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Why Myths Persist

lottameez recommends an article in the Washington Post about recent research into the persistence of myths. In short: once a myth has been put out there (e.g., "Saddam Hussein plotted the 9/11 attacks"), denying it can paradoxically reinforce its staying power. Ignoring it doesn't work either — a claim that is unchallenged gains the ring of truth. Over time, "negation tags" fall out of memory: "Saddam didn't plan 9/11" becomes "Saddam planned 9/11." From the article: "The conventional response to myths and urban legends is to counter bad information with accurate information. But the new psychological studies show that denials and clarifications, for all their intuitive appeal, can paradoxically contribute to the resiliency of popular myths... The research is painting a broad new understanding of how the mind works. Contrary to the conventional notion that people absorb information in a deliberate manner, the studies show that the brain uses subconscious 'rules of thumb' that can bias it into thinking that false information is true. Clever manipulators can take advantage of this tendency."

30 of 988 comments (clear)

  1. And.... by suso · · Score: 4, Insightful

    It took 5000 years to come to this conclusion?

    Maybe this explains why religion persists in the face of logic, it was here before science.

    1. Re:And.... by Bucc5062 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Belief in a power greater then ourselves is not about logic. It is about faith. Religion is a man made construction around Faith in something greater and a poor one at that.

      Science and Faith can co-exist. I believe in God and how that Faith helps shape and guide my life. I also believe in Science, in it's ability to help describe the world around me from the smallest quark to the farthest sun. Science only reaffirms my Faith in this way, each time "We" (mankind) say this is the barrier, this is the absolute; Science through discovery pushes past that barrier. In fact I propose that there are leaps of Faith in Scientific discovery that only later logic will describe. For me those leaps are our moments of touching the God that is inside us.

      Faith is not about logic and why it will endure along with logic.

      --
      Life is a great ride, the vehicle doesn't matter
    2. Re:And.... by Yaztromo · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Belief in a power greater then ourselves is not about logic. It is about faith.

      Well, you can call it that if it makes you feel better, but the rest of us just call that "wishful thinking".

      I have little doubt your faith makes you feel good inside, but then again, so does a hit to a heroin addict.

      Of course, assuming TFA is valid, my denying the entire notion of your "faith" will probably re-enforce it. So you're welcome. Enjoy it in good health.

      Yaz.

    3. Re:And.... by gvc · · Score: 4, Insightful

      We all have faith. For example, I have absolute faith that if I jump up I will fall back to earth.

      Not all faith is created equal. My faith that I will fall back to earth is, I daresay, more rational than that of somebody who believes he or she will fly away. That's because the latter is not only unsupported by, but contradicted by, our understanding of the natural world.

      So I can split faith into four categories:

          1. faith in things supported by our observations
          2. faith in things for which there is no evidence but could
                conceivably be observed
          3. faith in things that by definition can never be observed
          4. faith in things for which contradict our observations

      Categories 2 and 3 are, in my opinion, harmless but useless.
      Category 4 is harmful.

      Personally, I stick to category 1 and am a devout athiest.
      Many mainstream religions and a large number of individuals
      stick to categories 2 and 3. Except, perhaps, as far as
      the historical record is concerned (paranormal events caused
      by the intervention of metaphysical beings). It is easy enough
      to agree to disagree on these matters.

      The problem, of course, is category 4.

    4. Re:And.... by j00r0m4nc3r · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I was thinking the same thing. He certainly does not speak for me. Besides, "faith" and "wishful thinking" are similar, but not the same thing really. Faith implies an unconditional acceptance, whereas wishful thinking has an inherent doubt aspect -- you're wishing it, but not really convinced it will happen. It's entirely different to believe that something will happen than it is to hope that something will happen. Having faith in something frees you from doubt and worry in regards to that thing. And ultimately if you seek to lead an enlightened life, you need to rid yourself of such worries and doubts. You will be healthier, live longer, and have a much richer spiritual experience of life. So even if something like Heaven (for instance) doesn't exist, it doesn't matter because A.) if Heaven exists, you're set, B.) if Heaven doesn't exist, you'll be dead by the time you learn the truth so who cares, and C.) you will have lived your life free of worry and doubt in regards to death, which is to your benefit during life. So ultimately you win, whether Heaven exists or not. The key is to free yourself of worry, and wishful thinking implies worry, whereas faith does not.

    5. Re:And.... by BVis · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Nor can it be proven. Until such time as the big guy walks into my living room and shakes my hand, I'll be skeptical, thank you very much.

      Oh, and news flash:

      #1 there's no 'distasteful' moderation,
      #2 not everyone agrees with you (matter of fact, some people regard mainstream religion as highly offensive and insulting),
      #3 just because someone disagrees with you, doesn't mean they're 'wrong'.

      You have faith in "God". The parent poster has faith in what he/she can scientifically determine. Neither is wrong nor right. I apologize if you're uncomfortable with that much gray, but that's life.

      --
      Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups.
    6. Re:And.... by Dan+Ost · · Score: 4, Insightful

      That is far easier to believe than the Universe simply came into existence on its own.

      You're claiming that it's easier to believe that:
      1) something (God) exists and has no creator
      2) God has the ability to create the universe
      3) God used that ability to create the universe

      As opposed to:
      1) something (the Universe) exists and has no creator

      Please correct me if I have somehow misrepresented your position.

      --

      *sigh* back to work...
    7. Re:And.... by plague3106 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      So we should just pick the easiest answer instead of searching for the correct one? The fact that WE exist proves nothing more than somehow chemicals came together and life began. That doesn't mean something else made it happen.

    8. Re:And.... by zerocool^ · · Score: 4, Insightful


      So even if something like Heaven (for instance) doesn't exist, it doesn't matter because A.) if Heaven exists, you're set, B.) if Heaven doesn't exist, you'll be dead by the time you learn the truth so who cares, and C.) you will have lived your life free of worry and doubt in regards to death, which is to your benefit during life.

      If you're saying what I think you're saying here, you're talking about Pascal's Wager, which in essence states that the consequence of believing in god and being proven wrong at death is smaller than believing god doesn't exist, and being proven wrong at death (and thus spending eternity in hell).

      This, to me, is not only fundamentally flawed, but it is the cornerstone on which religious bigotry is based. For one, who's god should one believe in? Presumably the god of the one who is positing the wager. But, to me, the larger issue is this: If there is a god, and you've spent your life trying to enrich humanity and all those around you without any respect to any god, and god doesn't want to let you into heaven... then god is evil. If there is NO god, and you've spent your life worshiping him, and giving people money who represent him, and there IS NO eternal life... you have wasted the only precious resource you have, which is your time on earth.

      I, like many others on slashdot, believe that when you die, your body goes into the ground and you rot. There is no continued existence after death, when your brain shuts off for the last time, you are dead, and it's the end of the line. I can think of no greater tragedy than to waste the limited time we have here together on earth by worshiping god.

      Life is precious. Religion robs us of the preciousness of this commodity by telling us that there's more of it over the next hill. Wake up, folks. The next hill is a cliff.

      ~Wx

      --
      sig?
    9. Re:And.... by SanityInAnarchy · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Would you rather live in a world that has meaning and purpose, and a moral absolute, or would you rather live in a world where nothing you does ever matters and the only purpose of existence is for you to feel good about yourself enough to continue to procreate?

      If the latter is true, then yes.

      Would you rather live in a world that's flat, or a world that's round? A flat world would probably have some interesting properties. It would be easier to draw a map, for one thing. It'd also be easier to define where God goes in this world -- in the sky, of course.

      But the world isn't flat. It's round. So if I really wanted to, I could live in a delusion of a flat world -- there's even a "flat earth society" that was started as a joke, but now has a loyal following. But it would be a delusion.

      Now, as it is, people keep shifting the definition of God and religion so that a God could always exist, so I can't conclusively say that you're wrong, and that there is no God. However, I do find it kind of silly that you continue to believe in one.

      But there are a substantial number of people who would rather live in the world that has meaning and purpose, hence religion.

      Oh, false dichotomy, by the way. You can have a world of meaning and purpose without religion. You can make up your own meaning and purpose, if you like, one that's not based on a fantasy.

      --
      Don't thank God, thank a doctor!
    10. Re:And.... by edittard · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Science can disprove; it cannot prove. And the existence of God cannot be disproven.
      Yes it can. The Bablefish is a dead giveaway.
      --
      At the bottom of the /. main page it says 'Yesterday's News'. Well they got that right.
    11. Re:And.... by PitaBred · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Nelson Mandela isn't a terribly extraordinary claim, even though he may be an extraordinary example of a human being. The existence of God on the other hand, is a pretty freaking extraordinary claim.

    12. Re:And.... by markbt73 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Having faith in something frees you from doubt and worry in regards to that thing. And ultimately if you seek to lead an enlightened life, you need to rid yourself of such worries and doubts. You will be healthier, live longer, and have a much richer spiritual experience of life.

      So ignorance is bliss, is it? How, exactly, does sticking your fingers in your ears and going "La, la, la" in the face of evidence make you "enlightened"? What you're essentially saying is, "Thinking is hard and icky, so I'll just believe what the nice man in the shiny robes tells me." It's intellectually dishonest and ethically reprehensible.

      Ignoring something that, by all conceivable tests, does not exist, also frees you from worry about that thing. And it allows you to focus on real experiences and seek real enlightenment.

      But hey, enjoy your yummy Kool-Aid.

      --
      "Oh boy! Are we going to try something dangerous?"
    13. Re:And.... by zerocool^ · · Score: 4, Insightful



      I think it depends on how you view things. Some people wouldn't say that a life lived the way their God wants them to is wasted. Meaning it's not just about worship and giving money or whatever, but the doing-good-to-others, being selfless and an upstanding citizen, etc and the other ideals usually present in the Bible but then not always obeyed by those who promote them. If it were followed properly I imagine it wouldn't be a wasted life at all, it would be a satisfying one that enriched the lives around it as well.


      Right, but my point was only that all these things you say are good, and could be done with out the god part of the equation. As another of your sibling posts says, religion is not all bad. I will agree with this, but the parts of religion that aren't bad - charity, love for your fellow man, etc - aren't the religious parts.

      All I'm saying is that living what I consider a "good religious live", i.e. one in which you seek to make humanity better than when you came into the world, could be done without the religious aspect; and if that's the case, then spending your time worshiping god, even in addition to doing these things, doesn't negate the fact that it's still irrelevant to the end goal of bettering humanity.

      Still, I think Jesus had a lot of good ideas, if he existed. Feed the poor, assist the sick, love your neighbor, treat other people how you wish they'd treat you, don't be quick to judge, don't overlook your own inequities - all these things are excellent. Which is why if he were a philosopher, I'd be all about his teachings. Unfortunately, someone had to go and make a religion out of them instead, and not only that, one in which half the followers skip over all the philosophical goodness and go straight to the fire-and-brimstone eternal-life-only-for-believers bits. Nothing turns people off to christ like christians.

      ~Wx

      --
      sig?
    14. Re:And.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      We don't have photographic evidence of Thomas Jefferson; did he exist?

      Photographs can be faked, just like many other kinds of evidence.

      Your belief in the existence of Thomas Jefferson is wishful thinking, based only on easily faked paintings and texts.


      Ah, the good old "all uncertainties are equally uncertain" argument. You can't prove with 100% certainty that Thomas Jefferson was real, so either you believe in Jefferson and God (my god, that is; not those other obviously fake gods) or you don't believe in either.

      I am reasonably certain that no one can be absolutely certain about anything, if one bases one's certainty on evidence and not on faith. The evidence that Thomas Jefferson was a real person is, by any standards, extremely good. Contrary to your claim, faking the mountains of independent and mutually supporting evidence for the existence of Jefferson would not be easy; it would be monumentally hard. The evidence for any kind of god, on the other hand, is extraordinarily weak, by any standards. One can hold to a high standard of evidence and be confident that Thomas Jefferson was real. In order to hold the same confidence of belief with respect to any of the popular religious myths (all of which are, taken anything close to literally, incompatible with one another) one would need to either have a standard of evidence that is so low that just about any claim will pass muster, or one must engage in special pleading and argue that, for some reason, belief in such-and-such a god does not require the same standard of evidence as belief in anything else.

    15. Re:And.... by myrdos2 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      There's a simpler counter-argument here. You're assuming that this god rewards those who believe in him/her/it. I feel it is just as likely that the god punishes its believers while rewarding atheists.

    16. Re:And.... by abertoll · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Hmmm... I don't consider #1 to be under the category of "faith." I think the word "faith" must involve some belief without evidence.

      --
      "he drew his sword Ringil that glittered like ice... and he wounded Morgoth with seven wounds..."
  2. Like the famous "Gore won Florida"? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Why not extend the slant, which wasn't present in the article, to go both ways? I can't tell you how many people I know who believe Gore won Florida and base it on the idea that major media sources verified it. You can go show them the opposite and they don't care.

    What it comes down to is this, people are more inclined to believe stories which correspond to what they already believe to be true, even if the evidence against such a belief is overwhelming. It is all about change and accepting mistakes. There are too many people resistant to change and resistant to admitting mistakes.

  3. Avoiding negations by Rakshasa+Taisab · · Score: 4, Insightful

    So when informing the public about false information, one should avoid using negations?

    Instead of saying "Saddam Hussein was not involved in 9/11.", you should instead say something like "It was al-qaida, who didn't particularly like Saddam Hussein, that were responsible for 9/11."

    --
    - These characters were randomly selected.
  4. The Saddam/911 myth persists because powerful by Ellis+D.+Tripp · · Score: 3, Insightful

    interests within our government and defense industry worked VERY HARD on inventing and perpetuating it. And our corporate media did their usual lapdog routine, and went along without questioning anything.

    --
    Remember "News for Nerds, Stuff that Matters"? Help make it a reality again! http://soylentnews.org
  5. Re:Biggest myths of all have been around for ages. by tukkayoot · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Religion persists against all common sense.

    Actually, religion persists because of "common sense," which this article seems to help demonstrate. The problem is that commonly passes as "sense" is not very logically sound. Common sense is not a great tool for discovering the truth.

    This is why the scientific method is so invaluable ... it can keep us honest and allow us to push beyond what intuitively seems true, or what works according to common sense.

    Too bad most people are scientifically illiterate.
  6. In other words by DaveV1.0 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    There are many stupid people who will believe whatever they want to believe, regardless of proof. They will generally want to force you to believe what they believe even if you have proof that directly contradicts them. And, if you refuse to believe, they may try to silence.

    --
    There is no "-1 offended" or "-1 you don't agree with me" mod options for a reason.
  7. No You Dim Witted Troll by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    No you dim witted troll, he said that religion is a man made construction around faith. He also said that faith is a belief beyond proof that something more exists. He also claimed that science has had many leaps of faiths that have lead to logical foundation throughout its existence. He never said that God was a man-made construction, only that the rituals to worship and appease God might be man-made around the faith that a creator exists.

    Some of you people are so intent on being snide that you don't even read the post you're responding to. (It makes you look like a real dumb ass.) I hope someone with some common sense mods you down, even if they agree with you're slashdot-populist message. Straw manning someone to ridicule them is unnecessary.

    1. Re:No You Dim Witted Troll by notasheep · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Maybe you should try taking your own advice... Here's the post in question:

      "Belief in a power greater then ourselves is not about logic. It is about faith. Religion is a man made construction around Faith in something greater and a poor one at that.

      Science and Faith can co-exist. I believe in God and how that Faith helps shape and guide my life. I also believe in Science, in it's ability to help describe the world around me from the smallest quark to the farthest sun. Science only reaffirms my Faith in this way, each time "We" (mankind) say this is the barrier, this is the absolute; Science through discovery pushes past that barrier. In fact I propose that there are leaps of Faith in Scientific discovery that only later logic will describe. For me those leaps are our moments of touching the God that is inside us."

      First: The poster never said "Faith is a belief beyond proof" - that's your assertion. And, you're wrong, it's a belief of something in the absence of proof, or despite evidence of the contrary. There is an important distinction there. Having faith is something "greater" has no meaning in the absence of some roadmap of how that "something greater" will guide your life. All of the ideological constructs informing his/her Faith in (any) "God" is driven by the man-made religious dogma he/she ascribes to. The "Faith" that "helps shape and guide" the OP life is based on those religious constructs - he/she is making choices and shaping their life based on the dogma. So, the OP's "Faith" is essentially a man-made construct.

      Second: There is a big difference between religious faith and the "leaps of faith" taken by science. The "leaps of faith" in science are ideas that are tested and accepted (or discarded) over time through the scientific process. Essentially, the antithesis of religious faith.

      --
      Your mind looks a little cramped. Why don't you stretch it a little?
    2. Re:No You Dim Witted Troll by nuzak · · Score: 3, Insightful

      It is not an article of faith that 1 + 1 = 2. It's the definition of two. Guisseppe Peano and company went to quite a few lengths to come up with more rigorous proofs of obvious things like this.

      Newton's laws are hardly an article of faith: they're directly observable, and with a little tweaking to account for space and time variables that were too small to affect Newton's calculations, they fit into a consistent system with reproduceable results.

      Feel free to write God into the gaps if you wish. Somehow I doubt this god particularly cares if we supplicate to him in our schools or see nipples on our TV screens.

      --
      Done with slashdot, done with nerds, getting a life.
  8. Re:Biggest myths of all have been around for ages. by heinousjay · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It amazes me how actually looking and trying to find out the answer is looked down upon by religious people, when just deciding that some superman in the sky sneezed everything into existence is defended so vociferously.

    --
    Slashdot - where whining about luck is the new way to make the world you want.
  9. Re:Saddam by jellomizer · · Score: 3, Insightful

    You do realize Intelegence, Governments/ people thought that Iraq did have WMD During the Clinton Administration. And Clinton did some pot shots at Iraq due to this fact. Sadam was putting on a biggest poker face and that is what cost him. Sure after the Iraq war we now find the evidence to be less then stellar mostly because of the governement doing the finger pointing where it is everybodays fault and nobodies at the same time. Spending millions of investigations to realize that it is not true.
    At the time america was 90% sure Iraq had WMD... But I doubt that was the real reason, because the real reason would be politically incorrect.
    My theory.
    1. End Sansions (AKA Oil) There were sansions on Iraq hurting the Iraqies and American interest in oil as well. By kicking the leaders out we can end the sansions.

    2. Force terrorist to think locally. Why spend resources try to atack unarmed civilians on the other side of the earth when there is a bunch of armed ones right next door.

    3. American Influence. Dealing with americans even occupiers makes people realize they are not as evil as they once thought, They may not like the occupiers but many of the civilians learn that americans are not as blood thirsty as they origionally beleaved.

    4. Iraq is the most religious tolerant country in the area. Giving the best chance for reform.

    Those are my theorys on the real reasons but most americans will be angry from them because it is more of the ends justify the means mantanility. Needless to say I don't think it worked as well as planned. Not accounting for the secratarian violance.

    --
    If something is so important that you feel the need to post it on the internet... It probably isn't that important.
  10. Re:Saddam by Limburgher · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Actually, he did have WMDs. During the Clinton Administration. Then he got rid of them. Then the US invaded. Sure sends a clear message. If you don't have WMDs, you're screwed. If you do have them (India, Pakistan, N. Korea, China) you're safe.

    --

    You are not the customer.

  11. Eradication by ridicule by srmalloy · · Score: 4, Insightful
    However, denials of a rumor can work to destroy a myth if they are directed to play into popular preconceptions. For example, back in the 1970s, a rumor spread that McDonald's used worms in the meat for its burgers. The company issued press releases, denying the rumors:

    Newsweek: At an Atlanta press conference, McDonald's officials, backed by a regional officer of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, denounced the rumors as "completely unfounded and unsubstantiated," and swore that the company's hamburgers contain nothing but beef.
    This was not sufficient to quash the rumors; the owner of four McDonald's restaurants in the Atlanta area saw his sales drop by 30%, forcing him to lay off a third of his employees. But it was Ray Kroc, who had bought the chain from the original owners back in 1955, who delivered the most telling rebuttal, which exploited the "profit-hungry corporation" stereotype:

    "We couldn't afford to grind worms into our meat. Hamburger costs a dollar and a half a pound, and night crawlers six dollars."
  12. Re:Some unexpected examples.... by Chris+Burke · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The US had beaten the North Vietnamese on the battlefield in every single major engagement when they were deployed. Even after the bulk of US ground forces left and all that was left was advisors and air support. The '72 NVA offensive failed. It was only after the US stopped funding the puppet South Vietnamese regime in '75 that they collapsed.

    Following your much appreciated defense of U.S. military capability*, I have to point out an important lesson that is relavent today: We may have won every battle of Vietnam, but we still lost the war. Because in a guerilla war, winning battles in the field is not as important. Being able to crush the enemy when they dare to stand and fight is meaningless when the survivors, the smart ones, will just fade in the face of the attack and blend back into the population. The same holds true in Iraq, which is why invading Falluja was both a cakewalk and a fool's errand. Our forces far outmatch the insurgents, and that hardly matters for victory. It's very frustrating for those who want military solutions for everything, who think the problem with Vietnam is that we didn't spend enough blood and treasure, but it's a lesson we'll have to learn.

    * I liked the part where the OP said the U.S. only attacks when it has overwhelming force. Duh, because that's a good strategy for winning! The primary strength of our armed forces is logistics, the ability to move our forces to where they are needed, and to keep them supplied, and to take ground piece by piece by dropping shit-tons of firepower on it. It's how the North won the Civil War against superior Southern generals, it's how we kept the march across France going, and it's what our last Secretary of Defense decided to throw out the window because he thought he knew better.

    --

    The enemies of Democracy are