only difference from an actual horizon is that time does not completely stop in the throat: if an observer makes observations during a time of order GM/lambda he or she will resolve the processes happening in the throat and thus be able to distinguish a wormhole from a black hole. Reciprocally, this preliminary remark suggests that if an observer only looks at a wormhole during a finite time he or she might not be able to distinguish it from a black hole. We shall see below, in several examples, that this is indeed the case, even for phenomena that are usually considered as characteristically linked to the presence of an horizon (such as no-hair properties, or dissipative properties). However, we shall see that the observing time span needed to distinguish a wormhole from a black hole is not GM/lambda, as suggested by the above naive argument, but rather GM/ln(1/lambda).
  19. Are you nuts? by geekoid · · Score: 2, Funny

    Basically he is saying send all the religeos nuts into a ship and blast them to the nearest workhole. That. Plan. Is . BRILLIANT!

    --
    The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
  20. String Theory by kmac06 · · Score: 2, Informative

    This sounds like it's based on string theory. String theory has absolutely no evidence that it is correct--it just sometimes appears to describe some phenomena better than quantum mechanics or general relativity. I think of it more as a interesting mathematical construct rather than anything like a physical theory.

  21. **Warning: Parent is a Goatse redirect** by eternalnyte · · Score: 2, Informative

    For those of you at work, beware the obligatory goatse reference the parent decided to post

  22. Falling into a black hole is not certain death. by JesseL · · Score: 4, Interesting

    It depends on the size of the black hole. Small ones will have sharper gravitational gradients that will result in tidal forces that could inflict serious entropy on you, but a large enough black hole could have a surface gravity less than earth and much less significant tidal forces.

    --
    "Prefiero morir de pie que vivir siempre arrodillado!"
  23. Here's my idea on what a black hole is by zymano · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The black hole is either two things to me. One it is a giant particle unknown to physics. Maybe something equivalent to the early universe particles. I heard there were alot microblackholes then. Not sure on that. The other alternative to me is a microgalaxy where space is actually condensed but still exist. Yeah,strange. Definitely good for science fiction and better than the dead nothing superparticle.

  24. Re:We could by Dr.+Eggman · · Score: 3, Funny

    Bad idea. I fear the consequences of allowing the two most dense entities in the universe to cross paths:

    Try to imagine all life as you know it stopping instantaneously and every molecule in your body exploding at the speed of light.

    --
    Demented But Determined.
  25. More like: by Cadallin · · Score: 2, Insightful
    From the Somebody-started-reading-50's-pulp-sci-fi Dept.

    Christ, how is THIS news? People have been speculating about this kind of thing since the theorization of Black Holes. Carl Sagan talks about in one of the more trippy, pot induced segments of 1980's Cosmos!

    I think I'm getting too damn old. The entire internet is looking like a dupe to me.

  26. You misunderstand by Fallen+Seraph · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Black -> White holes was an older theory. That's NOT the theory of wormholes. A Black/White hole system is one way. Matter enters a Black Hole and exits a White Hole. Both are continually connected to one another. Additionally, your history is off, because it wasn't just a thought experiment questioning an opposite. It was an attempt to answer the question "Where does the matter entering a black hole go?" The logical answer (physics aside) would have been a white hole.

    Wormhole theory is different. The theory of a wormhole is that under certain conditions, the warping of space-time can be so extreme that two massive distortions can connect to one another. Essentially, that the singularities of 2 black holes touch, and open up a tunnel through space-time, which is shorter than the trip through normal space-time. These connections can last for a single instant or longer, but they are not considered to be permanent, and are, hypothetically, rarely stable last I read.

    Whether they connect to other points (black holes) within our own Universe, or within other Universes depends largely on the shape of the Universe and if multi-verse theory is even real. The shape being the major determining factor in a great deal of such very theoretical physics.

    Finally, a wormhole looping back on itself would not longer join spans of space, but instead, spans of time. It would connect to it's past or future self, because doing so would involve looping, and a common theory is that the more a wormhole loops, the more it displaces itself within time.


    Who knew reading a Brief History of Time so many years ago would eventually pay off? :P

  27. Comment removed by account_deleted · · Score: 4, Informative

    Comment removed based on user account deletion

  28. Something more obscure? by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 2, Funny
    Rigel's bored, "Wormhole. Normal space. Wormhole." So instead, and considering slashdot's current technical problems, how about something more obscure.

    Ask and ye shall receive...

    Towns, rivers, palaces,
    all mixed up in an inextricable whirl.

    Over there, Miss Honeychurch,
    the villa of my dear friend Lady Laverstock,
    at present busy with a Fra Angelico definitive study.

    And, on your left - no, just there -
    Mr. Henry Burridge lives.

    - A Room With a View

    Merchant-Ivory fans will need no explaination, but in case the relevance isn't obvious, the scene is an open carriage ride through the country with Mr. Emerson showing the sights to Miss Honeychurch, "...and on your left..."
    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
  29. Uh oh - that worhs both ways.. by cheros · · Score: 2, Insightful

    If a black hole could port stuff from our Universe elsewhere there's really no argument to stop the reverse being true either.

    This would, however, mean that the laws about preserving mass, energy etc. must have a bigger scope, or those holes could cause quite a bit of an imbalance. Or maybe there's always an opposite flow somewhere else, a bit like communicating vessels but in multiple dimensions..

    Meanwhile, back in the real world, I got a parking ticket :-/

    --
    Insert .sig here. Send no money now. Owner may sue, contents will settle. Batteries not included.