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India Moves To Put Its First Man In Space By 2016

An anonymous reader writes with this snippet from the International Business Times: "India plans to launch its first manned space mission in 2016, moving to become the fourth nation to put a man in space. Space scientists and senior officials of the state-run ISRO are preparing a pre-project report to build the infrastructure and facilities for the mission, estimated to cost a $2.76 billion. 'We are planning a human space flight in 2016, with two astronauts who will spend seven days in the Earth's lower orbit,' Radhakrishnan told reporters at ISRO headquarters in Bangalore. In September, India's Chandrayaan-1 satellite discovered water on the moon, boosting India's credibility among established space-faring nations"

35 of 242 comments (clear)

  1. 2016 is a long way off ... by ACK!! · · Score: 3, Insightful

    But I am not doubting the intent. In fact, it is refreshing to see a nation not simply looking at short term but thinking in terms of long term goals but in a concrete way. Its a great thing to have the community of nations dedicated to space exploration expanding in any case.

    --
    ACK /ak/ interj. 2. [from the comic strip "Bloom County"] An exclamation of surprised disgust, esp. i
    1. Re:2016 is a long way off ... by toppavak · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Not disagreeing with the sentiment of your post, but its really sad that 6 years now qualifies as long-term vision. One would hope that governments would always plan for the future, but I guess its one consequence of the evolving nature of democracy / republics that governments no longer seem to be often able to look past current politicians' terms in office.

  2. Outsourcing? by TheDarkMinstrel · · Score: 4, Funny

    The US will be able to outsource space exploration overseas!!! Oh goody.

  3. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by fiannaFailMan · · Score: 5, Insightful

    While in geo-synchronise orbit over every major continent, call center employees will be available to answer your computer questions both day and night.

    Ha ha. Let's make fun of the Indians and run through the usual 'call center' jokes because nobody has ever though of that before, huh?

    This announcement comes on the same day that it has emerged that the US administration has no intention of going to the moon, in a time when the US national debt clock has needed an extra digit added to it, when the US is still recovering from the diplomatic and geo-political catastrophe what was the Bush years, and all you can do is crack jokes about Indians because they have started turning a hugely populated and impoverished country around using the latest opportunities afforded to them by technology. Hmmm.

    Enjoy your inflated sense of superiority while it lasts, because it isn't gonna as long as people like you sit back on the Apollo moon landing's laurels and fiddle while Rome burns. The developing world is emerging onto the world stage. The EU is already the world's biggest economy. China and India have poverty on the run and are making in-roads into LEO. What's the USA doing? Still putting out fires in Mesopotamia, trying to catch up to the rest of the industrialized world in figuring out how to treat people when they're sick, and figuring out how to stop consuming a quarter of the world's resources.

    Yup, you go right on cracking your jokes. Ha fucking ha. You won't be laughing so loud when you see the red flag of China over the Sea of Tranquility.

    --
    Drill baby drill - on Mars
  4. This is great news by Hazelfield · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The more alternatives for manned space flight, the less dependent we become on the space agency of one single nation. An agency that battles not only technical difficulties but also perpetual budget problems.

    I hope for more international cooperation in the future. Sending up your own astronauts gets your country a fair bit of prestige. Sending up astronauts from other nations also gets you friends.

  5. Re:What will they be called? by denis-The-menace · · Score: 4, Funny

    easy - punjabinauts

    --
    Obama's legacy: (N)othing (S)ecure (A)nywhere and (T)error (S)imulation (A)dministration
  6. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by damburger · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Even if Constellation wasn't cancelled, there were no plans to launch people before 2016. I mean, come on, it was only announced in 2004. Nobody could possibly go from paper project to manned mission in 12 years! Its not possible!

    --
    If we can put a man on the moon, why can't we shoot people for Apollo-related non-sequiturs?
  7. Re:Terrific news! by cashman73 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    To say nothing about Americans living on the verge of "crapping in the streets" because our jobs are being exported to India at an exponential rate! But, by golly, we've got three space shuttles and a useless ISS that will be destroyed in a glorious, flaming ball when it re-enters the atmosphere in a few years!

  8. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by blueturffan · · Score: 2, Funny

    *WHOOSH*

  9. Good for them! by Timewasted · · Score: 2, Interesting

    It is a good thing (IMHO) to see more countries developing their own space programs to send their own astronauts to space. To my knowledge, only Russia, U.S. and China have programs that have done so.

    Competition always fosters excellence in all areas of academics & sciences.

  10. Re:Cue the 'fix the poverty' rants. by hey! · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Well, India is an economy that needs access to space. There's no question of that. Between communication and remote sensing, space is critical to India's long term economic development -- and lifting people out of poverty.

    The question is whether it is a good investment, when they can rely on the US and Europe -- at least for non-manned access to space. There is is India's tradition of non-alignment to consider. It is attractive not to be dependent on great powers for something so important. Also, expecting an investment in space to pay off in the short term is unreasonable. Twenty years off India might well become a dominant player in the commercialization of space.

    But why manned? If people were computers, it would make no sense. But we're not. We have these irrational emotions that have to be played to get the most out of us. There is something exciting about joining the club of "spacefaring nations", more exciting than putting clever little robots in space. I can see Japanese getting inspired by that, but Japanese engineers are an unique breed I think. Once I saw a Japanese engineer give a presentation about the fuzzy logic algorithm he'd used to control the agitator in a washing machine. We're talking that thing that sticks up in the middle of the washing machine and swishes back and forth. It only has one freaking degree of freedom, and this guy was waxing so poetic about it that he was moved to the brink of tears.

    Right then and there I resolved never to invest in an American company that made washing machines.

    --
    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  11. Re:Terrific news! by ObsessiveMathsFreak · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Especially for the many millions of Indians without a basic education and sanitation. They'll remain illiterate and crapping in the streets, but they will feel extatic about their fellow Indian in space.

    They will! But that's not the whole story.

    While it is true that the Indian Government could be said to have more immediate concerns, a space program for a country of its size is not entirely without merit. The Apollo program employed over 400,000 people. People working in high tech jobs, all related to science, technology and mathematics. The technologies developed for that program and the experience of the people who worked on it stood to the economy and society of the US for many years during and after. There's also an effect on even primary education as interest in science and technology is sparked in younger minds. If nothing else, the Indian space program might help persuade their best educated graduates to stay in their home country and improve it rather than emigrate for better paying jobs.

    But whatever you might have to say about such a space program, at least the Indians aren't wasting trillions on unproductive foreign campaigns. When you ask yourself why the US has no decent space program anymore, you need look no farther than the money wasted over the last eight years.

    --
    May the Maths Be with you!
  12. Re:mod parent up by cayenne8 · · Score: 2, Funny
    "agreed!!! dala nbi tijaskanumori vika tumala keema naan"

    Roughly translated: "..And first Quickie Mart on the Moon in 2019!!!!"

    --
    Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
  13. Re:Terrific news! by hey! · · Score: 2, Insightful

    A little bit of perspective is called for here.

    Yes, vast numbers of people living in crushing poverty are a drain on the Indian economy and a potentially destabilizing influence on its government. But India is huge, period. There are more people living in middle class conditions in India than there are Americans total.

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    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  14. Juggernauts . . . by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 2, Informative

    "The word is derived from the Sanskrit Jaganntha[1] (meaning "Lord of the Universe") which is one of the many names of Krishna from the ancient Vedic scriptures of India." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggernaut

    Seems like a perfect fit to me.

    In other news, Greece has reconfirmed its plans to send men into space, choosing to call them Argonauts. However, critics cite that their plans are "a few thousand years" behind schedule, and technical experts are skeptical of the viability of sheep skin space suits.

    --
    Schroedinger's Brexit: The UK is both in and out of the EU at the same time!
  15. Re:Money saving costs... by lgw · · Score: 3, Interesting

    You joke, but this is a strong sign of world leadership in science and engineering moving to India. Of course, it's easy to talk about a space program, and the US may return to funding space exploration with the next president (or even the next congresss), but still - it's a powerful sign. Troublesome or hope-inspiring depending on where you live, I guess, but I'm thrilled to see any country showing some vision.

    Sadly, putting a man in orbit is more of a statement of a nation's abilities to land a warhead anywhere it chooses than necessarily it's commitment to space exploration, but I'll take what I can get!

    --
    Socialism: a lie told by totalitarians and believed by fools.
  16. 3 cheers for India! by gestalt_n_pepper · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Let's hope they can make something sustainable and profitable (Hint: Manned space-based low earth orbit solar power stations are where the money is going to be guys).

    --
    Please do not read this sig. Thank you.
  17. Re:Terrific news! by justinlee37 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    He's right that a space program has a lower opportunity cost than a war, however.

  18. Re:Rather a sad, sad contrast... by BJ_Covert_Action · · Score: 5, Informative
    You know, I have seen the American Third Position touted around slashdot a couple of times now so I looked into it because, from the way it has been discussed, it seemed like a reasonable, rational new political movement to make a grab at ousting the powers that be. So I clicked onto the A3P website, looked through some of their policies, and found this, regarding immigration:

    To safeguard our identity and culture, and to maintain the very existence of our nation, we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration......To restore, with civility, the identity and culture of our homeland, we will provide incentives for recent, legal immigrants to return to their respective lands.

    Emphasis mine. So, while I may agree with the A3P position regarding space and fiscal responsibility, it appears that this party wants to take an isolationist attitude regarding the American culture. Never mind the fact that some of the greatest minds in America were immigrants. Nevermind the fact that Werner Von Braun was a German born rocket scientist, turned American immigrant, turned leader of the Saturn V program that got our boys to the moon. Never mind the fact that jazz, one of our greatest cultural movements in America, was started by immigrants. Nevermind the fact that Einstein, one of the best known scientists in the world, that contributed significantly to our nuclear supremacy was also a foreign born immigrant. Nevermind all those pesky historical facts that show, time and again, that legal immigration both enriches and strengthens America as a nation. Nah, forget all that, A3P is going to put a ban on ALL immigration. What's more? They are going to start paying legal immigrants to return to their own country. Goodbye knowledgeable Indian, Japanese, and Chinese scientists, programmers, engineers, and technicians. Goodbye Mexican immigrants that provide California with one of its most delicious and plentiful types of food. In fact, goodbye all non-native American people as you, in fact, have descended from immigrants yourself. We real Americans don't need you here.....

    Oh wait...

    So no, sorry, I am not going to give any credence to a political party that proudly declares white nationalism as one of its creeds and mission goals. The hypocrisy evident in the quote above with regards to immigration and the historical contribution immigrants have made to American technical progress is as thick as it is nauseating. Take your political astroturfing somewhere. I, for one, would rather spend my vote writing in a candidate with absolutely no chance at election (and thus adding one more vote to the count that reduces a possible majority of ANY party) than support that kind of bullshit that A3P is peddling.

  19. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by Sir_Lewk · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Go wooosh yourself.

    --
    "linux is just DOS with a UNIX like syntax" -- Galactic Dominator (944134)
  20. Ignorant American culture by vistic · · Score: 2, Insightful

    IMF World Economic Outlook says India's economy was up 7.3% in 2008, up 5.6% in 2009, and predicted to be up 7.7% in 2010. China's economy was up 9.6% in 2008, up 8.7% in 2009, and predicted to be up 10% in 2010. Meanwhile the United States' economy was up 0.4% in 2008, down 2.5% in 2009, and predicted to be up only 2.7% in 2010.

    People are keeping a very close eye on emerging market economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, Mexico, etc. They have been behind, but that means they have a lot of potential to grow, and many of them have been doing a good job at outpacing the United States' economy in recent years.

    That all aside, the original comment for this thread was just stupid. In terms of comedic value it was beyond stale. Other than that it's tasteless. I don't think I've ever been on the phone with a tech support rep who was in India. Meanwhile I've been to India twice in the past few years and know that call centers are just about zero percent of their cultural identity. Just because some Americans have some exposure to this one small profession in India, they have extrapolated it into this whole stereotype for an entire country. I guess that's just ignorance.

    If there is any stereotype of Americans which is absolutely accurate, it would be that Americans are ignorant.

    1. Re:Ignorant American culture by oatworm · · Score: 3, Informative

      When looking at the growth rates of developing countries, please keep in mind the raw numbers we're talking about here. For example, in an economy with a GDP of, say, $1 billion, a $100 million project would grow the economy by 10%, while the same project would only grow an economy with a GDP of $10 billion by 1%. A $100 million gain in a $1 billion economy isn't magically more valuable than a $200 million gain in a $10 billion economy because a 10% gain is bigger than a 2% gain, nor does that gain get the smaller economy any closer to the value of the larger economy. To help illustrate this, using 2008 GDP figures, India's 7.3% gain in 2008 corresponds to a roughly $880 million gain in their economy. By comparison, the same $880 million gain would only account for a 0.6% gain in the US economy, which isn't that far off from the 0.4% gain that the US actually reported in 2008.

      Percentage gains in GDP are certainly important, of course, and are very helpful when talking about economies of similar sizes. However, when one economy is over an order of magnitude bigger than another economy (the US' economy is more than 10x larger than the Indian economy, even with the latest economic contractions), the percentages really don't tell the whole story. In terms of nominal dollar amounts, emerging economies aren't really growing that much faster than the US.

      Last but not least, I'll point out that claiming that all Americans are ignorant is just as stale and tasteless as claiming that all Indians work at call centers or convenience stores. Just because some non-Americans have some exposure to some of the ignorant politicians and entertainers in the US, they have extrapolated it into this whole stereotype for an entire hemisphere. I guess that's just ignorance.

    2. Re:Ignorant American culture by bloodhawk · · Score: 2, Informative

      your maths is horrendeous. 7% of 1.2 trillion is NOT 880 million, it is about 88 BILLION. secondly percentages tell EXACTLY the right story here where as raw numbers do not, they tell us how fast and by how much the economy is growing which when it comes to where you want to invest is usually far far more important than the overall size of the economy.

  21. Re:Space vs. Software by Firehed · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Don't confuse ability with necessity. Remember the whole "fast, good, cheap: pick two" thing? When you offshore your software development to India, you're always aiming for cheap and almost always aiming for fast. It's not their fault that their clients don't care about the end-product actually being good. I've met plenty of good Indian coders and plenty of bad American coders. It's like buying stuff made in China - it's not inherently worse, but the goals of the people ultimately selling the product care more about getting it cheap and fast and are willing to sacrifice in quality. Yet my laptop, also made/assembled in China, is fantastic quality - because the manufacturer chose "good" over "cheap".

    --
    How are sites slashdotted when nobody reads TFAs?
  22. Re:Rather a sad, sad contrast... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Posting anonymous so my mod points elsewhere don't vanish.

    I have to agree with you 100%. This 3P movement seems nice on the outside and it does push for some good policies, but zero immigration is not a good policy. Without immigration, the US population would be on the decline. Not necessarily a [i]bad[/i] thing depending on how you view it, though.

    Regardless. Some of the brightest minds in America started outside of our borders. I am completely FOR stopping all [i]illegal[/i] immigration, because it is exactly that: Illegal. Change the rules if you must so that what is being done now isn't illegal, but illegal is illegal. But banning ALL immigration? THAT is idiocy.

    I'm also getting really tired with the constant pushing of it here on Slashdot. If the party and the principles were really fantastic and different and new and all that, then this kind of lame get-it-in-wherever-I-can advertising wouldn't be necessary.

  23. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by escay · · Score: 2, Insightful
    May I point out that what TFS claims as a victory for India with its Chandrayaan-I discovering water on the moon, was actually done by an American instrument (M^3)? Sure India's got the goods and ambitions to compete in the space race, but to think US's space technology will be summarily superceded because Obama cancelled budget for the moon mission is naive and presumptuous. Besides - you really think technological progress is somehow superior to solving social problems? The post-industrial issues that US is facing today are issues that China and India will have to battle with tomorrow. For instance - the chasm that is developing between India's rich and poor today is a simmering recipe for civil unrest and instability that India has no clue how to deal with. Sending vyomanauts into space is not going to solve that.

    Disclaimer: I'm an Indian.

  24. Re:Rather a sad, sad contrast... by elrous0 · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Maybe it's time to realize that manned spaceflight (and even most probe exploration) is just a gigantic money sink with no payoff aside from PR and bragging rights.

    --
    SJW: Someone who has run out of real oppression, and has to fake it.
  25. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by fiannaFailMan · · Score: 2, Funny

    and Obama hasn't actually changed anything, and isn't substantially different from Bush.

    Yes he is. He can read.

    --
    Drill baby drill - on Mars
  26. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by Gordonjcp · · Score: 5, Insightful

    This might be taken as being anti-American, but it's not. Really, it's not.

    I live in Scotland. My country is a lot older than America, to the extent that my house has trees in the garden that predate the USA. Somewhere round about the time that the Declaration of Independence was being signed, my house was having an extension built on an existing extension on the original house. We're the old guys. And from where I'm sitting, I can see the young guys.

    America now looks like a possibly slightly backwards late teenager/early twenties guy, still pedalling around town on his outgrown BMX bike and making "Your Mom" jokes, while all the little kids that were too little for America to play with like India, Pakistan, Iran and China have now grown up a bit and got jobs and cars and girlfriends. And America really desperately wants to play, and throws his not inconsiderable weight around, but really until America grows up and starts acting like a responsible grown-up no-one wants to know.

    America has slowly - over the past 20 years or so - made itself utterly irrelevant to the rest of the world.

  27. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by blueturffan · · Score: 3, Funny

    I prefer to remain a part of the unwhooshed masses.

  28. Re:Space vs. Software by geekpowa · · Score: 3, Interesting
    Show me a skilled Indian engineer and probability is quite high that they are presently living in a developed nation.

    Nations like India suffer from significant brain drain. Majority of people skilled and motivated enough are either preoccupied with immigrating to greener pastures if they haven't done so already.

    What is left behind is a a workforce skewed towards young, inexperienced people, largely emitted from the burgeoning 6 month short courser industry.

    There is definitely a substantial difference in software quality that correlates based on the nation where the software house is based (but doesn't correlate to the nationalities of the staff in that house).

    Cultural considerations also weigh in. Indian professional culture takes politics and hierarchies to a whole new level. As a straight talking engineer, trying to fit into the professional culture in India is exceedingly frustrating to say the least. Most business operations do not plan ahead at all - and are only interested in taking the next immediate step and doing it at absolute minimum cost (time and money). And when it all falls in a heap - they all just pick up the phone and yell at one another until the poor blokes at the bottom of the pile end up working for about 3 days straight without sleep a duct tape an interim solution that always becomes the semi permanent solution. Few weeks later - rinse and repeat. Hardly a professional environment that is conductive for quality engineering.

    I've done alot of work for state run telecommunications company over there. That the state run space agency is having so much success completely baffles me. Maybe there are actually good state institutions in India after all.

  29. Re:First call center in space scheduled for 2021 by ubermiester · · Score: 3, Interesting
    So what you're saying is that its the US vs China/India? Probably not the best way to look at things if you want growth in those nations to continue. For the people of both nations, I am very happy that so many have been pulled out of poverty in the past few decades. I hope it continues unabated until everyone in the world has a reasonable standard of living. And to the parent's rather crude comments about call-centers, I agree that it is demeaning and arrogant. That said, I'd like to point out that the ONLY reason China and India have anything like a real economy at this point is that US (and to some degree EU) consumers went into heavy debt to buy all those US-branded, Indian/Chinese-made toys, electronics, textiles, etc. Should the US and/or Europe decide that unfettered globalization is not in its best interest after all (already happening), both China and India would be cut off from by far the largest market in the world (US=14 trillion, China=4 trillion). And if you think Europe (13 trillion), with its heavy dependence on exports and long history of cultural kinship will side with China, think again. The reason outsourced production has been tolerated (barely) in the US is because reducing labor costs by many fold (i.e., going from a $25/hr US worker to a $2/hr Indian/Chinese worker) means dramatically lower prices for consumers. When prices are getting lower, it's not so bad that your wages aren't getting any higher (a trend that has become more and more obvious to the average US worker). But now that the US has started to notice that price drops are no longer enough to offset wage stagnation plus inflation, tolerance is waning. More and more, businesses are being criticized for offshore production, and though no one is talking about tariffs yet, wait until there are two or three years of minimal job growth in the US while China/India continues to pour cheap exports into the US market. Again I say that I am glad for both nation's success and I wish them more of it. But to say that India has "started turning a hugely populated and impoverished country around using the latest opportunities afforded to them by technology" without also mentioning that the US a) created most of the technology India has been using, and b) is China's and India's single biggest market (and in the case of India, it's biggest benefactor) is ignorant or arrogant or both. China and India do not buy it's their own stuff, the US and Europe do. And when they do start consuming their own stuff, they will face all the same problems of more mature economies - higher taxes, labor laws, safety litigation, national unions, etc. And since growth in China (and to a lesser degree in India) has occurred so far without any of the political growth that a modern economy requires, their problems are going to be far more acute and probably fraught with great danger. And...

    people like you sit back on the Apollo moon landing's laurels and fiddle while Rome burns

    ??? Mars missions? GPS? Comm satellites? Space Shuttle? ISS? Apollo was a military exercise, in spite of its trappings as a peace mission. The US would and could put a Starbucks on Pluto if it was in its immediate national interest. The same cannot be said of either India or China. They are just now reverse engineering US (and Russian) technology to do things done with room-size computers 50 years ago. Where do you think India and China got their rocket/computing/communications technology in the first place? And what's burning exactly? Also...

    What's the USA doing? Still putting out fires in Mesopotamia

    First, I remind you that both India and China have benefited enormously from the energy excesses of the US and Europe during the 20th century. There would be no US market for Chinese/Indian goods/services without the West's exploitation of the Middle East. In fact, the reluctance of both nations to sign on to any binding climate resolutions is based mainly on the argument that they should be allowed

  30. The American Mid-Life crisis by Guppy · · Score: 2, Interesting

    It is a common error to delude oneself into believing the trappings of power and strength are power and strength themselves. You see it all the time, when folks fritter away their home equity loans on big-vroom SUVs and fancy appliances, allowing ourselves the delusion (for a temporary while) that we've still "got it made", as long as they have these things around them. In truth, had we the wisdom to forgo these external symbols of a comfortable existence, the American Dream would be much more alive today.

    I perceive the response to the U.S. withdrawl from manned space exploration in much the same way. "Asia is taking the lead because they're still launching Spam-in-a-Can into space! Therefore, we need to launch more Spam-in-a-Can, and it will make us stronger!" I find there's a certain cargo-cult mistaking of which was cause, and which was effect. In the past, we have had a great deal of technological innovations associated with the space exploration program -- but it is a mistake to think because we're launching rockets we're driving innovation. It is was exactly the other way around; because we had a such strong base in engineering and science we were able to create the technologies to launch those rockets.

    China and India's increasing economic and technological competence are what have allowed them to take the lead now, and it's a mistake to think that we can stay ahead if we just keep up with appearances. We can play mid-life crisis and blow our remaining resources on the equivalent of a fancy sports car, and make-believe we're still a studly, vigorous nation. But to the rest of the world, we just look increasingly ridiculous.

  31. Re:Money saving costs... by QuantumG · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Ya know those fighter planes they make in the US, Russia and France.. ya know what all three countries have in common? Yeah.. aerospace research, how about that.

    --
    How we know is more important than what we know.
  32. Re:Money saving costs... by lgw · · Score: 2, Insightful

    So when did a manned space program become a sign of world leadership in anything other than sending money up in smoke?

    Did you know there are no shopping malls in space? All that money "up in smoke" was spent here on Earth on R&D. At worst it would be a job program for engineers, but we've seen that the spin-off technologies are worth far more than the cost of the program. The reality, of course, is that a manned space program is all about putting a smiling face on your ICBM program, which is both the key technology to military power in the nuclear age and one of the hardest problems in science and engineering.

    If you can put a man in orbit (or, better, send him to the Moon) and return him safely, then you have world class science and engineering in just about every field.

    --
    Socialism: a lie told by totalitarians and believed by fools.