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Physicists Create a Working Transistor From a Single Atom

stupendou writes "Australian and American physicists have built a working transistor from a single phosphorus atom embedded in a silicon crystal. The group of physicists, based at the University of New South Wales and Purdue University, said they had laid the groundwork for a futuristic quantum computer that might one day function in a nanoscale world and would be orders of magnitude smaller and quicker than today's silicon-based machines."

127 comments

  1. Finally, a computer so small... by MrEricSir · · Score: 4, Funny

    ...it will slip between the fibers on your pocket, fall on the floor, get vacuumed up and get accidentally thrown away.

    The future is here.

    --
    There's no -1 for "I don't get it."
    1. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hopefully that'll be less of a problem when they store them in a syringe, so those little buggers can travel through my blood stream and kill cancer.

    2. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by EdIII · · Score: 2

      People already lose 17" laptops. This will be no different.

      If you make the minimum size something like a cell phone it will just be that much more powerful.

    3. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      A PitrPod Zepto?

    4. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by viperidaenz · · Score: 3, Funny

      Until a software bug causes it to kill everything but cancer and you turn into nothing but a huge tumor.

    5. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      "I always mess up some mundane detail"

    6. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by neokushan · · Score: 1

      if(!Cell->IsCancerous)
      {
            Cell->kill;
      }

      --
      +1 IDisagreeSoHeMustBeATrollOrAnAstroturferOrAShill
    7. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      !PassingQA, I hope.

    8. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by moderatorrater · · Score: 1

      It compiles and passes all the unit tests, so it should ;)

    9. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Apothem · · Score: 1

      Aw, what's wrong? Did you swallow your cellphone again?

    10. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      Only in the universe instance without cats.

    11. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No more bullets then ... skynet will send a mass rain with viral cpus and then we shall call ourselves Borg.

    12. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by laederkeps · · Score: 1

      Mental note: Always include a unit test for "test subject did not die".

    13. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      It compiles and passes all the unit tests, so it should ;)

      Then comes the good old "eat your own dog food before you sell it" phase...

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    14. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by moderatorrater · · Score: 1

      This makes me wonder if there's any sort of morphine software I could be developing...

    15. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by tedgyz · · Score: 1

      Food = new SoylentGreen(Cell)

      --
      "No matter where you go, there you are." -- Buckaroo Banzai
    16. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Maybe I am reading this wrong, but why are you checking the cell.kill variable of noncancerous cells and taking no action?

    17. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It wouldn't even take a sneeze to blow away all your hardware. It may be a breakthrough, but I'd hate to see the price per pound for a six-transistor radio. Those were available for as little as $2 around 1970.
      A and what about speakers? They'll probably be injected like a flu shot so no speaker will be needed. Free even. With ads all the time you can never turn off.

      But maybe they'll get HD radio! Oh boy...

      http://www.engineeringradio.us/blog/2012/01/the-never-ending-hd-radio-debacle-continues-to-not-end/comment-page-1/#comment-16728

    18. Re:Finally, a computer so small... by jamiesan · · Score: 1

      public class Soylent_Green : People, IDisposable ???

  2. A transistor made of a single atom? by cold+fjord · · Score: 1, Funny

    Good luck trying to mass manufacture those.

    --
    much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
    1. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by jo_ham · · Score: 2

      Didn't they say the same thing about reducing die sizes to the nanometre scale?

    2. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by artor3 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      We were making single atom transistors ten years ago, but it was hit or miss whether the atom would end up in the right place.

      Today, we can place the atom with high precision, in silicon, so that the devices can be made reliably.

      Ten years from now, who's to say we won't be able to mass produce them?

    3. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by viperidaenz · · Score: 3, Interesting

      That would have been well over 30 years ago, since 1500nm was reached in 1982 and 800nm in 1989.
      The process size is virtually a straight line on a log10 scale. Going on the last 40 years we'll be at 1nm by 2030. Its an order of magnitude every 10 - 15 years

    4. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by jo_ham · · Score: 3, Insightful

      That was my point - back then creating working dies at 22 nm, which is as good as we can do right now really, would have been laughed at by some. "That's only 100 or so atoms! Good luck!"

      The team doing this has demonstrated that they can be much more accurate with single atom placement than in the past, so I don't doubt we'll be building at the single atom scale in mass production eventually, and probably within my lifetime easily.

    5. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by cold+fjord · · Score: 4, Informative

      Today, we can place the atom with high precision, in silicon, so that the devices can be made reliably.

      Cornell demonstrated a single atom transistor nearly 10 years ago, and today we are still pretty much at the level of demonstrating / playing / investigating.

      Ten years from now, who's to say we won't be able to mass produce them?

      It is a pretty big jump from building a single demonstration / proof of concept device and connecting it and integrating it into a design that works reliably at speed. IBM seems to be getting some interesting results with a single atom DRAM, but that is still way closer to a laboratory curiosity than an option for shipping silicon.

      But that is just the Fab side of things. To actually design and build chips with this sort of technology is almost certainly going to require some serious upgrades to EDA tools.

      --
      much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
    6. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by joocemann · · Score: 2, Interesting

      You aren't into nanotech, are you?

      Massive nano-scale manufacturing is much closer to reality than you seem to assume. Look into it. No spoon on hand for me to spoonfeed right now, sorry.

    7. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by artor3 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      That's what I said... that we've been able to build these things for ten years. As the article explains, the big difference here is the precision of the placement of the atom, making the devices much more manufacturable (though not on a mass-scale, of course).

      And yes, there are other steps involved in making actual devices. But we don't have to work in a single pipeline. As the process engineers get closer to making this sort of thing mass producible, the software engineers will be simultaneously upgrading the EDA tools, and the design engineers will be thinking of ways to use this new device. It'll go into high price, low yielding devices at first. Probably military tech, or cutting edge instruments for physicists. Those pilot projects will be used to the design tools, tune the process, and maximize the yield.

      It'll be quite some time before they reach consumer electronics, if they ever do, but I wouldn't toss them aside as non-manufacturable.

    8. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It will clearly not be possible until we can patent the atom in question.

    9. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by cold+fjord · · Score: 2, Informative

      That's what I said... that we've been able to build these things for ten years.

      Yes, and this is what you didn't say: and today we are still pretty much at the level of demonstrating / playing / investigating.

      Did you lose interest after getting to the end of what you wrote?

      Did you read how they did it?

      The scientists placed the single phosphorus atom using a device known as a scanning tunneling microscope. They used it to essentially scrape trenches and a small cavity on a surface of silicon covered with a layer of hydrogen atoms. Phosphine gas was then used to deposit a phosphorus atom at a precise location, which was then encased in further layers of silicon atoms.

      Does that seem like a scalable process to you? Here is what the article says:

      While offering astounding precision for research, these microscopes are not currently applicable as manufacturing tools to make chips that contain billions or even trillions of transistors. Moreover, the devices now operate at very low temperatures.

      Ah, good! They made them with a method not applicable for manufacturing, and, as a bonus, they are cryo-cooled. Lovely. They are still at the level of demonstrating / playing / investigating.

      --
      much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
    10. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by cold+fjord · · Score: 1, Interesting

      You aren't into nanotech, are you?

      Massive nano-scale manufacturing is much closer to reality than you seem to assume. Look into it. No spoon on hand for me to spoonfeed right now, sorry.

      Did you read how they did it?

      The scientists placed the single phosphorus atom using a device known as a scanning tunneling microscope. They used it to essentially scrape trenches and a small cavity on a surface of silicon covered with a layer of hydrogen atoms. Phosphine gas was then used to deposit a phosphorus atom at a precise location, which was then encased in further layers of silicon atoms.

      Does that seem like a scalable process to you? Here is what the article says:

      While offering astounding precision for research, these microscopes are not currently applicable as manufacturing tools to make chips that contain billions or even trillions of transistors. Moreover, the devices now operate at very low temperatures.

      They made them with a method not applicable for manufacturing, and, as a bonus, they are cryo-cooled. They are still at the level of demonstrating / playing / investigating.

      I think your spoon would prove pretty empty..... or maybe there is no spoon.

      --
      much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
    11. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Exactly! Where will they get the raw materials from for a start?

      It's not like you can find atoms just anywhere...

    12. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well, no, 1500nm is 1.5 micrometers, you can't class it as nanometer until it goes sub 1 micrometer. Which was 23 years ago in 1989.

      Also, the problems faced in mass production are different to labs, and although we are currently on track to produce 16 in 2013, and 11 in 2015, it is no sure thing that this will be all smooth sailing and in line with those projections.

    13. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ten years from now, who's to say we won't be able to mass produce them?

      Mr Boltzmann, actually

      Unless you fancy not only manufacturing, but using these transistors at temperatures that are more or less equal to absolute zero, your single-electron transistors are not going to come with a particularly long warranty. (My guess would be milliseconds, if you're lucky.)

      With single-electron devices, it's not so much "meltdown" as "where did my transistor go".

    14. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by TheInternetGuy · · Score: 4, Funny

      Ten years from now, who's to say we won't be able to mass produce them?

      A little known fact about Moores law. People usually don't know this, but Moores law is actually an inverted bell curve, so a few years from now, circuits will actually start to grow bigger and bigger every year. In the future we will have computers as big as mt to perform the simplest tasks. Unfortunately the bottom of this bell curve occurs at the same time as the end of the Mayan calendar, so not to many people will be around to worry about it.

      --
      If my comment didn't sound as good in your head as it did in mine, then I guess we all know who's to blame
    15. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by viperidaenz · · Score: 1

      It should be interesting to see what happens in the next few years. SInce following the trend now leads to subatomic 200pm process sizes in 20 years or so. Apparently the current lithography technology has limits around 10nm.

    16. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by cold+fjord · · Score: 1

      MEMs devices, in contrast to nanoscale devices, are having a huge real world impact today and have been for some time. Nanomaterials are having an impact. Nanodevices... it looks to me like lots of laboratory work, lots of interesting projects, some fantastic demonstrations, but not much being manufactured or shipping as product.

      As for the single atom transistor - interesting demonstration that is necessary for the development of future devices, but not even close to being manufacturable on any real scale.

      --
      much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
    17. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Posting anon for fear of the mods this post will get for even bringing this up...

      If you haven't read it already, you should check out Eric Drexlers "Engines of Creation"
      http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_Table_of_Contents.html

      The book itself is his musings on nanotechnology of the future, written about 25 years ago. It does a good job of showing just how far we have gone in that time, and how much further we ultimately have to go yet.

      Fortunately, the end results are inevitable, with only time as a variable.
      Barring some event such as a huge natural disaster, extinction event, or WW3, we are pretty much guaranteed to get there, and have about 40 years of evidence to show for it.

      We have had a few bumps along the path, but have always over come them eventually. It is not a perfect logarithmic scale, but so far we have been on track with only a relatively minor margin for error needed (about 5-6 years or so)

      It also does an excellent job of answering questions a lot of slashdot readers come up with after 10 seconds of thinking about the issues, with answers from someone who has thought about them for 10 years.
      Not just technical questions, but political and humanitarian questions as well.

    18. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by bmo · · Score: 3, Insightful

      >Subatomic

      No. The limit is a single atom. Not unless someone comes up with a way of making a transistor out of free quarks. We'd have to have some sort of breakthrough in physics to do that and that's not even on the horizon yet.

      -theoretical ---we are not even here yet.
      -empirical
      -demo devices
      -prototype devices
      -production/commercial devices

      --
      BMO

    19. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by voidphoenix · · Score: 1

      You sound exactly like every naysayer we've had at every stage of progress. Just because _your_ imagination can't grasp how single atom transistors can be mass-produced doesn't mean _nobody_ ever will. If the history of our species teaches us anything, it's that once we've conceived of something as possible, it becomes a matter of when, not if. Or maybe you'd rather be stuck with banging rocks together?

    20. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by joocemann · · Score: 1

      The key, and what is happening now, is that the tools are being made. Once the tools are made, the rest is a matter of development. Don't be doubtful. Time moves faster than your expectations.

    21. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yeah a change of tech will need to happen. Optical computers?

    22. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We ARE still stuck with banging rocks together - just very small rocks with very high precision.

    23. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Er, not exactly. More like, you'd need X atoms doing the work of Y transistors, where XY.

      Given some of the weirdness you get with quantum computing, that's more than reasonable.

    24. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by garphik · · Score: 1

      Well, it'll certainly cut down the raw material cost eh?

    25. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Patchw0rk+F0g · · Score: 1

      It should be interesting to see what happens in the next few years. SInce following the trend now leads to subatomic 200pm process sizes in 20 years or so. Apparently the current lithography technology has limits around 10nm.

      I'm not going to get behind the line on this one; I always seem to get lazy, and then lose out. Not this time, by gods! I'm placing my hold on "The Young Man's Illustrated Primer" at the library right now!

      --
      When the going gets weird, the weird turn pro. ~~ Hunter S. Thompson
    26. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Lemme draw it for you: I believe joocemann here tried to bring to your attention, without actually saying it that way, MEMS micro-STMs, which would probably be multiplied on a single die or wafer and used in parallel as some sort of printing head to mass-produce nanoscale devices on another silicon wafer substrate.

      Derive into ridiculously small parts, then integrate enormous number of them into something great.

    27. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You forgot the DRM that binds to your DNA, so if you try and sell it, it poisons you with a specially targeted poison.

    28. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Kamiza+Ikioi · · Score: 2

      I thought going beyond the limit of a single atom was the purpose behind Quantum computing?

      --
      I8-D
    29. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Micketeer · · Score: 1

      Yeah! Don't these people know how much an atom cost nowdays?

    30. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You're kind of a douche. Couldn't you have tailored your response to be constructive and additive rather than dismissive?

    31. Re:A transistor made of a single atom? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Technically, that would be a straight line on *any* log scale. Just different slope.

  3. Re:Mod manipulation by GreatBunzinni, aka Rui Maci by EdIII · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This is getting old. Could you do something productive like talking about Area 51, Anal Probes by Aliens, or whether or not Han shot first?

    Anything else please...

  4. But... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Interesting

    Can we really call it a transistor? Sure it can change states, but a real transistor does a whole lot besides.

    1. Re:But... by interval1066 · · Score: 1

      If that's a joke, I'm not getting it.

      --
      Python: 'And then suddenly you have a language which says "we're all stuck with whatever the whiniest coder wants".'
    2. Re:But... by ae1294 · · Score: 1

      If that's a joke, I'm not getting it.

      It's humour Jim, but not as we know it.

  5. Radiation hardening by DigiShaman · · Score: 4, Interesting

    With transistors that small, how would you harden a microchip against radiation? Would the extra redundancy not make it worthwhile. That is to say, is there an optimal compromise between transistor size and resources consumed through redundancy allocation?

    --
    Life is not for the lazy.
    1. Re:Radiation hardening by ericpraline · · Score: 2

      Size is not really the point here as far as i see it (the actual machine running this is actually quite a bit bigger than a classical computer - disclaimer: i have not seen their experiment, but other ones that go in that direction). The point is that if you want to do quantum computation, you need quantum objects to do your calculations with -- something an atom is, and a huge piece of silicon generally isn't.

    2. Re:Radiation hardening by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That is to say, is there an optimal compromise between transistor size and resources consumed through redundancy allocation?

      Yes.

    3. Re:Radiation hardening by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      You can always count on Bit to give you a straight answer. Yes siree Bob!

    4. Re:Radiation hardening by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Do you need to? Are normal computers radiation hardened? I realize there are situations that do use that, like satellites, but they are always behind the curve technology wise due to the extra requirements for a harsh environment, so no problem with this, they could use more classic lithography.

      Also you could just encase the chip/board/unit/whatever in something to resist radiation. I'm not saying that is a workable solution in all cases, but in many it would be just fine. Just shield the chip and call it good.

    5. Re:Radiation hardening by DigiShaman · · Score: 2

      Do you need to? Are normal computers radiation hardened?

      Exactly, I have no idea. I though all modern CPUs relied on some form of ECC correction. Certainly for the L1 and L2 cache at least. It's also why server memory uses ECC too. IMHO, I think all computers and handheld units should employ error correction well.

      Google performed a 2 and half year study of this topic. Worth reading as I'm sure it can be applied to CPUs if not transistor technology overall.

      --
      Life is not for the lazy.
    6. Re:Radiation hardening by RKBA · · Score: 3, Interesting

      A transistor one atom in size would be much less likely to be hit by an ionizing particle because of its tiny cross-sectional area (ie; only one angstrom in diameter).

    7. Re:Radiation hardening by __aaltlg1547 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Normal computers aren't radiation hardened, but the point is that they store and process information based on more than just the quantum state of a single particle. It takes a great deal more unwanted energy to cause them to flip to the undesired state. This kind of thing would many times more vulnerable to stray radiation, heat or stray electromagnetic fields than the smallest conventional transistor.

      But any practical computer is going to have to contain millions of these things. If you want to carry out a computation with such a machine, either you have to protect it with conditions that have a minimal chance of causing a computational error or you will have to engineer it with redundancy and error correction mechanisms that may in the end be bigger and less reliable than a classical solution.

    8. Re:Radiation hardening by c0lo · · Score: 1

      With transistors that small, how would you harden a microchip against radiation?

      Simple. Side effect of the whole equipment required to keep it in cryogenic conditions.

      --
      Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
    9. Re:Radiation hardening by pz · · Score: 3, Informative

      Are normal computers radiation hardened?

      Yes. They are hardened against the normal background radiation that is ubiquitous. That's why there's more-or-less a minimum amount of energy that's required to change a single storage bit, otherwise it gets flipped too easily by a stray alpha decay from the chip's packaging. We entered the era where packaging is made from low-radiation materials some time ago to help with this, but it only helps, since existenace here on Earth is bathed in a certain level of radiation.

      That isn't to say normal chips are hardened against abnormal levels of radiation, but they most certainly are designed with a given level of anticipated background.

      --

      Put my fist through my alarm clock with its ding-dong death inside my ear. - The Blackjacks.
    10. Re:Radiation hardening by voidphoenix · · Score: 1

      Yes, but most useful circuits don't have just one transistor, do they? Modern processors have on the order of a billion transistors. By the time we can manufacture single-atom-transistor chips, they'll probably have well over 10 billion. Ionizing radiation will be a hurdle to overcome.

    11. Re:Radiation hardening by TheLink · · Score: 1

      Back to room sized computers :).

      --
    12. Re:Radiation hardening by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      As they get smaller they have to be made to resist background. Some materials can wreck havoc with components made at 90 and 45 nm.

      This can cause no end of problems even with hardening.
      http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-03-radioactive-steel_N.htm
      You can find many many more.

      Now try and figure out WTF is going on when crap like that gets into the plastic case you are are having made in China. It was for an electronic device we make. It made no sense for the crap to be there and we were shocked that the lab found it there and even more shocked when we asked them why they routinely test for it. "It's a common contaminate and part of a large list of things we test for."

      It took a consultant who said he suspected this and several other problems and he recommended the expensive tests. We have samples sent to the lab regularly now.

    13. Re:Radiation hardening by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hey, all joking aside, we're getting to the point where you could do simpler calculations on a hand-held or laptop device, but farm out more complex stuff to a "room-sized" computer. If wireless networks become ubiquitous enough and low-latency enough, you'd (theoretically) never need a computer that takes more power than running something more intensive than video games.

      It's the same basic principle behind render farms and the like, but brought the next step down. Imagine a world where it is faster to copy a fresh boot into RAM (based on your device configuration) than it is to actually boot up your computer or device, or if the same is done with applications. Then, any processor-intensive job is handed back and forth to the "room-sized" computer more quickly than your device could crunch it... Kind of scary, but cool, and kind of the only alternative to miniaturization, if and when we hit that wall.

    14. Re:Radiation hardening by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      With transistors that small, how would you harden a microchip against radiation? Would the extra redundancy not make it worthwhile. That is to say, is there an optimal compromise between transistor size and resources consumed through redundancy allocation?

      If it is that small, building a faraday cage around the whole computer would be pretty cheap, right? Just take off someone's tinfoil hat, and we can make one...

    15. Re:Radiation hardening by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      why would you need to protect each individual transistor from radiation? why not just protect the CPU as a whole, which means it wouldn't be any different to protecting anything from radiation. instead of a package protecting a billion transistors, you make the same package to protect a trillion smaller transistors. some gold leaf or if necessary, lead foil, but only around the entire computer. where did the idea of the need for radiation protection for a single transistor come from? its ludicrous. nothing gets protected at that level.

  6. If its embedded in a silicon crystal.... by Immostlyharmless · · Score: 1

    How can they it's not really silicon based? I'm assuming that at least part of what gives the phosphorus its transistor like abilities is the fact that it's embedded in the silicon in the first place? Or am I missing something?

    1. Re:If its embedded in a silicon crystal.... by jo_ham · · Score: 3, Informative

      Pretty much - that's how transistors work. The phosphorous has a extra electron (compared to the silicon) and the combination forms an extrinsic semiconductor, which you then use to make junctions and transistors and diodes etc.

      Just having the phosphorus atom isolated doesn't do much for you, so I think the article is referring to "silicon based computers of today" without really thinking about it properly - you still need to dope it to make it useful for making computer chips, despite it already being an intrinsic semiconductor.

    2. Re:If its embedded in a silicon crystal.... by viperidaenz · · Score: 1

      The transistor is made from a single phosphorus atom, not doped (add boron to make p-type or phosphorus to make n-type) silicon.

    3. Re:If its embedded in a silicon crystal.... by GerhardKlimeck · · Score: 2

      The system is indeed silicon based. P impurities are placed with atomic control on top of a Silicon surface in a very controlled patters. Wires conducting carriers to the single impurities are made of the same process. Gates modulating the transistor are alos made of the same process. The physics of the device operation is a bit different than room temperature operation of typical impurities that are being referred to below. Here the single impurity acts like a quantum dot, like an artificial atom that can hold 0, 1, or 2 electrons. These transitions are observed int he our experiment and calculated in our theory. The Ohmic action of the one atom tall wires are discussed in a science paper from January. http://science.slashdot.org/story/12/01/06/044208/ohms-law-survives-to-the-atomic-level To learn more about quantum dots and artificial atoms I refer you to free simulation tools on nanoHUB.org: https://nanohub.org/tools/qdot Hopefully I will place a lecture about these single electron devices on nanoHUB soon.

    4. Re:If its embedded in a silicon crystal.... by TangoMargarine · · Score: 1

      Maybe they the whole thing?

      --
      Unity? Screw that: XFCE. Slashdot Beta? Screw that: SoylentNews. Australis? Screw that: Pale Moon. UX developers DIAF
  7. Re:Mod manipulation by GreatBunzinni, aka Rui Maci by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Your mom fucks fried frogs in France, fucker!

    Also, stop spamming this shit. For fucks sake.

  8. Super! by Grindalf · · Score: 1

    It's possible to envisage people complaining about their googleplex nand drive hitting the "atom" size limit in a few years time when moore's law "rice board puzzles" up the spec. "The hologram shooter is just not realistic unless you calculate the position and momentum of every single molecule." Impressive ...

    --
    The purpose of existence is to make money.
  9. The Raspberry Pi? by rotorbudd · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    What's this going to do to their sales???

    --
    A bullet may have your name on it, but artillery is addressed to " Whom It May concern"
    1. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by jo_ham · · Score: 3, Funny

      They're stopping at 22/7 sales.

      I told them they were being irrational, but there's no stopping them.

    2. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I heard they were stopping sales at sqrt(-1), but maybe I just imagined that?

    3. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by thoughtspace · · Score: 2

      You guys are going round circles over the diameter.

    4. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      22/7 is rational.

    5. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by MobileTatsu-NJG · · Score: 1

      Um, yeah, rdr^2.

      --

      "I like to lick butts!" by MobileTatsu-NJG (#32700246) (Score:5, Informative)

    6. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      22/7 is a rational number. Pi is irrational.

    7. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by jo_ham · · Score: 1

      Yes, but some humour is required to interpret the joke.

      I could have written 3.14159 units, but that is also rational. If I'd written Pi in that line, the joke doesn't work.

      Also, you forgot to log in.

    8. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, dumbass, 22/7 is rational and always will be. An approximation of Pi written as 3.14159 is rational and, coincidentally, is NOT equal to Pi.

      22/7 = 3.142857142857142857142857142857142857142857 ...

      I see some repetition there...

      Slashdot = completely fucking stagnant with know-it-all tweens spouting idiocy. I'm not pedantic in real life, but your post (being mathematical in nature) required correction to your unwavering certainty that your misuse of terms is correct.

    9. Re:The Raspberry Pi? by jo_ham · · Score: 1

      Relax cupcake, it was A JOKE.

      Goodness me.

      (also, for the record, not that it matters, I'm a scientist. I am well aware that 22/7 is a rational number, as is any representation of Pi that write down (short of the actual symbol itself, or the definition in words). I didn't think it was necessary to qualify that I knew that fact for a simple wordplay joke on the name of the company and a common shorthand representation of that number.

      I'm surprised you didn't take offence at my suggestion that they only sell a non-integer fraction of goods that only come in integer units, since that doesn't make sense in real life.

      I'm also not a know-it-all - there's an awful lot I don't know!

  10. Not to nay-say, but... by koolguy442 · · Score: 5, Interesting

    I hate being a nay-sayer, but the NYT article is making quite a spectacle about this whole thing. What the group has truly done is demonstrate a novel method for placing a single phosphorus atom within silicon and proceeded to measure the semiconducting properties of the resultant device with quite good precision. Because the doping is the result of a single atom, they can resolve more than just "on" and "off", and in fact can read three states from it, so it gets its quantum computing title.

    As a materials scientist, I'm worried that they don't show any long-term data and all their results appear (from my not-so-thorough reading of the originating Nature Nanotechnology report) to be based on a single device. How repeatable is this result and how consistent are the signals across multiple devices? How far will the phosphorus atom diffuse over the lifetime of the device? Or even over the first few hours of its operation at room temperature? How closely can these devices be placed to each other on the silicon chip without getting cross-interference or depriving the dopant of its discrete quantum states? The dopants in a normal device aren't too terribly close to each other. And finally, how big must the surrounding structure be?

    Don't get me wrong, this is excellent science and well deserving of its publication in such a prestigious journal, but the spectacle that the NYT is creating around this and the dreams of such a tiny device is a bit premature.

    1. Re:Not to nay-say, but... by GerhardKlimeck · · Score: 4, Informative

      The devices built in this form have been tested against temperature cycling. They have in fact traveled across continents for testing and examination. The NY times accurately reported my qualification that this cannot be mass produced (yet) and is limited to low temperatures. I see no hype in the NY Times story. I am one of the authors of the paper.

    2. Re:Not to nay-say, but... by drolli · · Score: 1

      Congratulations, whether it will be used for QC or not (which is what is think, but i worked for some time on a competing kind of quantum bit), its a cool thing, and for sure it is a big step forward which will IMHO influence many devices.

      As somebody having worked on QC i personally find every newspaper report mentioning QC having a certain hype. Usually they make it sound like: "This device will go into a working QC" instead of "this device enables to examine physics never examined before".

  11. Re:Mod manipulation by GreatBunzinni, aka Rui Maci by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    You two are really obsessed with each other.. you should really get a room.

    I know what you're thinking: that's stupid.. we're both guys, and I'm not gay.

    You're confused about your sexuality, and you're feelings for each other. You're concerned about your repressed latent homosexuality.

    But this 2012, and most people are ok with other peoples sexual orientation.

    So please, will you two just hook up already? The rest of us are getting tired of this BS.

  12. Re:Mod manipulation by GreatBunzinni, aka Rui Maci by Sarten-X · · Score: 5, Insightful

    As someone who's been routinely getting "-1, Overrated" on many of my posts for about a year, I most say: Do shut up already.

    In the time it takes to downmod someone, a few people have seen the opposing post, and likely agreed, or at least posted something in response that's likely to generate more interest in the original. With the high volume of traffic Slashdot gets, even 20 accounts isn't enough to obliterate any opinion to a reasonable degree. One particularly controversial post of mine managed to get every single moderation, before ending up at "+4, Interesting". I had over a dozen "flamebait", "troll", and "overrated" mods.

    Mod gaming is a known problem. Slashdot's system is still above average in my opinion, and has the benefit of enough wide participation (and light enough consequences) that it doesn't matter. Sure, it's disheartening to see one of my deeply-thought-out statements misunderstood, but it's Slashdot. It's not like anything said here has a high probability of drastically changing the world.

    --
    You do not have a moral or legal right to do absolutely anything you want.
  13. Too small by thoughtspace · · Score: 3, Funny

    I want steam based computing. Big things lots of spinning wheels and whistles.
    Down with this mamby-pamby micro electronics.

    1. Re:Too small by c0lo · · Score: 5, Funny

      I want steam based computing. Big things lots of spinning wheels and whistles. Down with this mamby-pamby micro electronics.

      Just be careful with overclocking.

      --
      Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
    2. Re:Too small by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I want steam based computing. Big things lots of spinning wheels and whistles.
      Down with this mamby-pamby micro electronics.

      We tried to make a cell phone based on this, but every time someone called us, it burned off our... well, never mind...

  14. Transistor made from multiple atoms by enriquevagu · · Score: 3, Informative

    They make a transistor from multiple atoms, all of them silicon but one, which is phosphorus. That is NOT a transistor made from a single atom (as the title suggests). Great advance, in any case, but misleading title.

    1. Re:Transistor made from multiple atoms by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      In this respect this story is similar to the one with 'Tetris in 140 bytes' (except for external libraries, etc.).

      Look, I've built a car from a single atom! It is embedded into a small cavity in the bodywork of a volkswagen.

    2. Re:Transistor made from multiple atoms by scottbomb · · Score: 1

      Exactly what I was thinking. To say the the article is lacking in detail is an understatment. All transistors have 3 parts: base, emitter, collector (or source, gate, and drain with FETs, etc). Clearly, this cannot be accomplished with ONE ATOM.

      Also, transistors don't store anything (as in binary 1 for on (charged) and 0 for off (discharged)). That would be a capacitor. Transistors can be used to charge or discharge capacitors, but they do not store energy.

    3. Re:Transistor made from multiple atoms by julesh · · Score: 1

      Also, transistors don't store anything

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory#Principles_of_operation would appear to disagree with you.

  15. Heisenberg says "NO" by stochasticevent · · Score: 3, Interesting

    First, some background: Most agree that Moore’s law, which has held firm, will meet its demise in a matter of decades. This will likely signal the end of the silicon era. The basic problem is the limitation of the ultraviolet process by which a hundred million or more transistors are etched onto increasingly smaller silicon wafers. But another problem is perhaps more daunting: When computing is reduced to smaller and smaller quantum scales (currently, the chip inside your computer can be 5 or so atoms across), one runs into the Heisenberg Uncertainly Principle; it simply becomes impossible to tell exactly where an electron is, so there is leakage. In other words, using quantum computers, given contemporary materials and knowledge, 2+2 might eventually end up being 4, but there might need to be built in recursion and tautological algorithms. Computation using atoms has already been done, as pointed out by another poster. Think it will be a while before we see them at Best Buy. Also, it still seems like silicon based technology

    1. Re:Heisenberg says "NO" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Your comment is about as coherent as my 75-watt light bulb.

    2. Re:Heisenberg says "NO" by dsgrntlxmply · · Score: 3, Informative

      Despite difficulty in following the overall argument given, tunneling leakage already became a significant factor several process generations ago. That was the reason for moving to high-k dielectrics: increasing the dielectric constant of the gate insulator material allows the insulator to be thicker (thus lower incidence of tunneling across the gate) for a given capacitance.

    3. Re:Heisenberg says "NO" by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      2+2 might eventually end up being 4

      In other words, they are trying to build a computer for postmodern/liberal types Thanks, but no, thanks, I'll stay with my conservative/rationalist Turing-machine-based computer.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
  16. Injectable nano machines.. by Paracelcus · · Score: 1

    That will seek out and replace missing, damaged and/or defective areas of the brain (stroke/accident) or even gradually replace the entire brain so seamlessly that the individual in completely unaware until they can be moved into an artificial body.

    --
    I killed da wabbit -Elmer Fudd
  17. Today, we can place the atom with high precision," by stochasticevent · · Score: 1

    We were making single atom transistors ten years ago, but it was hit or miss whether the atom would end up in the right place.

    Today, we can place the atom with high precision, in silicon, so that the devices can be made reliably.

    Ten years from now, who's to say we won't be able to mass produce them?

    Wasn't aware of such progress. Do you have some citations I could examine? I'm aware we can "see" individual atoms using electron tunneling microscopy-and even manipulate them a bit. Thank you, very much

  18. -196? by linatux · · Score: 2

    mass-produce the chillers required too?

    1. Re:-196? by cold+fjord · · Score: 1

      Spot on.

      --
      much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
  19. OK, I'll Byte... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    Which will be the in and which the out and which the gate?
    Electron in, Proton out and Neutron the control? Neutron in, Proton out and Electron gate? Proton in, Electron out and Neutron the gate?
    Will we be able to switch them around for different applications?
    E-P-N for algebraic computation, for example, N-P-E for reverse polish, maybe P-E-N for secure applications (or word-processing)?
    And if these trans-atom transistors are installed in quantum applications, will there be E=NP problems?

    1. Re:OK, I'll Byte... by unixisc · · Score: 1

      I don't think it's a MOSFET - I think it's just one of the older JFETs - in this case, the phosphorus seems to suggest that it's n-channel JFET. I'd say the headline is mesleading - only the gate is a single atom, but the rest of it - the silicon - is multiple atoms. But a transistor is not just the gate - it's the gate as well as well as the source & drain. If it was a single atom, it would indeed beg the questions above that you raised. The neutron would play the same role that silicon dioxide plays in a MOSFET - provide an insulating layer and minimize the leakage current.

  20. Not Important, sadly. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Computer have been wire-limited for AT LEAST a decade. Get with the program, make me some wires with a cross section that's less than 1 atom in diameter! Then I'll be impressed. Until then, all this stuff is just academic master-you-know-what.

  21. Or more accurately by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The transistor DOES NOT consist of a single atom, for without the silicon crystal it wouldn't be a transistor at all.

  22. Injectable robots? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Many dream of tiny nanobots that can swim the blood stream... but as the computers on board get faster and more powerful, there will come a day when one tiny little robot will say, to another tiny little robot, something like, "Do you really care if this clown gets eaten alive by cancer? I mean, what is it to us? We're smarter than he is anyway, shouldn't he be serving us rather than the other way around?"

    Then the two tiny robots switch from hunting cancer cells to hunting Purkinje fibers.

  23. Ob by Hognoxious · · Score: 1

    Now the only problem is finding it.

    Are you sure you left it on the bench before we went to the pub to celebrate, Bruce?

    --
    Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  24. Support hardware by Randyj70999 · · Score: 2

    This would be useful if the supporting infrastructure wouldn't require a house full of hardware to determine the tri-state conditions.

  25. Re:Mod manipulation by GreatBunzinni, aka Rui Maci by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

    This is getting old. Could you do something productive like talking about Area 51, Anal Probes by Aliens, or whether or not Han shot first?

    Anything else please...

    Han shot the Anal Probe first! And it happened in Area 51!

    --
    Ezekiel 23:20
  26. Re:Mod manipulation by GreatBunzinni, aka Rui Maci by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Guessing that this is a script responding to certain key words.. as an idea if we can figure out what they are and everyone use them in there posts for a few days then slashdot becomes unreadable and then the admins have to do something to counter them.

    rreyelts, I love Rui Maciel? etc..

  27. -391 F by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    According to this article:
    http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2012/02/20/bloomberg_articlesLZNZ0D07SXKX01-LZO0R.DTL

    "There is a limitation to the latest finding: The atom must be kept at minus-391 degrees Fahrenheit to keep it from migrating out of its channel"

  28. Damn! by PPH · · Score: 1

    Aren't 0201 SMDs tough enough to hand solder already?

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
  29. Video by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Saw this video on the Universities website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ue4z9lB5ZHg