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Why Time Flies By As You Get Older

Ant notes a piece up on WBUR Boston addressing theories to explain the universal human experience that time seems to pass faster as you get older. Here's the 9-minute audio (MP3). Several explanations are tried out: that brains lay down more information for novel experiences; that the "clock" for nerve impulses in aging brains runs slower; and that each interval of time represents a diminishing fraction of life as we age.

59 of 252 comments (clear)

  1. Or its all in our head by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    And we just think it does.

    1. Re:Or its all in our head by biryokumaru · · Score: 5, Funny

      I dunno, I think I'm getting older because I swear that audio sounded more like 6 minutes...

      --
      When you're afraid to download music illegally in your own home, then the terrorists have won!
    2. Re:Or its all in our head by dov_0 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I always thought of it as filtering. As we grow older, our brains develop in the way they filter incoming stimuli.The fewer things that actually need our brain's attention, the faster time seems to go. One finds though that in a new and stimulating environment,say, in a new country, time feels slower, but in a boring or familiar environment, time often seems to rush by - especially if our minds are focused on one thing to the exclusion of other stimuli.

      --
      sudo mount --milk --sugar /cup/tea /mouth /etc/init.d/relax start
    3. Re:Or its all in our head by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      And yet, when you're bored, time seems to crawl, but when you're in a stimulating environment, time seems to fly! It's a total paradox!

      (I'm not being sarcastic, I think you're right..)

    4. Re:Or its all in our head by spun · · Score: 2, Funny

      Am I a bad man because this thread made me laugh? Go ahead, mod me troll or what have you, I deserve it.

      --
      - None can love freedom heartily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but license. -- John Milton
    5. Re:Or its all in our head by shawb · · Score: 2, Interesting

      To me the time flies when you are having fun thing is a bit different than time speeding up when you get older. My understanding is that the former is related to your perception of time as events happen, while the latter is more related to your memory of order of events (although not strictly in either case.)

      The time going by quickly when you are having fun phenomenon really only applies while it is happening. I've notice that after an event filled stimulating weekend (whether those events are having fun or taking cares of responsibilities does not seem to matter) it feels like Friday was a long time ago when I get into work on Monday, but if I sit around and have a lazy weekend then on Sunday night it feels like I just got out of work and I start dreading Monday morning a bit.

      On a slightly different note, I have found a way to dispel the feeling that time is flying by without you; think of some memorable event several months to a year or so ago. For instance think back to Halloween of last year. Or the fourth of July. Or Easter. To me then all of a sudden a sense arises of how many things have happened to me between then and now that somehow doesn't come about when just trying to think of what happened in the last year without putting in those time pacing events. But you do have to be careful of what time period you think about. Thinking about an event less than a month ago just makes me think "is the month almost up already?" while an event more than a year ago is generally relegated to ancient history in my mind and the time passed simply becomes an foggy amorphous expanse. Plus, I usually don't seem to carry much memory of the emotional impact of the event itself, almost as though it happened to someone else.

      --
      I'll never make that mistake again, reading the experts' opinions. - Feynman
  2. Michio Kaku by MorderVonAllem · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Michio Kaku did a great show about time for the BBC and at the end of one episode he asked young/old people to count 60 seconds. The older people consistently counted for much longer than the actual minute while younger people consistently counted much faster.

    1. Re:Michio Kaku by girlintraining · · Score: 5, Funny

      It brings up some interesting ideas for Sci-Fi - an AI could easily have a perception of time hundreds to thousands of times faster than our own. Oh how the days would go on. Plenty of time to dream up things!

      Data: She brought me closer to humanity than I ever thought possible, and for a time...I was tempted by her offer.
      Jean-Luc Picard: How long a time?
      Data: Zero point six eight seconds, sir. For an android, that is nearly an eternity.

      --
      #fuckbeta #iamslashdot #dicemustdie
    2. Re:Michio Kaku by digitalunity · · Score: 4, Funny

      I just tried it and fell asleep. Is that a sign I'm getting old?

      --
      You can't legislate goodness. Let each to his own destiny, by will of his freely made choices.
    3. Re:Michio Kaku by Yvan256 · · Score: 4, Funny

      Trial 1: 3.5 seconds
      Trial 2: 2.7 seconds
      Trial 3: 1.8 seconds

      Frak, I need to switch to decaf!

    4. Re:Michio Kaku by dgatwood · · Score: 2, Interesting

      57 seconds. And I would have been within a couple of seconds a decade ago, too. Most musicians tend to have a fairly good concept of tempo. There was a stretch in the 30s and 40s where I felt like I was rushing, and apparently I was. Didn't quite compensate enough in the 50s.

      I figure the younger people were just grumbling and thinking, "I gotta get this over with so I can do something more interesting." By contrast, the older folks were probably bored, and got distracted. I wonder how many of the older people counted for longer because they counted a decade twice.

      Or, to be a smart aleck, for some of the oldest folks, "Uh... what was after 14? Oh, yeah. 14. Uh.. what was after 14?" :-D

      I keed! I keed!

      --

      Check out my sci-fi/humor trilogy at PatriotsBooks.

    5. Re:Michio Kaku by nmb3000 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Zero point six eight seconds, sir. For an android, that is nearly an eternity.

      I've always wondered at this line of dialog. From Measure of a Man we know that Data's processing speed is "60 trillion operations per second". If we assume he dedicated his full attention to her offer for the entire 0.68 seconds, that's almost 41 trillion operations required to consider and eventually reject the offer.

      If Picard ever stopped to think about it, I'd imagine that might begin to worry him...

      --
      "What do you despise? By this are you truly known." --Princess Irulan, Manual of Muad'Dib
      /)
    6. Re:Michio Kaku by Profane+MuthaFucka · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Aren't you awfully young to be drinking coffee?

      --
      Fascism trolls keeping me up every night. When I starts a preachin', he HITS ME WITH HIS REICH!
    7. Re:Michio Kaku by bronney · · Score: 3, Funny

      Yeah but not all 41 trillion operations were devoted entirely to logics in that 0.68 seconds. The Borg queen practically felt him up and kept licking on the that piece of skin on his face. That stimuli is a lot of operations for an android you insensitive clod.

    8. Re:Michio Kaku by Citizen+of+Earth · · Score: 4, Informative

      If Picard ever stopped to think about it, I'd imagine that might begin to worry him...

      Picard would probably use his 100-billion neurons firing 1,000 times per second = 100-trillion operations/second to ask "Why is Data so slow? Can't he get an upgrade?"

    9. Re:Michio Kaku by L4t3r4lu5 · · Score: 5, Funny

      That depends. How many Werther's Originals are left in the packet on the table next to you?

      Ha! It's a trick question! Only old people have Werther's Originals!

      --
      Finally had enough. Come see us over at https://soylentnews.org/
    10. Re:Michio Kaku by rolfwind · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Maybe it's because many of us hate school growing up, you watch the clock all the time. Because it's boring, anxiety due to bullies, puberty, an oral presentation coming up, you don't have your homework done, etcetera.

      I know school was the worst period in my life. Kids want to have fun, and school is a factory-like drill, and by the time you're an adult, it's ingrained to you, so you don't notice it as much.

      Idk, but as soon as I got out of high school and the rigid drill, time just seems to be going faster -- and I don't think it's because an internal switch been flicked when I was 17 -- more likely I just enjoyed what I was doing more. Even college was faster, maybe the flexible classes or that almost 80% was what you chose, not what was foisted upon you.

      It might also explain why time after school, weekends, and vacations went by so fast for me as a kid.

    11. Re:Michio Kaku by Existential+Wombat · · Score: 2, Funny

      I've thought for close to a decade now that our perception of time slows down as we age. It brings up some interesting ideas for Sci-Fi - an AI could easily have a perception of time hundreds to thousands of times faster than our own. Oh how the days would go on. Plenty of time to dream up things!

      The first million years would be the worst. Then the second. They'd be the worst too. After that you'll go into a bit of a decline...

  3. Precise Calculations by ShiftyOne · · Score: 4, Funny

    I calculated it out, and If you factor in how slow time moves after you die this is pretty obvious.

    1. Re:Precise Calculations by vegiVamp · · Score: 3, Insightful

      If the size of a single "tick" reaches infinity at the time of death, as you suggest, then you'd never actually die - your consciousness will be streched out forever, like the image of an object falling through a black hole's event horizon.

      If you're right, that means that your last-ever experience is gonna last until the end of infinity itself, even if it will only feel as a single subjective "tick".

      I just decided, I wanna die having the greatest orgasm of my life.

      --
      What a depressingly stupid machine.
  4. Re:Ugh... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    Anyone want to trade bodies?

    I'm not falling for that one again.

  5. Re:Ugh... by Denis+Lemire · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Are you sure you'd want to? The typical work-day is longer than the typical adolescent school day... On the other hand, school doesn't bring a paycheck... Let me ponder this a bit longer before we make a deal.

  6. Re:Kind of logarithmic scale by biryokumaru · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The immortal Bill Watterson described that effect best.

    --
    When you're afraid to download music illegally in your own home, then the terrorists have won!
  7. Re:Ugh... by timmarhy · · Score: 2, Insightful

    definately would. you don't understand it yet, but you will never be healthier and more free then you are right now. i'm turning 30 this year and already i can see why they say youth is wasted on the young.

    --
    If you mod me down, I will become more powerful than you can imagine....
  8. Perception by Darkness404 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Generally young people have a lot more to look forward too so time seems to go by quickly, older people have really not much to look forward to so time goes slowly. How many times in school did you count down the days till summer? With older people there is less to look forward to because there is generally less things to -do- that is fresh and new. While you might have really enjoyed TV while young, by the time someone is older they begin to see that all of the plots are exactly the same.

    --
    Taxation is legalized theft, no more, no less.
    1. Re:Perception by CptNerd · · Score: 2, Interesting

      It's strange, I have this discussion with my older siblings (20 and 18 years older, and I'm 51). For them time is rushing past, and years seem to go by quickly. For me, time has slowed down drastically from what it felt like years ago. I don't know for sure, but about 7 years ago I started unintentionally reducing the time I spend watching TV. Now I go days without watching anything (and missing some programs I would like to watch but forget about). I spend a huge amount of time reading articles and looking for things on the Internet, and can spend hours randomly surfing Youtube. I don't read as many books as I used to, and except for the odd photography magazine I've bailed out on magazines altogether. About all I read in book form now are manga takubon, and maybe 8 or 9 times a year I'll re-read one of my paperbacks. I study Japanese for about an hour a night after work, and work days drag on and on. I just got back from Christmas vacation with my family about 4 weeks ago, and it seems like 4 months. It may be that I perceive the time when I'm not doing things I want to do as taking longer than things I do, like time off from work. The time between vacations feels like forever.

      I don't know, all I know is time seems to go by at the same rate as it did back when I was in college 30 years ago, so maybe it's a good thing.

      --
      By the taping of my glasses, something geeky this way passes
  9. nine minute audio?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    shit, that's a boredom-laced eternity.

  10. No, you need an upgrade... by djupedal · · Score: 2, Funny

    > I'd like a defrag please.

    ...needing to defrag is like saying you need fresh horses...

    Hellooo...have you seen the type of brains available now? Six, going on seven layers...adaptive reasoning, darwin-series inhibitors, enlarged stem, v2 fight-or-flight firmware. Things have changed since some people started wearing pants you know.

    1. Re:No, you need an upgrade... by JWSmythe · · Score: 2, Funny

      Oh, I see you're one of those models. You feel totally superior to the previous generation, but have not quite realized that your feature set will be superseded with a bigger and better one Very Soon(tm).

          Good luck with all your new features, and pants, you'll be needing it.

      --
      Serious? Seriousness is well above my pay grade.
  11. 1 Day Expressed as a Percentage of Your Life by MystHunter · · Score: 5, Interesting

    If you are 1 year old, then 1 day represents about 1/365th of your life. If you are 10 years old, then 1 day represents about 1/3,650th of your life. Thus the older you are the faster time may appear to pass by. When you are 1 year old, 1 day may seem to last much longer than 1 day when you are 10 years old.

    1. Re:1 Day Expressed as a Percentage of Your Life by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Actually you are very close but you stole an idea I had almost 50 years ago but even then I thank Einstein for his relativity theory. :)

      Time in fact is relative so that when you are 2 years old 1 year is half your life so it represents a very long sense of time. When you are 50 it is 1/50th of your life so the passage of 1 year is very little time.

      The sense of time is at least in part a function of your life experience and you can check this by simply talking with young children about the time frame of christmas or birthdays or if you discuss an exciting event that is approaching. Their sense of time is distorted compared to say the perception of someone 25 or 50 waiting to experience the same type of event and what they will describe how far away it seems.

      But there is one constant. No matter the age of a person, if they are kept busy or focused on something, the sense of time changing will be described in a similar fashion by all those age groups. It speeds up. How about a really good movie compared to a boring one. Ask a kid. This is an important factor if you want to claim the sense of time passage relates to simply a biological aging of our built in clock. Our internal clock doesn't just go wonky because someone is older. Not unless from the time we are born it begins to act erratically.

      So my conclusion is to go with Einstein in that time is relative.

    2. Re:1 Day Expressed as a Percentage of Your Life by Culture20 · · Score: 2, Informative

      So my conclusion is to go with Einstein in that time is relative.

      Except that Einstein's special theory of relativity is talking about time _really_ being relative, not perception of absolute-time being relative.

    3. Re:1 Day Expressed as a Percentage of Your Life by Yvan256 · · Score: 2, Funny

      What if you could ride a train that goes at the speed of light, away from that boring movie. Would said movie become even more boring?

    4. Re:1 Day Expressed as a Percentage of Your Life by Pike · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I visualized this idea in a graph a few years ago.

    5. Re:1 Day Expressed as a Percentage of Your Life by BranMan · · Score: 2, Interesting

      There is a corollary to this that I have come up with - you can only image being twice as old as you are now. Think about it a while - seems to explain a great number of effects. Like thinking someone 30 is ancient when you are a teenager. Or being able to relate to a 8 year old when you are 5, but not really with a teen. Or having your first thoughts of mortality at 40-50 (the mid-life crisis). That's the real 'relativity' of time, IMHO.

  12. Re:Wibbly Wobbly, Timey Wimey by lewiley · · Score: 2, Funny

    I'm sure the Universe is expanding because when I drive to my son's house it seems further away every year. Actually, time goes faster because we accelerate when we go downhill!

  13. Relative memory versus time by Culture20 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    When you're one year old, your entire life memory is a year. Thus, a year's passage is a lifetime. When you're 100, a year's passage is 1/100th of the same time.

    1. Re: Relative memory versus time by Roblimo · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Exactly. At age 57, time doesn't "pass faster" for me than it did when I was 23 or 24, but each day adds a lower percentage of new experiences and memories than it did back then. This should be obvious to most people over age 10 who have decent memories.

    2. Re: Relative memory versus time by Z34107 · · Score: 2, Informative

      At age 57, time doesn't "pass faster" for me than it did when I was 23 or 24, but each day adds a lower percentage of new experiences and memories than it did back then.

      Well, duh. Near the level cap, it takes more XP to advance.

      --
      DATABASE WOW WOW
    3. Re: Relative memory versus time by wall0159 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      There was a show on the BBC recently that was a biography of John Mortimer, who died last year at 85. He was interviewed a lot in the show and one of the methods that he advocates to stay young is to keep changing and doing new things - career changes, move city, just keep doing something new. He said that think if people can do that, they can cram more new experiences into their later years, and get more out of life.

      Seems kind of obvious, in a way, but it's amazing how many people become trapped in their own routine. Routine is what makes time pass quickly.

  14. Re:Ugh... by TapeCutter · · Score: 2, Funny

    "Anyone want to trade bodies?"

    Sure, but can you drive a 1959 "Uncle Buck" model without endagering small children?

    --
    And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
  15. My Grandfather always said, by MyFirstNameIsPaul · · Score: 5, Funny

    "Life is like a roll of toilet paper: the older you get, the faster it goes."

    --

    I once took an excursion to Reddit, and later HN. Unlimited up/down voting sucks when dealing with a hive-mind.

  16. I knew it by Junior+J.+Junior+III · · Score: 2, Funny

    each interval of time represents a diminishing fraction of life as we age.

    I figured that out all on my own in my mid twenties. Seems like it was just yesterday.

    --
    You see? You see? Your stupid minds! Stupid! Stupid!
  17. my theory by physburn · · Score: 2, Insightful
    I've oft thought that you measure duration, by how many interesting events have happened in the time span, you've been measuring. Although boring times, drag by, when you in them. Looking backward you rembember so little of them, that the time has almost disappeared from you mind. Of course as you get older, there's less and less that you haven't already seen before, and so looking back time seems to be moving so much quicker.

    ---

    Psychology Feed @ Feed Distiller

  18. Re:Ugh... by BrokenHalo · · Score: 2, Insightful

    i'm turning 30 this year and already i can see why they say youth is wasted on the young.

    If you're 30, then you are young. You should have another 10 years or so before the effects of entropy really start making themselves noticed. Mind you, although my knees and ankles creak and my eyes don't work that well, I really wouldn't want the chore of having to live the last 5 decades all over again....

  19. Possible solution? by v(*_*)vvvv · · Score: 3, Interesting

    On a related note:

    The Secret Advantage Of Being Short

    So if we grow taller with age, time will remain constant.

    Brilliant!!

  20. We have more stuff to do! by MrCrassic · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Time flies when having fun, and as one gets older, one is allowed to do more fun things. People also get more responsibility as they age, so more responibilities = less time. That's my thesis; I think it's pretty good!

  21. Re:Ugh... by BluBrick · · Score: 5, Funny

    For what it's worth, I still disagree with the guy but there's got to be some advantage to your youth, if nothing else, think of all the abysmal 1980s technology you skipped right over!

    Bugger that! Think of all the abysmal 1980s music you skipped over. A Flock of seagulls, Wham, Adam and The Ants, Human League, Culture Club etc. I don't know how we did it, but we finally realized that just because a synthesizer could make nearly every possible sound, they didn't all have to be in the same song! And the fashion! Dear God, what horrors! - shoulder pads, big hair, jackets with sleeves rolled up, zip-up shoes (remember Ciaks?), scraps of brightly fabric tied everywhere, puffy shirts, skinny leather neckties, faux military uniforms, solitary white gloves. Oh, the humanity!

    --
    Ahh - My eye!
    The doctor said I'm not supposed to get Slashdot in it!
  22. Porcupine Tree by npoczynek · · Score: 2, Informative

    Porcupine Tree's most recent album has an excellent 15 minute epic on this subject, titled "Time Flies". Check it out if you're bored one day and in the mood for some excellent modern rock.

  23. also: distance between milestones by gundersd · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Also, when you're 5 years old, the maximum amount of time that you need to spend doing something in order to feel like you've achieved something worthwhile is probably in the order of 5-10 minutes or so (drawing a picture, writing your name, building a sandcastle at the beach, making something with Lego).

    When you get to middle-age, things take much longer (achieving success in your chosen field, raising children, paying off a mortgage etc).

    My theory is that it's the lengthening of the distance in time between major milestones that makes time appear to move faster as you get older. It simply takes a lot longer to achieve anything of significance.

  24. Re:Not a chance! by gyrogeerloose · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I wouldn't trade my 65 years of experiences and my white hair for anything in this world.

    I'd trade for some better teeth, though.

    --
    This ain't rocket surgery.
  25. Re:Ugh... by bit9 · · Score: 2, Funny

    I seriously don't know why the parent god modded Funny. He should have been modded insightful. I, for one, could not wait for the 80's to be over, for exactly the reasons the parent mentions. The only thing that got me through it was the fact that the 80's also happened to be the golden age of heavy metal. Bands like Dio, Van Halen, AC/DC, Iron Maiden -- all of them peaked in the early-to-mid 80's. The last 3 or 4 years of that decade were pretty grim, though. By that time, even Van Halen and Iron Maiden were using synthesizers quite heavily (although, Van Halen's 1984 album was a great album, synthesizers or not).

  26. Re:Ugh... by keeboo · · Score: 4, Interesting

    For what it's worth, I still disagree with the guy but there's got to be some advantage to your youth, if nothing else, think of all the abysmal 1980s technology you skipped right over!

    Bugger that! Think of all the abysmal 1980s music you skipped over. (...)

    Sometimes it feels I'm the only one who liked the 1980s...
    Those were the times of Cindy Lauper, (young) Madonna, A-Ha and pop-things alike.
    Those were the golden years of 8-bit computing. Machines like Amiga, Mac etc were created in that decade.
    Those were the years of Gorbachev, Thatcher, Khomeini... The video of Genesis' "Land of Confusion" was hilarious.
    The girls were colorful and with crazy hairs...
    It was shamelessly stupid and joyful.

    The 1970s OTOH, were overrated IMO (I'm glad I was too young to experience that).
    Bell pants? Afro-power microphone-like hair? Beatles gone? Progressive rock? Hippies getting older?
    Aarrrgh...

  27. Re:Ugh... by Jello+B. · · Score: 2, Funny

    Fuck you, prog rock is life.

  28. Mmmmyep by Quiet_Desperation · · Score: 2, Funny

    Now I just feel old and depressed. Yay! Thanks, Slashdot!

  29. Re:Ugh... by jasonq · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Bugger that! Think of all the abysmal 1980s music you skipped over. A Flock of seagulls, Wham, Adam and The Ants, Human League, Culture Club etc.

    And Lady GaGa is an improvement?

  30. Re:Ugh... by dario_moreno · · Score: 2, Insightful

    8 and 16 bit computing are the only positive things from the eighties...with "Wargames" or "Back to the Future" and "Indiana Jones" movies. CD marked the end of 45RPM records and hence the beginning of the domination of marketing over artistic sense in music. 1983 marked the end of interesting pop music IMHO. Then there was AIDS. This is why we spent our time programming C64 in assembler rather than fucking hippie or disco girls like in the 60's or 70's. The end of the cold war marked the beginning of decadence in science education and funding. Reaganism brought to us infinite jealousy for others, permanent competition, and an obsession with money and consumerism. The space shuttle sucked ass in comparison to Apollo program, for instance. There were no decent cameras to speak of. Remember the german cameras from the 30's and 50's, and japanese from the early 70's..The same for Hifi. It should say something about the period.

    --
    Google passes Turing test : see my journal
  31. Re:Ugh... by Alioth · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I like aspects of the 80s too, the technology, at least the computers, were a lot of fun. They were simple enough you could understand them pretty much entirely, you could actually get down to the bare iron and not be wrapped up in 15 layers of abstraction, even proprietary software was somewhat open - you had books like "The Complete Spectrum ROM disassembly" - a complete and well commented listing of the entire machine OS - imagine if someone tried to do that with Windows - firstly, you'd need something the size of Britannica, and secondly you'd be sued to smithereens within milliseconds of thinking of the idea.

  32. Full attention != Full processing capacity by aneroid · · Score: 3, Informative

    Full attention != Full processing capacity

    He obviously has tons of background daemons running and was in a situation of "some degree of peril" and physical change (the skin graft thing) which clearly would have triggered several others. A more useful, relevant, pertinent (and I predict...) reliable benchmark would be something like "thoughts per second" or "operations per thought" (since different thoughts would have different operations and a different number of operations). "Thought operations" (or "thoughts") could be a standard for thinking-speed.

    So - how an AI thinks is more important than how fast it thinks since "operation speed" can changed via hardware. Thinking-speed is a result of underlying algorithms that actually make up the "I" in AI. Thinking-speed is also affected by the AIs own growth and ability to change itself. IQ of an AI would also result from that.

    Which also implies that AIs can be distracted from a task - simply by causing it to a) spend more operations about input received or b) making it think about something else simultaneously. An AI being able to manage that/reduce the effect of the distraction, again, is dependent on design, self-growth and self-modification.

    It would be have sounded even more worrying if in those 0.68 seconds, he had as many "thoughts" as an intelligent person would in a year...or two. (Endless loops, non-breaks, etc. adds to the worry.)
    Ofcourse, I do agree with your statement. It IS an eternity for any AI.

    Sidenote with math-conjectures:
    60 trillion OPS = 60 x 10^12 OPS (or in MIPS = 60 * 10^6 MIPS, since we are not assuming only-FLOPS) - and yes, many operations make up 1 instruction, so assume best case is 1 instruction = 2 operations. So 30 * 10^6 MIPS? An X9100 is 32472 MIPS ~= 32 * 10^3 MIPS. So only slightly-less-than 1000 times slower than Data.