Examining the Ethical Implications of Robots in War

Schneier points out an interesting (and long, 117-pages) paper on the ethical implications of robots in war [PDF]. "This report has provided the motivation, philosophy, formalisms, representational requirements, architectural design criteria, recommendations, and test scenarios to design and construct an autonomous robotic system architecture capable of the ethical use of lethal force. These first steps toward that goal are very preliminary and subject to major revision, but at the very least they can be viewed as the beginnings of an ethical robotic warfighter. The primary goal remains to enforce the International Laws of War in the battlefield in a manner that is believed achievable, by creating a class of robots that not only conform to International Law but outperform human soldiers in their ethical capacity."

Comments

What's the point?

[ccguy]

Obviously a country that can send robots instead of soldiers to fight is way more likely to become 'war happy' - so I'm not sure this robot thing is a good idea at all.

Besides, if your enemy expects your robots to defeat their army, what would be the point of fighting them in the first place? Attacking civilians seems a more logical step (I don't think it's reasonable to demand any country at war not to attack only military targets where there's none that can't be replaced easily).

(and no, I didn't read the whole 117 pages, but after a quick glance I reached the conclusion that whoever wrote the title didn't either, so I'm sharing my thoughts on the title, not the PDF)

Re:What's the point?

[The Aethereal]

Obviously a country that can send robots instead of soldiers to fight is way more likely to become 'war happy' Of equal concern to me is the fact that a country with a robot army can use them against their own citizens with no chance of mass mutiny.

Re:What's the point?

[KublaiKhan]

I'd think that it'd be more effective to attack infrastructure--things like power stations, traffic control systems, that manner of thing--than to go after civilians directly.

For one thing, what's the point of taking over a territory if there's nobody there to rebuild and to use as a resource?

For another, it looks a -lot- better on the international PR scene if your robots decidedly ignore the civilians and only go after inanimate strategic targets--at least, up until the point that they get attacked. With that sort of programming, you could make the case that you're "seeking to avoid all unnecessary casualties" etc. etc.

Mowing down a civilian populace does sow terror, of course, but keeping the civilians intact (if in the dark and without water) can be argued to be more effective.

Re:What's the point?

[moderatorrater]

It sounds like this is proposing something along the lines of Asimov's Three Laws of Robots, only instead of not being able to harm humans at all, they're able to harm humans only in an ethical manner.

Instead of sending human soldiers into Iraq who are able to go crazy and kill civilians, you could send in a robot that wouldn't have emotional responses. Instead of having VA hospitals filled with injured people, you could have dangerous assignments filled out with robots that are replaceable.

However, there's too much potential for abuse for me to feel comfortable about this. As the gap between the weapons available to citizens and the weapons available to the government widens, the ability for the government to abuse its own citizens grows.

Re:What's the point?

[ccguy]

Mowing down a civilian populace does sow terror, of course, but keeping the civilians intact (if in the dark and without water) can be argued to be more effective.

When desperate enough civilians can become soldiers. In fact, some can be willing to die (being willing to die and accepting a certain risk are totally different things). This is proven day after day in the Gaza strip for example.

Re:What's the point?

[KublaiKhan]

At which point, once they take up arms, they're conveniently reclassifying themselves as irregular enemy combatants. If they had only stayed calm and awaited further instruction from our occupying forces, robotic or otherwise, this sad scene could have been avoided. We're just trying to be as humane as possible; is it our fault if they aren't going to follow directions?

Think like an evil overlord, man!

Re:What's the point?

[SkelVA]

Besides, if your enemy expects your robots to defeat their army, what would be the point of fighting them in the first place? Attacking civilians seems a more logical step (I don't think it's reasonable to demand any country at war not to attack only military targets where there's none that can't be replaced easily).

I think we just saw the thought process that bred guerrilla warfare (or terrorism, depending on your point of view). I'll make the logical leap.

Besides, if your enemy expects your highly-trained, well-financed, well-organized US military to defeat their army, what would be the point of fighting them in the first place? Attacking civilians seems a more logical step

Guess what. We've already reached the point you fear (at least from the point of view of most of the western world and the larger military powers). Robots augment armed forces that already have overwhelming force. They're not going to be creating a military where there was none.

To use a contemporary example, Iran isn't going to pump out a bunch of robots and all of the sudden have an armed forces capable of withstanding the US's in a conventional war. As per the logical process in the quotes though, you don't necessarily have to destroy the other side's army (or robots).

Re:What's the point?

[ccguy]

This assumes that once you have destroyed your opponent's robotic army you are done. However most likely is that after the robots will come humans, so in the end you are going to lose both.

Besides, I still fail to see why a country which is likely to lose in the robotic war would accept these rules, when it makes a lot more sense to attack the other country's civil population - which in turn might reconsider the whole thing.

Fighting from the sofa is one thing, having bombs exploding nearby is quite different.

Re:What's the point?

[The One and Only]

Depends on the robots. What about the people who build and maintain the robots? They can mutiny. Also I'd bet you need some sort of networking to coordinate the robots. Probably wireless. Sure you can set the right failure modes for jamming, but what about signal intrusion? You could make the robots mutiny for you.

Re:What's the point?

[Dancindan84]

Also I'd bet you need some sort of networking to coordinate the robots. Probably wireless. I agree. Let's do it centrally. We can name the hub skynet. Or V.I.K.I.

Re:What's the point?

[TheNarrator]

The generals will also get to blame collateral damage on bugs in the software.
For instance:
"Oh yeah the flame thrower robot went crazy and torched the entire village because some guy at Lockheed put a semicolon on the end of a for loop. Oops, we'll have to fix that in the next rev".

Re:What's the point?

[MozeeToby]

It is well that war is so terrible -- lest we should grow too fond of it.

Robert E. Lee

Re:What's the point?

[smussman]

Depends on the robots. What about the people who build and maintain the robots? They can mutiny. Also I'd bet you need some sort of networking to coordinate the robots. Probably wireless. Sure you can set the right failure modes for jamming, but what about signal intrusion? You could make the robots mutiny for you. But I don't think you really want that, because if the maintenance people can make the robots mutiny, how would you prevent your opponent from making them mutiny? Even if it requires very specialised knowledge, all it takes to get the secret is one converted/planted maintenance person.

Re:What's the point?

[TheRaven64]

Obviously a country that can send robots instead of soldiers to fight is way more likely to become 'war happy' - so I'm not sure this robot thing is a good idea at all. Not necessarily. One of the big reasons the USA lost in Vietnam was that it became politically unacceptable to have body bags coming home. The current administration found a solution to that; ban news crews from the areas of airports where the body bags are unloaded.

Beyond that it's just a question of economics. It costs a certain amount to train a soldier. Since the first world war, sending untrained recruits out to fight hasn't been economically viable since they get killed too quickly (often while carrying expensive equipment). A mass-produced robot might be cheaper, assuming the support costs aren't too great. If it isn't then the only reason for using one would be political.

Re:What's the point?

[Arkham]

I don't think automatic robots will ever be a smart plan. The chance of malfunction is just too great, and the consequence would be too serious. There've been a million sci-fi movies to that effect, from "Terminator" to "I, Robot".

What would be interesting though would be robots as a shell to the humans they represent. Think "Quake" with a real robot proxy in the real world. Soldiers with hats on showing wide angle camera views of their area and a quake-like interface that would allow them to attack or assist as needed. Limited automation, but case-hardened soldiers being run by trained humans would present a powerful adversary. Heck, every army recruit would already know 80% of how to operate one on signing day if the UI was good.

I know I'd be a lot upset with "Four robots were blown up by a roadside bomb today. They should be operational again by tomorrow." than to see more soldiers die.

Re:What's the point?

[Kjella]

Depends on the robots. What about the people who build and maintain the robots? They can mutiny. Also I'd bet you need some sort of networking to coordinate the robots. Probably wireless. Sure you can set the right failure modes for jamming, but what about signal intrusion? You could make the robots mutiny for you. They can mutiny with what, sticks and stones? Whoever makes the robots will surely put in digital signatures and kill switches so that they can reclaim control from the operators as well as prevent them from being used against themselves. Hell, it's difficult enough to run your own code on a game console and try breaking WPA 128-bit encryption if you can. After the first attempts are quickly rounded up by a special ops division operated by devout fanatics, it won't happen again.

Re:What's the point?

[Sylver Dragon]

For one thing, what's the point of taking over a territory if there's nobody there to rebuild and to use as a resource?

It depends on the goals of the war. If it is a war of conquest, you are right that you want to keep the infrastructure as intact as possible, and enough civilians alive to make it useful.

On the other hand, if the war is over land or resources, an indigenous population may be counterproductive to the goal. Ultimately, you may not want the local people to interfere with the collection of or compete for those resources. In this case, mowing down the civilian population may be more productive, unless there is a need for a large, unskilled labor force for collection.

A defensive war is also a place where massive civilian casualties is an option. If the goal is the destruction of an enemy's ability to wage war, without the added goal of conquest, you would want to destroy as much of the enemy infrastructure as possible, and killing the enemy civilians also helps to destroy the ability to make war. A good example of this would be Rome's last campaign against Carthage; the city was destroyed, the people killed or enslaved, and the ground salted; not pretty, but Carthage was never a threat to Rome again. Arguably, it wasn't at the time it was destroyed either, but I'm looking at the goals and results, not the reasons. This is also where we see the firebombing of WWII, such as Dresden or Tokyo. Not exactly nice things, but they destroyed the production of the cities involved and sapped the will to fight from the people in them.

The fact is, wars are not nice, and we should never expect them to be so. In the modern age we seem to have forgotten this and have been using wars as ome sort of surgical tool to further political gain. This is a mistake, and something which we should pull off the table for our political leaders. Sadly, I don't think we will be able to do this for some time to come and without a lot of social strife.

Re:What's the point?

[kabocox]

Besides, I still fail to see why a country which is likely to lose in the robotic war would accept these rules, when it makes a lot more sense to attack the other country's civil population - which in turn might reconsider the whole thing.

Fighting from the sofa is one thing, having bombs exploding nearby is quite different.

Um, cause they may be terrified that the robots would switch from ethical mode to genocide on populations found to be training terrorists or recently conquered populations found to be terrorists need to have extreme measures taken on them. If you are dealing with an enemy that has vast hordes of seemingly ethical robots, make sure you play by their rules otherwise they can define your entire population as unethical terrorists that need to be removed/eliminated.

You seal off the borders, kill off the entire population including all reporters, send in the cleaning robots to tidy up the place, and then you send in the real estate robots to sell all these new homes to your citizens at low prices. If the housing is subpar, you may have to knock it all down, have robot builders come in and build new homes and then start the re population process. It may seem evil and unethical to your enemies, but your citizens would like/love the government that was providing all these cheap new resources.

Re:What's the point?

[insertwackynamehere]

or Helios for that matter.

Re:What's the point?

[mi]

Obviously a country that can send robots instead of soldiers to fight is way more likely to become 'war happy' - so I'm not sure this robot thing is a good idea at all.

This is not robot-specific — it is true about any superiority in weapons...

Besides, if your enemy expects your robots to defeat their army, what would be the point of fighting them in the first place? Attacking civilians seems a more logical step

Again, nothing robot-specific here either. Unable to take on our military directly, Al Qaeda has already taken to attacking our civilians. Likewise, unable (since 1970ies) to take on Israeli military directly, various assholes have been attacking Israeli civilians for decades.

One side having better weapons makes the other side look for an alternative edge. Whether that superiority is achieved via robotics or any other technological advance is irrelevant.

Re:What's the point?

[Amorymeltzer]

a country with a robot army can use them against their own citizens with no chance of mass mutiny. You don't know the American Army! Our boys are so well trained they wouldn't think twice before firing upon the innocent masses. Hell, they wouldn't think once!

Re:What's the point?

[HybridJeff]

Don;t give the credit to Toys, sounds too me like they copied the idea from Ender's Game. Granted, they modified the idea slightly.

Re:What's the point?

[williamhb]

I know I'd be a lot less upset with "Four robots were blown up by a roadside bomb today. They should be operational again by tomorrow." than to see more soldiers die. Hmm, I worry that this could indirectly make attacks on civilians seem legitimate, and turn every war into an insurgency or terrorist scenario. Think about the case with rockets: the soldier is not the rocket, it is the person that launched the rocket. In the same manner, the enemy will not see the robots as "soldiers" but as "smart bullets" -- they will see the technicians who make, build, and commission the robots as being the soldiers they should target. And the caterers and managers and universities who support the technicians as being the military logistical supply chain. No sane military opponent would restrict themselves to "just going after the robots", and suddenly we may discover that automating our soldiers has not taken people off the front line, but instead put everybody on it.

Obligatory

[Anonymous Coward]

I for one welcome our new robotic overlords.

Why bother going to war in the first place anymore

[KublaiKhan]

If you've got battlebots, why not have one against another to resolve international conflicts, rather than destroy infrastructure and the like?

It'd probably take a mountain of treaties and the like, and of course any organization used to judge the battlebot contest would be rife for corruption and whatnot, but it couldn't be that much worse than what happens around the World Cup and the Olympics...

Political Ethics...

[RyanFenton]

Yes. Superior robotic ethics. A regular Ghandi-bot, saving only those who are threatened, willing to die rather than kill in doubt.

That's all well and good... but what of the men who send these robots into battle? What happens to their sense of ethics? Do they begin to believe that their sending troops into pacify a landscape over political differences is a morally superior action? Do they begin to believe that death-by-algorithm is a morally superior way of dealing with irrational people?

There's an endless array of rationalizations man can make for war, and subjugation of those who disagree with them. Taking the cost of friendly human lives out of the equation of war, and replace it with an autoturret enforcing your wishes doesn't make for a 'morally superior' political game. For many, it would make for an endgame in terms of justifying a military police as the default form of political governance.

Ryan Fenton

Re:Political Ethics...

[drijen]

If I recall, one of the Gundam Wing Anime Series, dealt with the questions of robots in war. It pointed out the most critical question of all:

War is about sacrifice, cost, and essentially fighting for what you believe in, hold dear, and WILL DIE to preserve. If you remove the *human* cost from war, then where is the cost? What will it mean if no-one dies? Will anyone remember what was fought for? Will they even recognize why it was so important in the first place?

Also, if we have mass armies of robots, won't the victor simply be the one with the most natural resources (metal, power, etc) to waste? (Better weapons technology aside)

Re:Political Ethics...

[meringuoid]

War is about sacrifice, cost, and essentially fighting for what you believe in, hold dear, and WILL DIE to preserve. If you remove the *human* cost from war, then where is the cost? What will it mean if no-one dies? Will anyone remember what was fought for? Will they even recognize why it was so important in the first place?

Bullshit. War is about taking orders, fighting for what someone else believes in, and then getting blown up. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori and all that shite. That poetic nonsense you spout there is just part of the cultural lie that sells war as romantic and idealistic to every generation of young fools who sign up and go out there to put their lives on the line for the sake of the millionaires. You got it from anime, too... how sad is that? You're buying the same line of bullshit that inspired the damn kamikaze! Clue: Bushido is a lie. Chivalry is a lie. War is about nothing but power.

Also, if we have mass armies of robots, won't the victor simply be the one with the most natural resources (metal, power, etc) to waste? (Better weapons technology aside)

Yes. How does that differ from the present situation?

Re:Why bother going to war in the first place anym

[moderatorrater]

If you've got battlebots, why not have one against another to resolve international conflicts, rather than destroy infrastructure and the like? We've already built structures to solve international conflicts, and it works extremely well when the two sides are willing to work through those structures. The US doesn't need battlebots to deal with European powers, because both sides are willing to talk it through instead. However, when Iraq refuses to cooperate, or the Arabs in Israel refuse to cooperate, the procedures break down and you're left with two countries that can't reach an agreement without raising the stakes.

In other words, for those countries willing to abide by a mountain of treaties, the problem's already solved. It's the other countries that are the problem, and they're unlikely to resolve their differences like this anyway.

Too easy to counter

[Sciros]

My Apple comp00tar will just upload a virus wirelessly to them and they will all shut down! I've seen it done!

Re:Why bother going to war in the first place anym

[The One and Only]

War is what happens when treaties stop working. You can't have a treaty for some other competition to replace war--if that was the case, FIFA would have replaced the UN by now and Brazil would be a superpower. The purpose of war is to use force in order to impose your will on the enemy, whoever those people may be. The idea is, after your robots destroy the enemy's robots, they will continue to destroy the enemy's infrastructure and population until they give up.

The biggest question...

[jockeys]

Do these killbots have a preset kill limit? Can they be defeated by sending wave after wave of your own men at them?

Re:The biggest question...

[Sciros]

It's probably MAX_INT.

Natalie Portman Robot

[letchhausen]

When are they going to stop using robots for evil and start using it for good? I want a Natalie Portman "pleasure model" robot and I want it now! Science has lost it's way.....

I have bad news for the war ethicists

[Overzeetop]

Wars are won by those who do not follow the "rules." There are no rules in war. If there were, then there would be a third party far more powerful than either side who could enforce said rules. If there was, then that power could enforce a solution to the conflict that started the war, and there would be no need for war. Said power would also not need answer to anyone, and would be exempt from said rules (having no one capable of enforcing them).

Same problem...

[C10H14N2]

I've always wondered how HAL or Joshua would interpret:

Rule 1: Kill enemy combatants.
Rule 2: Do not kill or abuse prisoners.

"Take no prisoners, kill everything that moves" would be the most efficient means of satisfying both, especially after friendly-fire ensues.

Re:Why bother going to war in the first place anym

[sammyF70]

How well this work and how willing the US is at talking to .. well .. ANYBODY .. can be seen in archive footage of the UN meetings prior to the latest Iraq invasion.
If you decide to resolve wars using only bots (or even by playing out a virtual video-game like war), my bets are that one of the side will realize it can actually physically attack its opponent, while the opposing side is arguing that the random number generator used is unfair.
Add to that that what you want are generally the natural ressources of the country you're invading and that people are expendable, I'd guess that robots would be programmed to leave vital assets intact and wipe out the humans, instead of doing it the other way around. After all, you can run an oil refinery with a few hundred people, and it costs much more to rebuild it after the war instead of just flying in a few workers to operate it.

There is nothing civilized about war and hoping for fair behaviour on either side is hopelessly optimistic.

Re:What if they programmed a war,and nobody logged

[Sponge Bath]

Or use an alternative 1960's solution.

I have some good news and some bad news.

[fuzzyfuzzyfungus]

The question of making lethal robots act ethically is far easier in some ways than doing so with humans and far harder in others. On the plus side, robots will not be subject to anger, fear, stress, desire for revenge, etc. So they should be effectively immune to the tendency toward taking out the stress of a difficult or unwinnable conflict on the local population. On the minus side, robots have no scruples, probably won't include whistleblowing functions, and will obey any order that can be expressed machine-readably.

The real trick, I suspect, will not be in the design of the robots; but in the design of the information gathering, storage, analysis, and release process that will enforce compliance with ethical rules by the robot's operators. As the robots will need a strong authentication system, in order to prevent their being hijacked or otherwise misused, the technical basis for a strong system of logging and accountability will come practically for free. Fair amounts of direct sensor data from robots in the field will probably be available as well. From the perspective of quantity and quality of information, a robot army will be the most accountable one in history. No verbal orders that nobody seems to remember, the ability to look through the sensors of the combatants in the field without reliance on human memory, and so on. Unfortunately, this vast collection of data will be much, much easier to control than has historically been the case. The robots aren't going to leak to the press, confess to their shrink, send photos home, or anything else.

It will all come down to governance. We will need a way for the data to be audited rigorously by people who will actually have the power and the motivation to act on what they find without revealing so much so soon that we destroy the robots' strategic effectiveness. We can't just dump the whole lot on youtube; but we all know what sorts of things happen behind the blank wall of "national security" even when there are humans who might talk. Robots will not, ever, talk; but they will provide the best data in history if we can handle it correctly.

I, for one, welcome our ethical robot overlords

[amasiancrasian]

I see a lot of implementation problems before even getting involved with the ethical issues. I mean, there's the usual friend-or-foe IDing issues. Then there's the problem of getting the software to recognise a weapon. If you program it to recognise the shape of an AK, it'll pick up replicas or toys or, heck, lots of stuff that looks vaguely gun-shaped. And the enemy will simply resort to distorting the shape of the weapon, which can't be hard to do. Given that it will be a while before AI technology will improve, it doesn't seen any more effective than a remote-controlled car. And as far as the legal issues, this seems like skirting the boundaries, and definitely violating the spirit, if not the letter of the law.

Re:Why bother going to war in the first place anym

[Splab]

You must be American to have such a screwed up view of whats going on in Iraq and Israel.

And talk it through? Since when did Americans start to respect any treaty that didn't put them in a favorable view? Building a robot army is just the next logical step in alienating the rest of the world.

Economic Warfare & Gundams

[infonography]

Consider that robots cost money, the country with more economic power is likely to be the winner in such a conflict. A large part of the U.S.A.'s success in WW2 was the sheer capacity of it's factories which were by if nothing but distance well defended against attack. European nations where under constant attack on their military infrastructure while American Factories where never bombed and even the concept of saboteurs blowing up factories in the States was a ridiculous notion to the Axis. Sure, Blow up the Pittsburgh bomb factory then you still have 20 more scattered about the US.

Robots won't be used simply because a robot doesn't have the discrimination as to who to attack and not to. Despite Orwellian fantasies, the practical upshot is that you would suffer to much friendly fire from such weapons and intense PR backlash. Sorry I don't see it happening.

Telepresence weapons are far more likely, as we have already seen in use.

Japan's Ministry of Agriculture has been denying their work on this. America is full of fully trained pilots for these crafts (Wii, Xbox, Playstation etc).

Suggested reading of Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers and Robert Aspirin's Cold Cash War

So what you're really saying is...

[riseoftheindividual]

...you want robots to make love and not war.

Re:Why is this funny?

[4D6963]

Maybe a script wrote it by detecting some words in the description.

Oh, damn, I didn't think anyone would figure it out. Well since you asked, here's how it really works :

root@localhost# memebot.sh --sovietrussia --overlords --beowulf --linux --underpants
memebot 2.4-debian
Copyright (C) 2008 Michel Rouzic
MemeBot is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.

> Maybe a script wrote it by detecting some words in the description.

Found : 5 results in 0.063 seconds.
1. In Soviet Russia, words in descriptions detect scripts.
2. I, for one, welcome our new humour-making script overlords.
3. Imagine a Beowulf cluster of these!
4. But does it run on Linux?
5. 1. Write a nerd humour generating script. 2. Make it parse and reply anonymously to Slashdot comments. 3. ???. 4. Mod points!!!

Unfair spawn points are super unethical

[caywen]

I'm not so concerned with bots in warfare as much as I am about placing really frickin unfair spawn points in the battlefield. Isn't unethical to be able to telefrag enemy soldiers with a cheap bot before they even had a chance to see the enemy? Without solving both ethical issues surrounding telefragging and aimbots, I'm afraid warfare will remain an unpopular and unengaging endeavor.

Re:Why bother going to war in the first place anym

[JonWan]

Since when did any country start to respect any treaty that didn't put them in a favorable view?

There I fixed it for you.

Blame the other guy.

[spun]

It's those darn Japanese guy's fault! Never mind that many subassemblies are in fact made in local shops. Never mind that we invented the Kaizan method, but no one here would use it. Never mind that the plant president lives on the same block as my father in-law and makes less than $500,000 per year while my father in-law makes over $200,000. He could make MORE working at an American car company, you know why he doesn't? Because they have crap standards and treat their employees like shit.

It's not the world's inability that's the problem. It's the cheap labor conservatives an their policy of doing anything to screw over the working man and make him desperate enough to put up with anything they dish out. You can bend over and spread for them if you like, but I'm not going to.

Re:Depends on the coupons...

[The One and Only]

Meanwhile, you're probably not driving an American car. Why should they be loyal to you when you aren't loyal to them? Where was all the outrage in the 1980s when Americans abandoned GM (and as a consequence, the Union), in droves? That was when the problem started, not now.

Please, tell me how the decline of the American auto industry began the decline of civil liberties in this country. As far as I can tell, it's tied closely to the ideas of jingoism and mercantilism. Don't buy American, buy the best.

I pay taxes, I vote.

[moogleii]

I pay taxes, I vote. That should be enough. Buying American is just icing on the cake. In a capitalist system, I'm going to buy what I deem to be the better value, because...that's part of capitalism. I'm not going to restrain myself to products because they were built in a certain country - that sounds like some kind of twisted form of economic welfare if you ask me.

And who said abandoning unions is bad? Depends who you ask, I guess. Me? I think the unions are holding GM back.