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Fertilizer Dump Spoils Intel's Pure Water

An anonymous reader writes "Intel had to shut down part of its Irish plant for a while because of the extreme cold and the fact the local council polluted the water supply with fertilizer. Apparently it got down to -12 degrees C at the Intel plant in Leixlip, County Kildare. But to make matters worse, the local council ran out of rock salt to grit the roads and opted for fertilizer instead. There were fears that ammonia and nitrates in the fertilizer might have contaminated the local water supply. The problem for the chipmaker is that it needs extremely pure water for its manufacturing processes."

52 of 211 comments (clear)

  1. Obligatory by Calydor · · Score: 5, Funny

    Well, that's just a shitty thing to do.

    --
    -=This sig has nothing to do with my comment. Move along now=-
    1. Re:Obligatory by al0ha · · Score: 2, Funny

      Lay off the Guinness laddies, you've gone to Shite!

      --
      Did you ever wake up in the morning, with a Zombie Woof behind your eyes? -- FZ
  2. But... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    It's got what plants crave!

  3. why tagged gatorade instead of brawndo? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    Brawndo's got what plants crave. They crave Brawndo. It's got electrolytes.

  4. Water Filters? Hello? by mim · · Score: 2, Insightful

    One would think that a company with their resources would have a filtration system in place if the need for pure water is such a priority that the lack of it risks shutting down the whole operation.

    1. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by HappySmileMan · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I was in this very plant a year or two ago and seem to recall them saying that not even filtering was good enough, they actually had to distill the water they got because filtering won't remove all impurities (enough for most practical purposes, but I think the reason they need absolutely pure is because pure H2O doesn't conduct electricity, but the slightest impurity will).

      I find it very hard to believe this same plant shut down because they didn't consider the possibility of their water supply (completely outdoors and unguarded) being contaminated somehow.

    2. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      They surely have, as the water in the water supply are never pure, but there is a difference between purifying normal water, and contaminated water.

      I'd guess their system could not handle, (or could not process enough of), the contaminated water.

    3. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      This is testable. Add 100g of nitrate fertilizer to 4 liters of water, and let it sit overnight. In the morning pour the water through your filter of choice and then drink the result. Delicious right?

      Filters and purification mechanisms have limits, those limits are chosen at design time based on the range of pollutants expected in the input water. If you increase those pollutants by orders of magnitude it's likely the purification system you have just won't cut it.

    4. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Xenkar · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Water filters aren't magical devices. They can only filter so much crap out of the water before they need to be replaced. It might not make financial sense to continue operating the plant if they have to replace the filter for every fifty gallons of water they use.

    5. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Jane+Q.+Public · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Somebody did not consider the long-term consequences of their acts. Apparently, whether that was on the Intel or County Kildare side is currently unknown.

      But if they have to distill their water anyway, I don't see the problem. Unless the salts mess up their still.

    6. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by dbIII · · Score: 2, Insightful

      OK then, Invent the perfect filter or distillation method and I'm sure Intel will buy it from you.

    7. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Seth+Kriticos · · Score: 4, Informative

      Distillation only removes sediments (mostly). You don't get rid of evaporating chemicals that easy, you'd actually have to use refining distillation combined with reverse osmosis filtering to get clean water. And that gets slow and expensive fast.

    8. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by sjwest · · Score: 2, Informative

      A book (isbn: 9781846270697) about waste water will tell you that Irelands sewage and water distribution systems are sub par, a couple of years ago the Irish in some areas where having to boil there water to remove bugs.

      Ireland might be a tax free paradise for american corps, but investment in the basics like water treatment leaves much to be desired.

      No surprises here that it got shutdown.

    9. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Darkman,+Walkin+Dude · · Score: 2, Interesting

      but investment in the basics like water treatment leaves much to be desired.

      Water treatment is fine, the problem is in the 1940s supply infrastructure, debates in the Dáil have gone on record as saying that 45%+ of the water that is processed leaks from pipes en route to the taps. This is the legacy of the incompetents in charge of the country at the moment, who would rather bow to public sector union demands for pay rises than fix this infrastructure. Not to worry though, the Greens in the ruling coalition are going to inflict a new water rates tax on us to ensure that the unions get their pay rises.

    10. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by linuxrocks123 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Regarding southern U.S. states, the ones I've lived in actually have a fairly moderate sales tax. Illinois and California have much higher sales tax rates than Texas, for instance, and they have state income taxes to boot. Yes, you need taxes for civilization, but efficiency in the use of tax dollars plays a role in how steep the taxes need to be.

      --
      vi ~/.emacs # I'm probably going to Hell for this.
    11. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Sique · · Score: 4, Informative

      No, salt can be easily removed from water by distilling. But some organic matter has a boiling point at around the same temperature than water and thus is not removed by a simple distilling process.

      --
      .sig: Sique *sigh*
    12. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Darkman,+Walkin+Dude · · Score: 4, Informative

      Have materially lower living standards (like Ireland)

      Would you mind clarifying exactly what you mean by that comment? According to this, Ireland is in the top ten places in the world in terms of standard of living, and was selected as the happiest place on earth by the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2005.

    13. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by DrRobert · · Score: 3, Interesting

      The water used for chip manufacture is a very ultrapure water created through an involved process using mixed media beds, filters, and reverse osmosis membranes. The fertilizer would have never made it to the chip but would have likely fouled the ultrapure water production equipment as it needs repetitively clean feed water. The molecules in the water actually etch the surface of the silicone if they are not removed. - according to an ultrapure water production class I attended.

    14. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by HappySmileMan · · Score: 2, Informative

      Places with "low taxes" either:

      1. Have a higher, hidden tax burden (like southern US states with their high, regressive sales taxes)
      2. Have materially lower living standards (like Ireland)

      You can't get a modern civilization for pennies on the dollar.

      Ireland doesn't have much lower taxes than elsewhere, income tax and VAT are quite average I believe, there's a very high tax on alcohol and cigarettes (Seriously, look at the prices of these here if you don't believe me, I doubt you'll find somewhere more expensive to drink and smoke in without some effort), as is, IIRC, tax on petrol.
      It's only really corporations that pay low tax, and it's made up for in many ways.

      Also lower living standards? What the fuck comes to your mind when you think of Ireland, people living in mud houses rationing their years supply of potatoes and poitín?
      I'm sitting here in an apartment 50% paid for by the government, getting free 3rd level education (apart from a registration fee, which gets refunded to me by the government), and just waiting for my second of 3 cheques for over €1,000 from the government for simply going to college while not being rich.
      By what definition is this "lower living standards"?

    15. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by PhysicsPhil · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I work in a semiconductor foundry, although not something on the scale of Intel. Foundries need ultrapure water not to get electrical insulation, but to remove contamination. Sodium, for example, acts as a mobile charge centre in silicon dioxide and changes the electrical properties of the devices.

      Foundries use reverse osmosis filters (not distillation) to get their deionized water, where they push water at pressure through a semipermeable membrane (i.e. permeable to water, not contaminants). RO membranes can get destroyed by unexpected contaminants, and so usually there are prefilters in place to take care of them. Some years ago we lost a (very expensive) membrane when the prefilter was accidentally swapped out but not replaced. My guess is that the fertilizer in the water supply had something that the prefilters/RO membrane couldn't handle, or couldn't handle so much of. Either they lost the membrane or shut things down as a precaution.

    16. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      I work on this site and here's what really happened. Ireland, especially the Dublin area had a 1 in 100 year event, with the lowest ever recorded temperatures, that lasted for over 3 weeks. As road salt was running short all over the country (and across Europe) and it was getting hard to get deliveries into the country, Kildare County Council switched to spraying urea on the roads instead of just rock salt.

      Levels of Ammonia in the local water supply shot up, especially as the water reserves are way below normal (our drinking water at home, 5 miles from the plant, has been shut off every night for 12 hours since 7th Jan). Our systems were not prepared for this as it was such an unlikely event and for a period of several days we were unable to use the local water supply. The levels in the water did not make it unsafe to drink at all, we were unable to purify enough for use in our oldest factory (over 15 years old). The other 2 fabs on site were not affected. We brought water in via tanker until our off-site testing confirmed that it was once more safe for use.

      Quite how this becomes news is beyond me, we dealt with it as an internal matter, laid no blame on the council as it was such an unexpected event, and made no public statements as we didn't want to cause a fuss. I guess someone else did want to rant on about it though...

      And yes, I'm posting anonymously because I'm not authorised to speak for the company...

    17. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Somebody has forgotten about fractional distillation, which separates everything except azeotropes. Those need to be separated by adding another solvent to the still to "catch" the other solvent, so the third solvent can escape the first one. "There was an old woman who swallowed a bird, How absurd! to swallow a bird, She swallowed the bird to catch the spider, That wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her, She swallowed the spider to catch the fly, I don't know why she swallowed the fly, Perhaps she'll die."

    18. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by rah1420 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Maybe there's more to this story, but it'll end up being something rather mundane.

      I worked for a time at a chip fab in Allentown PA and they were slavish about the use of only sand to lay down over icy walkways in the winter. The least amount of urea or sand was said to 'poison' the chips despite the mammoth water filtration system in the basement.

      The contamination they're worried about is not from process water, I would wager.

      --
      Mit der Dummheit kämpfen Götter selbst vergebens.
    19. Re:Water Filters? Hello? by Chuck_McDevitt · · Score: 2, Informative

      It doesn't work due to aziotropism. For example, if you have ethanol and water mixed, no amount of distilation can ever completely separate them.

  5. It's official. by s1lverl0rd · · Score: 5, Funny

    Intel processors stink.

  6. Re:Priorities, people by Hognoxious · · Score: 4, Funny

    'extremely pure' water to... you know... drink

    You've never been to Ireland, have you? 96% water is more than enough.

    --
    Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  7. Re:Frosty by ionix5891 · · Score: 4, Funny

    thats a Frosty Irish piss in your chips

  8. What a fucked up move by Masa · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Why they even bother salting roads when there is -12 degrees Celsius? Salting is only sensible when there is about -4 degrees (at least that is a rule of thumb here in Finland). Also, using fertilizers is so completely boneheaded move because that's plain and simple polluting. I guess that someone made a risk analysis and decided that polluting groundwater supplies causes less deaths than icy roads. But I can't help but wonder what the long-term effects are for environment and groundwater.

    1. Re:What a fucked up move by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It practically never becomes that cold in Ireland. It's quite rare to get sub-zero temperatures here, nevermind -12. This situation was unprecedented. There was not enough equipment or supplies of salt and grit and this was a last resort. It's easy for someone living in a country which experiences this regularly to criticize the actions of a country who doesn't. In my lifetime I had never seen snow at 6" before. The councils and the people were extremely unprepared and I'm sure that the last thing on Kildare Co. Council's mind was runoff into the river affecting Intel.

    2. Re:What a fucked up move by zoney_ie · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Actually for about 3 weeks there were only about 3 days where there was a thaw at midday - and that was the situation further south. It was pretty dramatic weather for somewhere that normally has relatively mild winters (even the usual week or two of more extreme weather is just a few degrees below freezing at night, and as you say, about zero by day). The outdoor temperature one morning at 10:30 AM (admittedly an hour and a half to go till midday) was -11C with freezing fog causing rather pretty ice constructions to stealthily grow on every surface!

      The council's actions were pretty much an act of desperation. It was awkward enough over the Christmas holidays (and people did die on the roads) but once people went back to work, with supplies pretty much exhausted and neighbours all having to conserve rock salt too, things were pretty dire.

      We'd have been completely snookered but for some investment in winter gear for the councils during the boom years. Previously in the 80s/90s a lot of councils probably would only have had a pick-up truck with guys with shovels to spread grit - now there are fleets of gritters with snowplough attachments and also supporting off-road vehicles with plough attachments - plus afaik some councils in parts of the country where it is more necessary have actual snowploughs too. However circumstances were nevertheless exacerbated by councils having limited 2009 budget left for paying overtime, so some of this kit stayed at home during Christmas.

      Things were bad enough that parts of the motorway network were temporarily reduced to one lane operation, and there was consideration given to closing even some major routes if the thaw hadn't arrived when it did.

      --
      -- *~()____) This message will self-destruct in 5 seconds...
    3. Re:What a fucked up move by itsdapead · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Sub Zero for you dingbats using the metric measurement isn't cold. Bitch when it's -12 below Zero f

      ...then everybody buys snowchains for their car, a fur coat that would make you pass out with heatstroke if you wore it in a typical UK or Irish winter, and builds tunnels or covered walkways between buildings. Simple.

      Now try dealing with temperatures hovering around zero C for a few days at a time, where you rarely get enough snow to use chains or studs and the water is continually melting and re-freezing and where years or even decades can pass between bouts of nontrivial winter weather. Its a different problem.

      --
      In a survey of 100 programmers, 111111 thought that duck-typing was a good idea.
    4. Re:What a fucked up move by jbengt · · Score: 2, Informative
      Around here it commonly gets colder than 0F (-18C) and they use salt to good effect. True, sodium chloride doesn't work that good below about 15F (-9C), but if you can afford it, calcium chloride suppresses freezing at least down to -20F (-29C).
      And fertilizer (ammonium) actually works down to about 20F (-7C)
      see more here

      In practice, a combination of plowing, very high sodium chloride levels, and the action of rolling tires can make roads fairly safe to drive even below 0F.

  9. Use Irish Whiskey instead . . . by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 3, Funny

    Alcohol melts ice, right? And Ireland is awash in whiskey . . . well at least Killinaskully seems to be. So they could have sprayed whiskey on the roads instead of fertilizer.

    Of course, the road crews would ask:

    "So we're to be spraying good whiskey on the roads to clear them of ice, are we? Do ye mind if we pass that whiskey through our kidneys first?"

    I'm not sure what effect whiskey in the water supply would have on Intel's manufacturing process, but the public wouldn't mind having a wee bit in their morning tee.

    Actually, the general public would be so toasted that wouldn't give a damn about Intel.

    --
    Schroedinger's Brexit: The UK is both in and out of the EU at the same time!
    1. Re:Use Irish Whiskey instead . . . by bigdaisy · · Score: 5, Informative

      You are closer to the truth than you think: the fertilizer they were spreading was actually urea!

  10. There are different type of salts by aepervius · · Score: 2, Informative

    rock salts can go down to -12 or something If I recall correctly, whereas afterward you have to use other type of salt (potassium or calcium chlorid?) which go down to -22C.

    --
    C. Sagan : A demon haunted world:
    http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345409469/
    visit randi.org
  11. Similar thing happened to Inmos in the 70's by twisting_department · · Score: 5, Interesting
    Strangely enough Inmos had a similar pollution problem caused by the local water company in south Wales:

    What had actually happened, as we found out three months later, was that on Christmas Eve the engineers at the local reservoir decided to celebrate. They were supposed to stay on site, so what they did was to dump 100 times the standard level of chlorine into the water supply, then go off and have a Christmas party. That chlorine totally ruined our semiconductor plant. The result was that the Americans said, "These Brits don't know what they're doing. Get rid of them!". The semiconductor facility was taken away and put under the control of the Americans who were deemed to understand these things.

    Seems the the Yanks can't defend themselves against this sort of thing either! http://www.cs.manchester.ac.uk/CCS/res/res33.htm/

  12. Superfund site karma by AHuxley · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The sites intel left in the USA to be cleaned up by the US gov.
    A generation later Intel now needs its water cleaning up.

    --
    Domestic spying is now "Benign Information Gathering"
    1. Re:Superfund site karma by MattskEE · · Score: 2, Informative

      Since you didn't cite anything, I will do so from the first Google result. From IntelSuperfundCleanup.com

      Low levels (less than 1 part per million [ppm] or 1,000 parts per billion [ppb]) of VOCs were detected in ground water at two Intel facilities
      (Santa Clara 3 and Magnetics) and more significant levels were detected at a third facility (Mountain View "Lot 3"). Since these discoveries, Intel has very aggressively cleaned up these sites. By early 1986, all site source areas had been removed and ground water extraction and treatment systems (GWETS) had been installed and were operating to cleanup and contain residual VOCs in ground water.

      Your inflammatory rhetoric does not seem to be backed up, as the pollution sounds small (though extant), and Intel has actively participated in the cleanup. Did you have any actual information to support your assertion?

    2. Re:Superfund site karma by pclminion · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Nice omission of detail there, buddy. http://intelsuperfundcleanup.com/

      In early 1982, concern about widespread contamination in the area's shallow ground water led the California Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Water Board) to send chemical use questionnaires to over 2,000 facilities regarding the use of hazardous materials. Intel Corporation (Intel) was among the few questionnaire recipients that responded proactively by installing ground water monitoring wells adjacent to their underground chemical storage tanks. Intel also responded with a full inventory of all chemicals used in its operations.

      Although it was evident by the late 1980s that the VOC contamination at Santa Clara 3 and Magnetics was minor, these sites became federal Superfund sites on the National Priority List (NPL) because they were among the handful of sites that had sufficient data to be evaluated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for inclusion on the NPL.

      In other words, the Intel sites became Superfund sites because Intel, unlike so many other manufacturers, actually responded to environmental investigations with COPIOUS information -- such comprehensive information is rarely acquired, and so Superfund took this project under its wing mostly to praise Intel for their proactiveness. By omitting the relevant details you make it sound like Intel was injecting dioxins into aquifers or something like that.

  13. "Filtration" ?? WTF?? by braindump · · Score: 2, Informative

    I just don't get this. Chip fabs don't filter water, they force it through reverse osmosis, and then deionize it. It doesn't matter what's in the water to begin with, after that process is complete, there's absolutely nothing left. This story therefore, makes no sense.

    --
    Ah, fuck it
    1. Re:"Filtration" ?? WTF?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      RO is just one step of many to make Ultra Pure Water - Urea has been a problem in semiconductor fabs for a long time - enough can sneak through the reverse osmosis, electrodeionization, ion exchange, etc, to get incorporated in the photoresist, which then breaks down under the UV light when it gets exposed, and splits into two ammonia molecules, which shifts the pH and causes under cutting of the photoresist. Intel in Portland OR added a few million dollars of processing equipment to react out the urea before it can cause a problem.

      How do I know all of this? I make 20,000 gallons per day of Nano-Research grade water, which is even purer than semiconductor fab water. Which means I hang out with the all the ultrapure water people from Intel, TI, AMD, IBM, etc

      Urea contamination is old news........

  14. Re:Gritting is just silly by beyonddeath · · Score: 2, Interesting

    They sell studable winter tires, although in many places they are illegal, for the reason you pointed out, plus they destroy the pavement. On the up side, if you can use them, I hear you can stick to ice as if it were pavement. Though with modern winter tires, even 10" of snow isnt a major issue even for most vehicles. I have only had issues in my corolla with Gislavid winter tires when the snow was high enough to start coming up the hood and over the windshied. If i stopped I couldnt get moving forward again wthout reversing and making a running start at it.

  15. Re:Priorities, people by Silvrmane · · Score: 5, Informative

    100% pure water will do no harm to you, whatsoever. Or your gut bacteria. I'm not sure how this meme got started, but it is not only wrong, but indicative of a confusion of ideas that makes me doubt the rationality of anyone who espouses it.

  16. Re:filters work to make water pure by Hognoxious · · Score: 3, Funny

    They are very expensive but the water will have a greater than 18 megaohm resistance.

    The resistance rather depends on how much of it you have and how it's arranged. Put it another way: resistance is not a property of substances.

    The ions in our water are removed. A conductivity meter reads 0 microsemens

    That's inconceivable. I'd expect it to be a little ova that.

    --
    Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  17. Use water synthesis Re:Water Filters? Hello? by La+Gris · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Use water synthesis:

    1. Buy hydrogen and oxygen.
    2. Burn the pure hydrogen with pure oxygen into a fuel cell.
    3. Get electricity in the process
    4. Get pure water

    Sure, the process would not be cheep.

    --
    Léa Gris
  18. Re:Priorities, people by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Informative

    From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum

    Reductio ad absurdum (Latin: "reduction to the absurd") is a form of argument in which a proposition is disproven by following its implications to a logical but absurd consequence.

  19. Re:Priorities, people by BigDukeSix · · Score: 5, Informative

    Your statement is true for pure water instilled directly into the bloodstream, but not for ingested water. The human digestive system is a polymer (poly-phospholipid) lined tube that is impervious to water absorption. Water and ions have separate transport mechanisms that allow them to be absorbed in specific parts of the intestines. If you drink a sufficient amount of any fluid which is not a balanced salt solution, you will eventually throw yourself into an electrolyte imbalance state.

    The fluid which eventually reaches the gut bacteria has a ton of secretions in it, from the salivary glands all the way down to the liver and pancreas, and bears no resemblance to the originally swallowed fluid. As such makes no physiological sense that drinking pure water is toxic to the beneficial gut bacteria (any more so than drinking whiskey).

  20. Slashdot is a strange place.... by ZedNaught · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Water supplies in the US and around the world are being contaminated to unsafe levels by industrial waste, agricultural runoff and mining effluent on a daily basis. Nobody cares until Intel can't use it to make chips? Slashdot is a strange place....

  21. Re:Priorities, people by Silvrmane · · Score: 2, Interesting

    While I generally regard using Wikipedia as a laughable "proof" in any sort of internet discussion, I find it doubly so in this case. The article cited has so many weasel words (may, could, should, might) that it becomes entirely devoid of informational content. If you are eating a properly nutritious diet, you will have zero need for any kind of dietary supplements, period. Dependence on the "nutritional" benefits of the minute amounts of calcium, magnesium, etc. in tap water borders on the delusional. Having said that, one adult sized vitamin capsule is going to have more of those trace minerals than 8 glasses of drinking water. As for the benefits of fluoride in the water, too much of it can also cause teeth to become brittle and prone to breakage. All good things in moderation. Considering where pure H20 ends up when ingested (mixed in with the contents of your stomach) tell me exactly how long it actually remains "pure" in the human body?

  22. Re:Priorities, people by Khyber · · Score: 2, Interesting

    "The human digestive system is a polymer (poly-phospholipid) lined tube that is impervious to water absorption. "

    Only the stomach. Most water absorption happens from duodenum to descending colon.

    Even taking a bath in purified deionized water is bad for you over time.

    --
    Still waiting on Serviscope_minor to wake up to fucking reality and realize that Jessica Price isn't going to fuck him.
  23. Re:Priorities, people by NeutronCowboy · · Score: 2, Informative

    You're right, technically. Distilled water won't directly harm you. There is no mechanism by which H20 disrupts body functions directly (disregard blocking O2 absorption in the lungs for a second). What happens though is that pretty much every membrane in your body is porous for ions and minerals. If you drink nothing but distilled water for an extended period, you're losing minerals through osmosis very quickly. The first effect is that your neural system starts to act up, because Potassium and other ions used in signal transmission become less and less available. That's why it's a bad idea to use snow as a source of drinking water without adding anything to it, or making sure that your diet supplements the extra ions and minerals needed.

    --
    Those who can, do. Those who can't, sue.
  24. Re:Priorities, people by temojen · · Score: 2, Informative

    This is based on the assumption that you're not ingesting any ions in the food you eat. That would pretty much require a diet of pure paper or complete fasting. Anything that was once alive and hasn't been completely purified (paper or pure gelatine) is going to have some sodium, potassium, and calcium.