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Tennessee Passes Bill That Allows "Teaching the Controversy" of Evolution

Layzej writes "The Tennessee Senate has passed a bill that allows teachers to 'teach the controversy' on evolution, global warming and other scientific subjects. Critics have called it a 'monkey bill' that promotes creationism in classrooms. In a statement sent to legislators, eight members of the National Academy of Science said that, in practice, the bill will likely lead to 'scientifically unwarranted criticisms of evolution.' and that 'By undermining the teaching of evolution in Tennessee's public schools, HB368 and SB893 would miseducate students, harm the state's national reputation, and weaken its efforts to compete in a science-driven global economy.'"

141 of 1,108 comments (clear)

  1. There's Your Problem Right There by eldavojohn · · Score: 5, Interesting

    The Senate approved a bill Monday evening that deals with teaching of evolution and other scientific theories ...

    Well, there's your problem, right there. The overall concept of evolution is no longer a theory. Surely even the staunchest of Creationists must acknowledge the so called "short-term" evolution that gives us the ability to manipulate plants or breed wolves into dogs.

    Yes, as with most fields, a long time ago there were sets of theories. Like prior to Watson and Crick, back when you had Darwinian Evolution, Larmarckian Evolution, etc. Not anymore though. You might have theories about very specific things in the field that might be impossible to prove -- like, say, what the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA) looked like -- but Evolution is no longer a theory. The field moves forward while Tennessee makes themselves look like idiots from some forgotten era.

    --
    My work here is dung.
    1. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by binarylarry · · Score: 5, Insightful

      This isn't about the facts.

      I mean the creationist counter argument is that it contradicts a bunch of fairy tales written thousands of years ago by sand people.

      You aren't going to be able to get the idea of evolution through that brainwashed blank stare they throw up when you start talking about science.

      --
      Mod me down, my New Earth Global Warmingist friends!
    2. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by jhoegl · · Score: 4, Insightful

      On the contrary, science has always touted the fact that everything it discovers as theory.
      This allows people to attempt to disprove it until accepted.
      So, things that we take as fact "sun is center of our galaxy", "earth is round", is now a proven theory. But in essence, still a theory.
      It is one thing I have admired about the scientific community, always allowing scrutiny of the ideas and findings.
      This is why I think the summaries counter arguments against the bill are the wrong way to go about it. I would challenge people to find proof against the theory.

    3. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Raul654 · · Score: 4, Informative

      "Surely even the staunchest of Creationists must acknowledge the so called "short-term" evolution that gives us the ability to manipulate plants or breed wolves into dogs. " - the standard creationist reply to this would be that they accept "micro evolution" (natural selection and adaption) but that they don't accept "macro evolution" (the ability for one species to evolve into another). Scientifically, there's no meaningful distinction between the two - it's only a difference of degree, not kind.

      Most creationists do not accept the existence of beneficial mutations. (They argue that adaption only brings out attributes that already have some preexisting genetic basis, and that no new beneficial alleles can be created)

      --


      To make laws that man cannot, and will not obey, serves to bring all law into contempt.
      --E.C. Stanton
    4. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by lgw · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Exactly. A friend of mine went to high school in Georgia. The biology teacher was legally required to teach evolution. Here's how she taught it.

      "Today, I'm legally required to teach evolution. We all believe in Jesus, right? OK, next topic."

      I doubt the Tenesee law will change much in the classroom, merely decriminalize common behavior.

      --
      Socialism: a lie told by totalitarians and believed by fools.
    5. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by JaneTheIgnorantSlut · · Score: 5, Informative

      Don't you mean "sun is the center of our solar system"?

    6. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by SuricouRaven · · Score: 5, Funny

      Actually creationists have many counterarguments. You picked one of the more intelligent ones.

    7. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by C0R1D4N · · Score: 4, Funny

      So, things that we take as fact "sun is center of our galaxy", "earth is round", is now a proven theory. But in essence, still a theory.

      Sun center of our galaxy, huh? I see someone went to school on Tennessee

    8. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by wasabii · · Score: 5, Informative

      Evolution is still a theory. And a fact. The terms aren't exclusive.

    9. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Sorry.

      Don't worry about it Flyerman ... er ... jhoegl ... ?

      In theory, how many accounts do you have? Enough to that you were flipping through them to mod yourself up as far as you could when you noticed your error?

    10. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      On the contrary, science has always touted the fact that everything it discovers as theory.

      Discoveries are not theories. Theories are models which attempt to explain discoveries. Evolution is one such model which attempts to explain the discovered speciation.

    11. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      This isn't about the facts.

      I mean the creationist counter argument is that it contradicts a bunch of fairy tales written thousands of years ago by sand people.

      You aren't going to be able to get the idea of evolution through that brainwashed blank stare they throw up when you start talking about science.

      Am I the only person who read "sand people" and immediately thought of the deserts of Tatooine *hoooooooark hoark hoark*?

    12. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by NoNonAlphaCharsHere · · Score: 5, Informative

      Grandparent is misusing the word "theory" in exactly the same way the creationists do. Hint: is isn't synonymous with "notion" or "hypothesis".

    13. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by gratuitous_arp · · Score: 5, Insightful

      When scientists say "theory" they mean something different than what most other people think of when they use the word. "Theory" is used in the "I'm pretty sure the thing I'm typing on is a keyboard, but I could be hallucinating and giving my cat, Whiskers, a backrub" sense. It's the best information that humans have, but we are humble enough to permit the idea that there is something unknown about the subject that could, if someday discovered by research, invalidate it.

      It's correct to call evolution a scientific theory, people just don't understand why the word "theory" is used here and it gets misused into making evolution look less like "the only game in town."

    14. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by AK+Marc · · Score: 2

      So... It's the hick California?

    15. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by ILongForDarkness · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Perhaps creationism has a place in a course on logic (eg. ontological, prime mover etc). I think to ensure freedom of religion or at least to keep the schools free from a biased view of religion it needs to be not only from the christian standpoint and more of an academic course rather than just a "we are a christian society and this is what christian's should believe" kind of course. I see nothing wrong with teaching religion as part of history, logic/philosophy, etc. It is a massive part of society. Even atheists often point to religious objects (churches, vatican, paintings etc) as being some of the finest works of art. It would be a shame to ignore the background of everything and just look at the paintings as pretty pictures. So much of the field was controlled by the church funding it, people's rather dreary look at the human state etc that the (mostly Catholic) church instilled in people in the 14-19th centuries. Similarly with science: we can't ignore the fact that these ideas had huge impact as to how people view themselves in relation to the universe and that there are still a large number of people that reject the ideas outright, or would modify them to include that God controls evolution to serve His purpose.

      Separating the church from the state doesn't necessarily everyone in the state needs to remain ignorant of things religious just that the state shouldn't be controlled by the church(shrine, temple, insert whatever name you use for whatever building you consider sacred). I think the state has no place to say which religion is right but teaching facts about a religion and its place in history and culture? No problem there IMHO.

    16. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by leifb · · Score: 3, Funny

      "sun is center of our galaxy"

      I suggest you zoom your view-port out a bit more; You're in for a surprise

    17. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Evolution is a fact. The theory of natural slection is our best explenation of this fact.

      There is no controversy.

    18. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by RazzleFrog · · Score: 4, Insightful

      There are classes on religion and that's where this stuff belongs. A class on science has no business talking about religion.

      And really this whole freedom of religion is really just that the government shall establish no state religion. Not that religions should have free reign to do whatever the hell they want.

    19. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by ZooDog · · Score: 2

      I did too, until I realized that he meant it as a derogatory term for people from the Middle East...

    20. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Exactly. I get so tired of morons telling me evolution is just a theory. I tell them, well gravity is just a theory. How 'bout I throw your stupid ass off the roof and test it.

    21. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by ColdWetDog · · Score: 3, Funny

      Careful, dude. You're coming from a state that foisted Sarah (and Todd) Palin on the rest of the world.

      You are certainly not taking the moral high ground here.

      --
      Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
    22. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by chill · · Score: 5, Informative

      Wikipedia puts it well. A physical law is a summary observation of strictly empirical matters, whereas a theory is a model that accounts for the observation, explains it, relates it to other observations, and makes testable predictions based upon it. Simply stated, while a law notes that something happens, a theory explains why and how something happens.

      Also keep in mind Newton's "Law" of Gravitation is only a good approximation of low-mass behavior. When you say "Law of Nature" people assume graven in stone, unchanging and absolute. But that isn't what it means.

      --
      Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
    23. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 5, Funny

      Shhh... he took a semester of school in Tennessee...

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    24. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by jeffmeden · · Score: 5, Insightful

      There are classes on religion and that's where this stuff belongs. A class on science has no business talking about religion.

      And really this whole freedom of religion is really just that the government shall establish no state religion. Not that religions should have free reign to do whatever the hell they want.

      Not that this is even worth mentioning, but the Constitution says "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" which goes a bit further than just "we won't have a state religion" and says that we *won't* have any law that specifically establishes (endorses) a religion as the precedent for governing (or running a government school.)

    25. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by serviscope_minor · · Score: 3, Funny

      You picked one of the more intelligent ones.

      Given the general lack of intelligence, and the fact that their arguments change and adapt over time as new environmental conditions^W^W science comes up, you could almost say that the arguments evolve.

      --
      SJW n. One who posts facts.
    26. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by AdrianKemp · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I am still stunned that people think this way...

      You (not you, they) believe in the bible and Jesus and invisible friends in the sky, great. That in no way interferes with the proven fact that organisms evolve based on their surroundings.

      Even if you want to completely dismiss that humans evolved, you should still (as an educator, no matter how dumb) desire to pass on knowledge.

    27. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 4, Interesting

      on the absurd idea that the bible is literal in on all counts, infallible on all counts (usually specifically the KJV translation),

      What makes it especially absurd is that KJV version differs the most from all the ancient sources used to translate from.

      Fundamentalists like it better because the KJV altered the original text to avoid certain contradictions (like the fact that the source texts mention contradicting sources about who killed Goliath- KJV conveniently "corrects" what the source says to make it sound better - when mankind has to "correct" the source how can it be infallible?).

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    28. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by qmaqdk · · Score: 3, Funny

      Nope

      On a side note: *uuutiiiniii*

      --
      My UID is prime. Hah!
    29. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by HornWumpus · · Score: 2

      Don't look now, but the 'law of gravity', as generally written, was disproven by Einstein. Precession of Mercuries orbit etc.

      Laws are just convenient formulas, often known to be wrong at edge cases.

      Theories don't grow up to be laws.

      --
      John McAfee 'It was like that time I hired that Bangkok prostitute; to do my taxes, while I fucked my accountant'
    30. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by jcaldwel · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Its amazing that she could get a degree in biology without "believing" in evolution. It's a bit like a physicist that doesn't believe in gravity. Next biology topic: Locusts only have four legs!

    31. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Hatta · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Why didn't your friend sue?

      --
      Give me Classic Slashdot or give me death!
    32. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by cpu6502 · · Score: 5, Informative

      >>>Evolution is no longer a theory.

      Last time I looked it up, textbooks still said "Theory of Evolution" not "Law of Evolution". In fact I've had many professors over the years argue even Newton's Law of Gravity should be renamed a Theory, since the misnamed "law" has been debunked by later discoveries over the centuries.

      In science ALL things are theories, because we will never have a complete understanding and the theories are eventually proven wrong (or at least flawed). Maybe if we evolve into the Q we'll finally understand it all, but that's definitely not the case now.

      We have theories of how the world works.
      Not absolutes. Not laws.

      --
      My AC stalker: " I personally agree with your posts most of the time, but that won't keep me from modding you troll"
    33. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by inasity_rules · · Score: 2

      Actually, if you look into even those sources, there is evidence of errors and corrections and possibly(though surprisingly little) tampering to promote one or another specific theology. I really wish more Christians would be brave enough to examine the sources of what they believe. I think it makes better Christians not worse ones. And honestly if you are worried examining the history and context of what you believe will make you stop believing, you probably don't believe to start with, so nothing is lost.

      --
      I have determined that my sig is indeterminate.
    34. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by TheRaven64 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      A science class that doesn't teach the history of science is practically religion itself. You don't teach science (well) by listing a load of current theories. You start with simple theories and go through the observations and experiments that invalidated them. Creationism definitely has a place there, because that is what people believed. You start by explaining that people believed that species never changed, and then list some of the examples that disproved this. Then you go on to things like ring species that demonstrate that the concept of a species is itself somewhat flawed and that speciation is a gradual process.

      Science is a process, and without teaching the history surrounding each step in the process it's very hard for students to distinguish it from dogma.

      --
      I am TheRaven on Soylent News
    35. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Hatta · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Chances are the biology teacher didn't have a degree in anything resembling biology. Schools figure that they can take anyone with an education degree and make them teach anything.

      --
      Give me Classic Slashdot or give me death!
    36. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by MightyMartian · · Score: 4, Informative

      Except of course Jefferson himself (one of the authors of the Bill of Rights) made it very clear what the authors' intentions were, and it was very much a "wall of separation" (his words).

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    37. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by netsavior · · Score: 5, Interesting
      Don't forget we should be teaching biblical Pi instead of heathen devil math.

      "And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one rim to the other it was round all about, and...a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about....And it was an hand breadth thick...." — First Kings, chapter 7, verses 23 and 26

      Clearly Pi = 3
      Sinners.

    38. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by bzipitidoo · · Score: 2

      Be more careful with that word "believe". Science is most emphatically not about belief. Science is not a religion and takes nothing on faith. Science also does not claim to have all the answers. All of science is based on observable evidence, repeatable experiments, and logical deduction and modeling. I cringe a little every time I see that phrase "scientists believe" in reference to a hypothesis we think is likely true, or a theory, or some other bit of scientific thinking or uncertainty.

      --
      Intellectual Property is a monopolistic, selfish, and defective concept. It is "tyranny over the mind of man"
    39. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by spiffmastercow · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Okay, I'll bite. What freedoms do we have that were championed by the pious and condemned by the non-believers? And this must apply to the bulk of each side, not simply a few outliers.

    40. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 4, Insightful

      When government can legislate due to religious emphasis- government becomes the religious authority.

      You know what we'd have right now if government and religion were not seperate.

      We'd have Pope Obama of America. Far right loonies often forget that if they had their way- Obama would get to dictate religion to them right now.

      Combining religion and government all of a sudden must sound a lot less pleasing to them. If you want government to be able to pass laws on religion- you must accept the fact that that makes Obama the executive head of the American church.

      All hail Pope Obama.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    41. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 2

      A non-euclidean geometry? Does that mean that God is just Cthulhu in disguise?

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    42. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Adriax · · Score: 2

      You neglect to take into account the amount of progress that has been lost because of religious people acting upon the words of their leaders (I won't say faith, because frankly organized religion is all about power for the clergy).
      Not to mention the number of children killed by religious fanatics every year. Any number or them could have become great scientists, but we can never know.

      --
      I don't suffer from insanity, I enjoy every minute of it!
    43. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Jason+Levine · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The problem is that the word "theory" has different meanings to Scientists and Layperson. To a layperson, a theory is a guess as to how things are, often a guess with little to no evidence backing it up. To a scientist, a theory is an explanation that matches a set of data. This theory can be used to make predictions which will then either be proven true, thus supporting the theory, or shown to be false, thus causing the theory to be modified.

      The Theory of Evolution has made many predictions and has even been wrong sometimes. Unfortunately for Creationists, it was wrong in small ways and the theory was easily modified to take these into account. The Theory of Evolution as it stands today might never reach the status of "Law", but it also is highly unlikely to be completely overturned. Of course, this doesn't stop Creationists from grabbing upon the scientific word "theory", applying the layperson definition, and touting this as proof that Evolution has no evidence supporting it.

      --
      My sci-fi novel, Ghost Thief, is now available from Amazon.com.
    44. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Ihmhi · · Score: 5, Funny

      you could almost say that the arguments evolve.

      Well, we can at least say for sure that they weren't intelligently designed.

    45. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Yaztromo · · Score: 3, Funny

      FTFY "Sun center of our galaxy, huh? I see someone went to school on Tatooine"

      No, Tatooine had two suns, as it was in a binary system. As such, it's impossible for someone who went to school on Tatooine to hold any such belief of fact.

      You can hand in your geek card to the Stormtrooper upon exiting the premises.

      Yaz

    46. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      When I was going to college in Michigan, a friend of my girlfriend's came back to the dormitory in tears because her Biology professor A) began teaching evolutionary theory, and B) basically told her to shut the hell up when the girl started talking about bible stories. So, she was in tears, and the whole thing was somewhat amusing.

      I got back to my dorm room, and told one of my roommates, a mechanical engineering major, about the crying girl. "Can you believe that?" I asked him. "In this day and age?"

      "I know!" he said. "I mean, the Earth is only six thousand years old, everyone knows that! Her teacher must be nuts."

      I stared blankly. He wasn't joking; he was being totally sincere. I got really, really drunk that night.

    47. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Empiric · · Score: 2

      Number of legs on an insect being the one thing evolution couldn't have changed, then?

      Species are people naming things, even with the added air of authority of using Latin. Linnaean Taxonomy is not "how things really are", it is people naming stuff, according to largely-subjective criteria. Naming conventions rarely do, and never have to, fully correspond, as is the case with "species" and "kind".

      --
      ~ Whence do you come, slayer of men, or where are you going, conqueror of space?
    48. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by AliasMarlowe · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Don't forget we should be teaching biblical Pi instead of heathen devil math.

      "And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one rim to the other it was round all about, and...a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about....And it was an hand breadth thick...." — First Kings, chapter 7, verses 23 and 26

      Clearly Pi = 3
      Sinners.

      Yep, that's one of my favorite bible-giggles. Because it clearly states that Pi is 3.0 and not 3.1 even if it's just presumed to be an approximation. Those who claim the old testament of the bible is literally true tend to wriggle quite amusingly when that one comes up.

      --
      Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities. - Voltaire
    49. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Urban+Garlic · · Score: 2

      This reading requires a willful repudiation of the intent of the founders -- both Jefferson and Madison were clear in their many writings about the roles of the respective institutions, and the very phrase "separation of church and state" (along with "wall of separation", also often heard in this context) come from their writings.

      Also, there is an eighteenth-century usage of the word "establish" which means what we might now call "mainstreaming" or "favoring", and not just creating or founding something.

      I think it would be obviously unconstitutional, for example, if the US government were to use tax revenue to pay the salaries of the clergy in some church or other. The British government did this in the American colonies, the founders were quite familiar with it as a possible function of government, and quite deliberately excluded it.

      --
      2*3*3*3*3*11*251
    50. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Missing.Matter · · Score: 2

      I was looking for this comment, but it's sad I had to scroll half way down the replies to find it. The thing with the scientific method is that you can't use it to prove anything. You can only use it to falsify a hypothesis. As you falsify hypothesis after hypothesis, some hypotheses beings to stand out as not falling down to observation. Eventually, these hypotheses get packaged into a body of knowledge scientists call a "theory". One such theory is the "Theory of Gravity" which you don't find much controversy about. Its constituent hypotheses have stood up to test after test, and thus we're pretty sure those describe the actual physical universe. But the scientific method never allows us to say for certain that those ideas are absolute fact.

      I can draw a direct parallel to the development of the theory of evolution. There have been many competing hypotheses on how we got here, but after hundreds of thousands of experiments, the hypotheses we collectively call evolution stand where others have fallen.

      Thus we get to this great debate about teaching the controversy. Essentially, these people want to teach either hypotheses that have fallen, or hypotheses that cannot be falsified (and thus are not appropriate to the scientific method). This, is why the "teach the controversy" debate is so counterproductive. Not because it aims to add discourse to the scientific method (which is already there), but because it aims to add non-science to the scientific method.

    51. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      That says a lot about the level of science that the teacher comprehends. Jesus and evolution have no conflict, at all.

      The Vatican even recently said that there is no conflict between the science of evolution and christianity, and rejects intelligent design.

      http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/4588289/The-Vatican-claims-Darwins-theory-of-evolution-is-compatible-with-Christianity.html

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_evolution#Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_today

    52. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by MightyMartian · · Score: 2

      Did they need to, and is not the Supreme Court permitted to look at the opinions of those that wrote the Bill of Rights to underline intent. Courts can look at old decisions to build a body of case law and interpretation, and so it follows that from that concept stems the one where if one of the authors of a constitutional clause has on record explaining the meaning and intent, ought that not have the same weight?

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    53. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Raul654 · · Score: 2

      "Do they also refute the existence of non-beneficial mutations?" - No, they claim that mutations are always detrimental.

      --


      To make laws that man cannot, and will not obey, serves to bring all law into contempt.
      --E.C. Stanton
    54. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by X0563511 · · Score: 2

      Next biology topic: Locusts only have four legs!

      Well, sure. If you think of the front leg pair as arms, instead. I could totally see that. You have people - 2 legs, 2 arms. Animals - 4 legs. It's less a stretch to think 4 legs with 2 arms than 6 legs. Just a different way to think about it.

      I mean, classification of such things is arbitrary.

      --
      For large sets, this will be our guide even unto death, for the LORD will work for each type of data it is applied to...
    55. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Dahamma · · Score: 4, Informative

      I think you should go look up the definition of "scientific law". Nowhere does it claim to be an absolute truth, in fact that's not even remotely what it means. If your professors seriously argued changing Newton's Laws to theories, they don't understand the terminology either.

      In fact, a law is not even really on the same continuum as a theory - a theory is an explanation for a phenomenon, and a law is just a statement of results *in specific circumstances*. A scientific law can be disproved, sure, but it makes no sense to be "demoted"...

      That misunderstanding is one of the primary weapons of the anti-science creationists who try to introduce doubt where none really exists by claiming that "evolution is just a theory". In science not *all things* are theories, but certainly all *explanations* are theories (in various levels of certainty).

      The National Academy of Science has a nice statement summarizing this:

      Why isn't evolution called a law?
      Laws are generalizations that describe phenomena, whereas theories explain phenomena. For example, the laws of thermodynamics describe what will happen under certain circumstances; thermodynamics theories explain why these events occur. Laws, like facts and theories, can change with better data. But theories do not develop into laws with the accumulation of evidence. Rather, theories are the goal of science."

    56. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by MozeeToby · · Score: 2

      In fact your professors are quite wrong, there is nothing that says that a scientific law has to be correct, or that a theory must have less evidence than a law. The terms describe different things. A theory is an explanation as to how and why something happens. A primitive rodent becomes a rabbit. How? Via changes to it's genetic code. Why? Because natural selection chose attributes that increased the chances of survival. A law, on the other hand, is just an expression, usually based in math, of what happens. I drop a weight and it falls to the floor with constant acceleration. It says nothing of what causes the weight to fall.

    57. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by scot4875 · · Score: 3, Informative

      Those weren't children. End of discussion.

      --Jeremy

      --
      Jesus was a liberal
    58. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by X0563511 · · Score: 2

      Newton's Law of Gravity should be renamed a Theory

      There's a reason we call it Newton's Law of Gravity, not The Law of Gravity.

      --
      For large sets, this will be our guide even unto death, for the LORD will work for each type of data it is applied to...
    59. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by RedDeadThumb · · Score: 2

      Breed and then sell them and see if anybody sues you.

    60. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Acron · · Score: 2

      One of the authors? No. That is his opinion. The final document is the consensus of the entire group, not just one author. If the Supreme Court looks at the combined opinion and attempts to establish the consensus opinion/body of writings upon which to base their increased understanding of the final document, fine and good. Just one or two authors? No. Their personal writings are just that, their personal opinions. If Jefferson intended a separation of church and state and used that particular phrase several times, why did it not make it into the final document? Either the final document's wording truly expressed that (which it does not appear to do so to me), or it was what he had hoped/intended to accomplish but he had to bow to political expediency and gaining consensus and had to settle for something else. As I have yet to see here any rational logical argument demonstrating how "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;" results in "separation of church and state" without the introduction of statements not present in the actual amendment or constitution, I feel the weight at this point is on the latter rather than the former.

    61. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 5, Informative

      The US has never been "a Christian nation". Which men "of faith" wrote in our freedoms?

      Jefferson who rewrote the bible taking out the "superstitious nonsense". Perhaps Quincy Adams who we have letters that he wrote mocking Christianity and talking of it disdainfully. Perhaps George Washington who refused any religious solace on his deathbed and expressed that he didn't want a Christian burial service.

      Perhaps Benjamin Franklin- who we also have written evidence that he did not believe in a God still currently active in watching humanity.

      Perhaps we're talking about the senate under the second president who unanimously signed the Treaty of Tripoli after it was read out (that included the words probably not verbatim "The United States Of America is and never has been a Christian nation").

      The vast majority of those that "wrote-those freedoms" would be offended if you called them Christian.

      The fact is- everyone should be allowed to worship however they darn please. But don't try fooling people or rewriting history to make it seem like it is a "recent-innovation" that this is a non-Christian country. Even Abraham Lincoln, the president responsible for preserving the union many years after the founding fathers wrote an essay exposing the evil of religion, specifically Christianity.

      We are a secular nation. We should be a secular nation. Let people worship whatever god they want- but keep it out of politics and government. Remember the religious have the most to lose. If government and religion are not seperate- that means Obama is executive head of religion. You must recognise him as the authority in religion.

      Is that what you want? It works both ways- even when a leftie non religious man is in power- he is still the head of religion in you dystopian view of the United States where religion and government are one.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    62. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by KhabaLox · · Score: 2

      You haven't read the classic, "Princess Leia and the Seven Jawas?"

      --
      Ceci n'est pas un sig.
    63. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by gorzek · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I beg to differ. "Intelligent Design" implies that some level of intelligent forethought went into the eventual products of evolution. Saying "God guided the process" or otherwise suggesting that evolution can work in a deterministic fashion is utterly wrongheaded and unscientific, and it gives people the false impression that evolution, as a process, is in some way goal-oriented. But it isn't, and it never has been. You'd be surprised how many people believe evolution is about making less complex organisms into more complex ones, or making the next generation "better" in some objective way than the current one. They imagine it as an iterative improvement process, building toward something specific.

      If people understood that evolution does not actually work that way, "Intelligent Design" would be a completely moot point.

    64. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by An+Ominous+Coward · · Score: 2

      Google "ring species". A parent species hits a geographic barrier and populations move in a ring around it. Opposite sex members of any two neighboring populations can breed true, until you get to the far side of the ring. The last population at the end of the "clockwise" arc cannot breed (even to produce sterile hybrids) with the last population at the end of the "counterclockwise" arc.

    65. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by 517714 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      It amazes me that otherwise seemingly intelligent people will go stupid/blind/deaf in discussions of religion regardless of their position. An obvious and reasonable conclusion is that 9.54929659 cubits from brim to brim was rounded to ten and the circumference was thirty cubits, or that both values were rounded. To presume that ten cubits was exact and that the circumference was incorrect mathematically is not logical, but as it serves your purposes you choose to stick to that version in which a conflict exists between the Bible and math or science when it does not. If you read the entire chapter you will see that no fractions were used in any of the descriptions, so we can reasonably conclude that some of those values were rounded, it would be odd if every item mentioned was an integral number of cubits high, wide or deep.

      You really should think these things through better. Yours is not even close to a reasonable argument, it is down there with arguments made by creationists and intelligent design advocates. There is no issue with the literal interpretation of that passage, and none that is necessarily inconsistent with science or math. There are hundreds of conflicts between statements in the Bible and science, but you are barking up the wrong tree on this one.

      --
      The US government have made it clear that we have no inalienable rights; any we do not defend vigorously will be taken.
    66. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by readin · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Its amazing that she could get a degree in biology without "believing" in evolution. It's a bit like a physicist that doesn't believe in gravity. Next biology topic: Locusts only have four legs!

      For the specific example of the biology teacher - I don't care whether the biology teacher believes in evolution or not. I want a teacher who can present the evidence and the theory in a clear and interesting way, without getting preachy for either side of the debate.

      So you believe that for someone to properly study Islam, they must believe in Islam? For someone to be a student of Greek gods and goddesses, the person must believe in those gods and goddesses?

      I think my eighth grade teacher handled the question perfectly. When he introduced the topic he said we didn't have to agree with the theory but that to be educated people in the modern world we had to understand it. If I remember correctly, some (perhaps most) of the test questions started with the phrase, "According to the theory of evolution...".

      Assuming that the evidence and the logic speak for themselves, the students will be able to decide for themselves so long as they have the evidence and the theory presented to them, so there is no need to get upset that the teacher isn't trying to force the students to believe in the theory - they can figure it out.

      --
      I often don't like the choices people make, but I like the fact that people make choices. That's why I'm a conservative.
    67. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Obfuscant · · Score: 4, Informative

      You'd be surprised how many people believe evolution is about making less complex organisms into more complex ones, or making the next generation "better" in some objective way than the current one.

      Ummm, the latter is exactly what evolution is. Mutations occur, the resulting changes are either propogated because they provide some objective benefit, removed from the system because they are detrimental, or become part of the background noise of genetic variation if they are neither harmful nor beneficial.

      Mutations are not, by themselves, evolution. There needs to be some reason for the mututation to reproduce. From the all-encompassing unimpeachable source of all human knowledge:

      Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Evolution by natural selection is a process that is inferred from three facts about populations: 1) more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, 2) traits vary among individuals, leading to differential rates of survival and reproduction, and 3) trait differences are heritable.[3] Thus, when members of a population die they are replaced by the progeny of parents that were better adapted to survive and reproduce in the environment in which natural selection took place. This process creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform.[4] Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation, but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of evolution include mutation and genetic drift.[5]

      In the early 20th century, genetics was integrated with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis and "progress" became obsolete.

    68. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by GerryGilmore · · Score: 4, Funny

      Haven't you ever heard the old joke about how all the math and science teachers in Tennessee have the same first name? It's "Coach".

    69. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Lord+Maud'Dib · · Score: 2

      Fremen came to mind for me. The blue within blue eyes...

    70. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by IICV · · Score: 2

      Yours is not even close to a reasonable argument, it is down there with arguments made by creationists and intelligent design advocates.

      I hope you realize that this is kind of the point - by saying "the Bible must be taken literally, so we can't accept evolution", the IDists and Creationists are also implicitly saying "we must teach that pi is exactly 3". It's not even close to a reasonable argument, but somehow laws are passed based on those unreasonable arguments. as soon as you allow for some leeway like "maybe they didn't mean seven literal days" or "they rounded the values", the argument falls apart.

    71. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Chris+Burke · · Score: 4, Interesting

      That's not evolution (or to clarify, "macroevolution"). That's natural selection, which I have often stated is not denied except by the truly obstinate.

      I'm glad your clarified from something that is unequivocally wrong -- a single species undergoing changes in allele frequency is indeed evolution -- to a mere red herring.

      Okay, so if what you'd call "microevolution" is something not denied except by the truly obstinate, and you are not such, then let me show you why you also should not deny "macroevolution".

      You have a species. It can undergo "microevolution". This species is by twist of fate split into two separate populations that are unable to interbreed due to for example geographical barriers. Each of these two populations undergo their own "microevolution", but since they do not interbreed the changes are not shared with the other population. Over time, these two populations would diverge to the point where were they to be brought back together they would be incapable of interbreeding. They are now different species.

      That's "macroevolution", done with nothing but the mechanism of "microevolution" which of course you're not so obstinate as to deny. But you can't deny one without denying the other, because they're the same thing. You're trying to drive a wedge into a gap that doesn't exist.

      --

      The enemies of Democracy are
    72. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Chris+Burke · · Score: 4, Funny

      You cannot substitute your fantasy world for reality and continue to be a "good person".

      Well in my fantasy world you can, so there!

      --

      The enemies of Democracy are
    73. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by geekoid · · Score: 4, Informative

      No. ON some things there is no compromise. specifically facts.

      You can't teach invisible fairies pull things to the earth to explain gravity. You teach the theory of gravity.

      This is LITERALLY the same thing. Evolution is a fact. Evolutionary theory explains that facts.

      If you needed 10 feet of pipe, and the delivery guy gave you 8 feet, would you compromise at 9 feet? Of course not, because it doesn't do the job.

      --
      The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
    74. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by bane2571 · · Score: 2

      The same theories that hold how evolutions functions can be applied to deterministic breeding of animals. Given that it's not a monumental leap backwards to say the same thing - Could - have happened to humanity.

      Not saying that it did, just that it is possible and regardless, in order to actually teach intelligent design as a scientific concept you need to highlight evolution is the tool that must by all available evidence have been used to accomplish that design.

      Just saying "God made humanity exactly as you are" is easily disprovable even over the last millenia.

    75. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by geekoid · · Score: 2

      It doesn't belong in public spaces.

      Like masturbation, religion is best when kept to yourself. People start assuming their religion can be in every public thing, people get killed.

      --
      The Kruger Dunning explains most post on /. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect
    76. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Fned · · Score: 2

      Measure it yourself! A cubit is one forearm. Put your hand on your forearm with the edge of your hand against your wrist, and then again where the edge of your thumb was. Should be close to ~2 hands-breadths per cubit.

      So, the vessel was 20 hands-breadths across on the inside, which is how you'd bother to measure it if you wanted to know what could fit inside it, and 30 around the outside edge, which is just about the only way you could measure it with a string prior to the invention of masking tape, making the diameter at the outside 21 hands-breadths, which gives us a Biblical value for Pi at: 2.857. Erm.

      Okay, so maybe they measured the circumference INSIDE and the rim-to-rim OUTSIDE, which is batshit insane but yields a much more believable 3.157.

    77. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Empiric · · Score: 3, Informative

      Ah, "30", and "10", without a trailing decimal, are both -one- significant digit.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures

      There you go, enjoy. Grade school, if you insist.

      --
      ~ Whence do you come, slayer of men, or where are you going, conqueror of space?
    78. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Obfuscant · · Score: 2

      Evolution is about creating 'different' rather than 'objectively improved' organisms.

      No. Mutation is about creating "different". Evolution is about the long-term changes that result from the short-term changes. Natural selection and mutation are not mutually exclusive concepts. The latter is the reason why natural selection can happen.

      In fact genetic drift will fix even 'objectively' disadvantageous mutations as long as they are not under strong negative selection (high cholesterol at later stages of life anyone?).

      This is an example of human modification to the normal process of natural selection. High cholesterol is a disadvantageous mutuation that has survived for two reasons. First, if it occurs late in life, then reproduction of that mutation has already taken place. If it occurs early in life, then medical treatment will prevent the death that would have precluded reproduction. If the gene survives in the early onset years, then it will be more likely to appear in the late onset version, so that also explains why late onset high cholesterol is becoming more common. We, as compassionate human beings, have worked to remove the "better" and "worse" from the process, thus distorting natural selection. That doesn't mean there is no better or worse, just that we're letting people reproduce who normally would not have.

      That is, I fear, an unanticipated consequence of mitigating the fatal nature of many genetically-carried medical conditions of youth. We will see more and more cases as more and more of the victims produce offspring with the same genes.

      Beside the separation of 'good' and 'bad' mutations is not clear cut, because it depends on the environment in which the organism lives.

      That's called "natural selection". Of course the environment in which a mutation appears is included in determining "good" vs. "bad". But that means there is "better", which is what was denied by the OP. Not every bird on the planet developed the same beak adaptations that Darwin noticed in his travels, but his explanation of why it happened to the species it did is clearly based on it being a better style of beak, for those birds, on that island, in that environment. That shows clearly that "better" is heavily dependent upon environment.

      If you live in a place with endemic malaria, having a mutated copy of the beta-globin gene may come handy.

      That's why sickle cell anemia, as a mutation, survived. It gave the recipient a better chance to survive in his environment. That means there is a "better" as a result of that mutation, even if is it not "better" in another environment.

      My point was that there is, indeed, a concept of "better" and "worse" intimately involved with evolution. You would not say that an offspring that shows a mutation had "evolved", you'd say he had a mutation. You would say that there was evolution of the species when multiple generations down the line the mutation had propogated to the point that it was a major property of the species.

    79. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      (Side note: Lol, oh man. I love the default name for if you're too lazy to mess with creating an account.)

      Evolution, specifically natural selection, is neutral. It's not progressive, it does not positively advance a species.

      It's what benefits the population right here, right now. Favorable traits are passed on. Whats favorable in one environment (bright colors to attract mates), will instantly become unfavorable in another environment (said bright colors would attract predators)

      "Favorable" traits aren't necessarily "good" traits, and there's nothing progressive about passing on very specific, current environment friendly "favorable" traits. It's all neutral.

    80. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Thugthrasher · · Score: 3, Insightful

      The fossils are there. Go to your local museum and you'll see some of them. Darwin would be very impressed with the level of fossils we have now. Most animals that die are not fossilized. Really, it's a huge minority that get fossilized. It's impressive that we have as many as we do.

      The only way to 'prove' to a lot of people who give the argument that you do that a specific creature evolved from another specific creature is to have a PERFECT fossil record that contains every individual between the first creature and the second. That will NEVER happen because of the physical reality that fossils are not common.

      Interesting fact, if we DID have the fossil record from one individual to another, you would never see an instance where a mother could be classified as a different species from her child if you just looked at the two of them. The child would be slightly different from its mother. In fact, there is debate as to what species some of the fossils we have did belong to because of this. 'Species' when looking at fossil record just means that "this fossil is different enough from this fossil, that in order to classify them we give them a separate name." In reality, it wasn't like a monkey's ancestor had a human child, there were a TON of mutations that occurred in between, with each likely being minor changes that eventually diverged enough to become called a new species.

      And to touch on ANOTHER point you said:
      What is the average time for a mutation? It's a silly question because it's basically one generation, once you get into organisms with a large number of cells/genes. And, really, it's less than that. Every human zygote, for example, averages at over 120 mutations. Most of them do nothing, of course, but they are still mutations. And yes, there ARE thousands of mutations within any species (that has a large enough set of genes; single-celled organisms, for example, will have less total mutations than cardinals), most just aren't noticeable.

      Now, maybe you meant what is the average time for a mutation that has a noticeable effect? The reason why THAT isn't an easy answer is because it varies and has varied so much. First, the larger a genome, the more likely there will be mutations. The more DNA pairs something has, the more likely it is that there will be mutations. The shorter the time from birth to reproduction in an individual of a species, the shorter the time between mutations. The more children an individual of a species has (either at once OR over the course of a lifetime), the greater the chance of a noticeable mutation. Add in the fact that some mutations would be noticeable with just a single change and others would require a large number of changes to be noticeable (and thus are less likely to occur because of randomness). Take all that, determine how those things actually affect the rates, apply that to every species that EVER lived on the planet, and you have the average time to a noticeable mutation. Now do you see why people 'avoid the question like the plague?' It's because it is too complicated to answer based on our current knowledge.

    81. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Uberbah · · Score: 2

      This is what you choose to take issue with against biblical literalists? That's a tiny bit myopic, isn't it? Perhaps we could get a bit of a bigger picture.

      What better to demonstrate the absurdity of the notion of 'the Bible as literal truth' than something anyone can falsify in a matter of seconds with a shoelace and a round object? And obviously, if that passage can't be taken as Literal Truth, then no passage should be taken as Literal Truth. Obviously.

      Seriously, people are being a wee bit willfully obtuse here.

    82. Re:There's Your Problem Right There by Uberbah · · Score: 2

      Are you really so willfully obtuse as to not realize that the Bible saying 2 + 2 = 5 presents a bit of a problem for the 'Bible as Literal Truth' brigade? If you insist 'well that passage shouldn't be taken literally' then you have to admit the same can apply for any other passage in the Bible.

      And there goes the 'Literal Truth' crap out the window...as long as you aren't a dishonest hack, of course.

  2. Finite wisdom of a state legislature by LostCluster · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Why do politicians think they know more than scientists about reaching biology? They're wrong on this one... to much science to say evolution happened and the only support the creationists have is one book that's proven to be mostly fiction. If Adam and Eve were the first humans, then who wrote the biblical story?

    1. Re:Finite wisdom of a state legislature by SuricouRaven · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Because to them, it isn't about science. It's about two things far more important to them. Religion, and willing popular support.

    2. Re:Finite wisdom of a state legislature by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Not that I subscribe to Creationism, but your logic is flawed. By definition a story about some event cannot be written until after the event. So to say that somebody before Adam & Eve had to write the story about Adam and Eve is a flawed argument. Since the story of Adam and Even is not presented as a prophesy, but rather a story of what was, it was by definition written after the event (real or imagined).
      To put in other terms, nobody can write a story about your life until after you are born, and lived some portion of that life.

    3. Re:Finite wisdom of a state legislature by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Because all those scientist are elitist.

      If, "I have mountains of observational evidence for a well considered theory, you have magic stories, therefore we should not teach your silliness in a classroom as if it resembles science.", is elitist... then at least it's well founded elitism.

      Here's to hoping that this absurd bit of legislation opens the door for good teachers to finally, openly hammer these ridiculous superstitions in the classroom, without fear of reprisal.

      You wanted your batshit theories in the classroom, and went as far as to use government intervention to get it there? Fine. Now you have to deal with having its long list of scientific inadequacies laid bare before your children.

      Obviously it was designed for state sanctioned religious indoctrination in our schools, but it just might have a silver lining.

    4. Re:Finite wisdom of a state legislature by webheaded · · Score: 2

      That is actually a really good point. We have no such law in AZ that I'm aware but my biology teacher went over all of that stuff. He went over evolution, creationism, and then basically pointed out how ridiculous creationism is. Not to sound dramatic, but that class was life changing. That's when I decided I was agnostic and then eventually atheist. Shitty science teachers will continue doing the same bad teaching they were doing and good teachers will use this as an opportunity to lay out all the flaws in creationism. Or at least, that's what I would assume.

      --
      "Those who would sacrifice essential liberties for a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." - BenF
    5. Re:Finite wisdom of a state legislature by Ihmhi · · Score: 2

      To put in other terms, nobody can write a story about your life until after you are born, and lived some portion of that life.

      Okay. But surely something divinely-inspired would make a hell of a lot more fucking sense, what with the contradictions and absurdities and all.

      For the interested, check out The Skeptic's Annotated Bible. It points out all of the ridiculous and/or horrible shit that exists in the Bible. And they're fair, too - they also shit all over the Koran and other religious texts.

  3. Science should be taught in science class. by Kenja · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Just as math should be taught in math class and so on. If you want to teach religion in a class dedicated to the subject, I'm OK with that. But it would need to cover ALL religions and beliefs, which I think people would throw the hissy fit to end all hissy fits over.

    --

    "Have you ever thought about just turning off the TV, sitting down with your kids, and hitting them?"
    1. Re:Science should be taught in science class. by CanHasDIY · · Score: 2

      I dunno, Satanist week might be even more entertaining.

      Considering that seems to be the main religious preference in the Washington, D.C. area, I doubt there would be much controversy.

      --
      An enigma, wrapped in a riddle, shrouded in bacon and cheese
  4. *sigh* by webheaded · · Score: 2

    That education chalk board picture where 2+2=5 has never been seemed so relevant.

    Some day, I'm hoping that all these retarded laws get bitch slapped back. Is it just that I'm young or are these people become more shrill and outspoken about this kind of idiocy? I'm only 25 and I'm hoping this is just a phase before we inevitably tell them all the shut the hell up and move on with things.

    --
    "Those who would sacrifice essential liberties for a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." - BenF
  5. Simple solution... by hsthompson69 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    ...require any science taught in schools to have a necessary and sufficient falsifiable hypothesis.

    Evolution qualifies, creationism doesn't.

    Astronomy qualifies, astrology doesn't.

    Oh, and FWIW, Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming *doesn't* qualify, unless of course some brave soul would like to make a clear falsifiable hypothesis statement for it :)

    1. Re:Simple solution... by SJHillman · · Score: 4, Funny

      What about an interdisciplinary course covering phrenology and alchemy. Then we could have gold dandruff!

    2. Re:Simple solution... by Laser+Lou · · Score: 2, Informative

      Oh, and FWIW, Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming *doesn't* qualify, unless of course some brave soul would like to make a clear falsifiable hypothesis statement for it :)

      Rising temperatures are not falsifiable? Hmm..

      --
      No data, no cry
    3. Re:Simple solution... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 2

      Global warming relies heavily on the greenhouse effect, that's falsifiable.

      You won't get anything so simple that covers the entire global warming theory:

      http://www.skepticalscience.com/news.php?n=385

      Sometimes people ask "what would it take to falsify the man-made global warming theory?". Well, basically it would require that our fundamental understanding of physics be wrong, because that's what the theory is based on. This fundamental physics has been scrutinized through scientific experiments for decades to centuries.

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    4. Re:Simple solution... by dward90 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Global warming certainly qualifies by any realistic definition of a hypothesis. You might disagree with the hypothesis, but it's at least as falsifiable as Evolution.

      Contributed to, at least in part, by human activity, a steady increase in global average temperature will have negative effects on the environment and human society at large.

      It's possible that you're talking about some ridiculous exaggeration of that ("OMG we're all gonna burn up in flames because Tom's car only gets 12 MPG!!"), but GW is a pretty clear statement that has plenty of measurable criteria. You can be pedantic and demand exact definitions for human contribution, temperature increase, and whether negative effects are caused by the former, but all are still clearly testable.

      It's most definitely science. Much of the disagreement about it comes on disputing the validity of data acquired and how it's interpreted. However, the fact that data is being acquired and interpreted, and the fact that it is under scrutiny, is what makes the entire process scientific and worthwhile in the first place.

      --
      My other sig is clever.
    5. Re:Simple solution... by Kenja · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The non-falsifiable argument gets tossed around a lot and has never been explained to my satisfaction.
      1. Average temperatures are rising
      2. The rise in temperatures is due to so called 'greenhouse gasses'.
      3. The increase in greenhouse gasses is caused by human action.
      All of the above seems falsifiable to me. As are the corollary items such as number 1 causing changes in weather, melting of ice caps etc.

      --

      "Have you ever thought about just turning off the TV, sitting down with your kids, and hitting them?"
    6. Re:Simple solution... by trout007 · · Score: 2

      I think alchemy is now covered under nuclear physics. And the philosopher's stone is now a nuclear reactor.

      --
      I love Jesus, except for his foreign policy.
    7. Re:Simple solution... by hsthompson69 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Rising temperatures happened well before humanity existed. We've had global warming and global cooling and global staying the same for the entire history of the planet.

      The question is, what observations would convince you that rising temperatures are due to natural variation, and not human activity (much less that they'll be catastrophic)?

      Natural climate change is the null hypothesis (since climate changed well before humanity came into play). CAGW, which cites both warm temperatures and cold temperatures as "consistent" with their hypothesis, does not make any falsifiable predictions.

    8. Re:Simple solution... by hsthompson69 · · Score: 2

      Global warming relies heavily on the greenhouse effect, that's falsifiable.

      Catastrophic anthropogenic global warming also relies heavily on the existence of humans, and that's falsifiable too. However, the mere existence of humans doesn't imply in any sort of way that they much be the cause of catastrophic global warming :)

      Heck, astrology relies heavily on the orbits of the planets, and that's falsifiable too - but you'll never find a necessary and sufficient falsifiable hypothesis for astrology, now will you :)

      Well, basically it would require that our fundamental understanding of physics be wrong, because that's what the theory is based on.

      The fundamentals of CO2 physics in no way force us to believe that CO2 is an overwhelming driver of climate, nor that human CO2 emissions are going to cause catastrophe on any timescale. Extrapolating a complex hypothesis from fundamental physics requires a bunch of steps, *each one* which must be subject to strict scrutiny and falsifiability.

    9. Re:Simple solution... by hsthompson69 · · Score: 2

      You might disagree with the hypothesis, but it's at least as falsifiable as Evolution.

      Name a single set of global average temperature and global average CO2 observations, past, present or future, that would falsify Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming.

      For evolution, it's simple - find a modern rabbit fossil in the precambrian.

      a steady increase in global average temperature will have negative effects on the environment and human society at large.

      What observations would falsify that hypothesis (regardless of the cause of warming)? Could we look to warmer periods in human history, and colder periods in human history, and measure negative effects?

      However, the fact that data is being acquired and interpreted, and the fact that it is under scrutiny, is what makes the entire process scientific and worthwhile in the first place.

      Lots of astrologers acquire planetary and star data, and scrutinize it thoroughly - that doesn't make it scientific. Science starts off with the falsifiable hypothesis, and thus far, you haven't explained what observations, past, present or future, that would make you revisit your basic premise.

    10. Re:Simple solution... by GameboyRMH · · Score: 2

      Extrapolating a complex hypothesis from fundamental physics requires a bunch of steps, *each one* which must be subject to strict scrutiny and falsifiability.

      And indeed each one is falsifiable and "climate skeptics" have been attacking them all to find a weak spot to place their chisel for years, so far without success.

      --
      "When information is power, privacy is freedom" - Jah-Wren Ryel
    11. Re:Simple solution... by tendrousbeastie · · Score: 2

      Point 1 seems to be an issue of pure data. The only objections would be those about how it is measured.

      Point 2 is just a statement, which is fine. It might be true or it might not be, but it hasn't been presented with any evidence, just as a statement.

      Point 3 follows the same arguments as point 2.

      For the sake of this debate let's assume point 1 is true, according to some universally accepted method of measuring average temperatures.

      For the rest to be a proper scientific theory, in the typically accepted use of the term, it would need to mathematically model the observed data such that is can describe events in terms of the theory. It should then also make predictions about non-observed events, so that the theory can be proved not-completely-wrong.

      The prediction thing is vital, because there are an almost infinite (x?) number of theories that can be invented that do describe the observable data, but not many that can predict new data. I can make up anything I want that can't be disproved (almost all of which would be complete nonsense - "evolution happens because a special magic in-detectable high-tec alien manipulates the DNA of every animal at birth to be every so slightly different from its parents in a way that appears to be consistent with natural selection": stupid, but not necessary possible to prove false) , but there are a very few number of theories I can invent that can make accurate predictions.

       

    12. Re:Simple solution... by tgibbs · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Rising temperatures happened well before humanity existed. We've had global warming and global cooling and global staying the same for the entire history of the planet.

      Or to make a similar argument, "Forest fires happen all the time from lightning strikes, so that forest fire cannot be due to me throwing my lit cigarette into a pile of dead leaves." Perhaps you can spot the fallacy when the same argument is placed in another context.

      The question is, what observations would convince you that rising temperatures are due to natural variation, and not human activity (much less that they'll be catastrophic)?

      Quite simply, identify the source of the natural variation and provide a plausible mechanism whereby it could produce such a large and prolonged increase in temperature. All this has been done for increased temperatures due to human CO2 emissions. We have the radiative physics, we have the calculation of the expected effect, we have the measurements of temperature changes, and it all matches. There are certainly plausible explanations for natural climate change in the past. If it's the sun (one of the sources of some past changes in climate), we should be able to detect a substantial change in solar output (but there isn't any). If it's CO2 from volcanoes, we should be able to show that the isotopic signature of the increased atmospheric CO2 matches that released by volcanoes (it doesn't). Etc.

      So basically the "skeptics" (who become utterly credulous when it comes to any argument that reassures them that they don't have to worry about global warming) are asking us to believe:
      1. There is some unknown source of warming that has been responsible for warming in the past (even though there are plausible explanations of past warming in terms of mechanisms that demonstrably aren't present today), and that for some unknown reason has kicked in over the last century or so (but whatever it is, it's going to stop Real Soon Now), and
      2. There is some other unknown mechanism that prevents the warming that is predicted based on the physics of CO2 (and which coincidentally matches the measured warming) from taking place.

  6. Tennessee Universities by ThatsNotPudding · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Call their bluff; announce an intent to entertain offers from other states to move their entire institutions, lock, stock, and intellectuals due to their services no longer being required by the state.

    It's not just the Taliban that wants to go back to the 12th century.

  7. To be fair by Baloroth · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Students who are unable to argue against those who attempt to oppose evolution on an argumentative basis are unlikely to ever go anywhere in the scientific community anyways. In other words, if the bill allows teachers to point out the arguments against evolution, and allows the students the freedom to argue against the teacher for those arguments freely, then I do not see it as being a problem. However, in reality most teachers will just fail or severely down-grade students who disagree with them, and if the bill does not include provisions to prevent that (which I doubt it does) then it is a terrible idea.

    Fill disclosure: I am religious, and I do believe evolution is a valid and highly probably scientific hypothesis (I don't want to say I "believe in" it, because it isn't a matter of faith, it is a matter of reason). The two things in no way contradict each other and anyone who claims they do doesn't know what they're talking about (most probably, doesn't know anything about either religion or science and their respective fields).

    --
    "None can love freedom heartily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but license." --John Milton
    1. Re:To be fair by WastedMeat · · Score: 3, Informative

      (Didn't mean to post as AC)

      Arguing with someone who chooses to disregard science is not a skill indicative of scientific aptitude. You can apply all of the logic and evidence with the best imaginable skill, but it still doesn't work when the teacher dismisses all of the evidence as a ruse by Satan, and finds no logical fault in an omnipotent and heavy-handed God whose existence is impossible to verify. You can't argue science with these people until after you convince them that they are crazy.

      My entire family is crazy. I was raised as a southern baptist, and seriously indoctrinated. I can still remember when I was twelve and I was overwhelmed in guilt every single time the idea that this was all bullshit even entered into the back of my mind. At that time, such thoughts never came forward for serious evaluation. The only thing bearable was just to go along with it, never questioning anything, not even to yourself, under penalty of extreme psychological discomfort. Any debates over the issue were accompanied by unbearable guilt for even tolerating an internal acknowledgment that the other person might have a point.

      There's no healthy arguing with people like that. I am not quite sure how I got over that and turned out to be physicist.

    2. Re:To be fair by WastedMeat · · Score: 2

      A good conclusion to my second paragraph would have been that the idea of being wrong about my imaginary zombie friend was literally inconceivable, in that there were actually psychological mechanisms that prevented the formulation of that complete thought.

  8. Re:The Tyranny of the (Localized) Majority by Kenja · · Score: 3, Insightful

    We won the civil war and are now stuck with them, they are as American as anyone.

    --

    "Have you ever thought about just turning off the TV, sitting down with your kids, and hitting them?"
  9. I've never understood... by JustAnotherIdiot · · Score: 2

    ...why so many places make such a big deal about evolution.
    I was taught it in school with no one complaining, and I grew up in the loony, backwards state of Texas.

    --
    What do I know, I'm just an idiot, right?
  10. Would it be sufficient... by JazzHarper · · Score: 2

    to illustrate the controversy by simply screening "Inherit the Wind" in the classroom?

  11. Fine by fiannaFailMan · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Let's start teaching holocaust denial in history class then. It's a "controversy" too, right? And any lessons that touch on recent events should also teach the "controversy" about 9/11 being an inside job. Chemistry lessons should be augmented by alchemy.

    If all alternative points of view (including the batshit insane ones) are equally valid, you have to.

    --
    Drill baby drill - on Mars
    1. Re:Fine by CanHasDIY · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Let's start teaching holocaust denial in history class then.

      They already do: it's referred to as "Manifest Destiny," and is the flimsy justification given to kids regarding the attempted genocide of the native American people. I'm sure someone will want to attempt to argue that point, but when you look at the facts objectively it becomes obvious the colonial settlers intentionally attempted to systematically wipe out an entire nation of people, in an effort to steal the native's land. /rant

      Sometimes it seems there are more American Holocaust deniers here, than European Holocaust deniers in all the world.

      --
      An enigma, wrapped in a riddle, shrouded in bacon and cheese
    2. Re:Fine by Beryllium+Sphere(tm) · · Score: 2

      A more apposite example would be a statement that is in the legislators's holy book.

      Psalm 104, verse 5:
      "He hath founded the earth upon its foundations, so that it shall not be moved for ever"

      If we accept that a religious text can be the basis for a controversy about science, then it follows that science classes should "teach the controversy" about heliocentric astronomy.

      There is, by the way, not much Biblical support for the idea of scriptural inerrancy. Other Bible-based religions such as Judaism don't seem to have trouble with the idea that humans are the product of natural processes but still subject to divine law.

  12. The Bill by UninformedCoward · · Score: 4, Informative

    In case you want to read the bill. I think 1D is the main issue.

  13. Freedom of Stupid by Shoten · · Score: 2

    Meh...they want to pass a law like that in their own state, I say let them.

    I mean, it's not like every state can have people that go off to college and become highly educated members of society. Someone has to build the cars, right? :)

    --

    For your security, this post has been encrypted with ROT-13, twice.
  14. It would be ok if we always did it by fermion · · Score: 3, Informative
    For instance, in Texas in history we need to teach the controversy of the Alamo. Have the kids research and debate if the heros of the Alamo were in fact primarily concerned with keeping slaver in the nation of texas, a basic right that would have taken away if Mexico's liberal no slavery policy were allowed to prevail.

    There are many examples of this. In world history rather than focusing on wars, we could include the faith based authoritarian regimes and ask if faith has been used to create the oppress more than used to help the oppressed. Again, not take sides. Just have student read about the controversy in order to develop students better at problem solving.

    We could do the same thing in literature, reading books that teach the controversy of religion, democracy, and capitalism.

    My problem with teaching the controversy is that if I ask a christian why we have public school prayer when the bible prohibits it, they don't want to take about that controversy. So why are we taking about evolution when there is really nothing in the bible, or at the Christian testament, that prevents it from validity. Of course if they really wanted to pursue a controversy, they would be working on disavowing the trinity, something that no good protest, only the modern Catholics who follow the Council of Niceae, should believe.

    --
    "She's a scientist and a lesbian. She's not going to let it slide." Orphan Black
    1. Re:It would be ok if we always did it by LanMan04 · · Score: 2

      For instance, in Texas in history we need to teach the controversy of the Alamo.

      I contend that the Alamo DOES INDEED have a basement...and my bicycle is being held there!

      Controversy!

      --
      With the first link, the chain is forged.
  15. Teaching in this state. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    As a mathematics/science teacher in this fine state, I don't have a huge problem with this. I just made my students write a paper on Russell's Teapot, so I feel like I balanced it out.

    But seriously, anybody that thinks these two pieces of paper mean anything...they don't. They say they allow for these things, doesn't mean we have to. And we won't.

  16. Could have been great by Dixie_Flatline · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It's too bad they didn't do this properly. There ARE controversies in evolutionary theory. They're not controversies in whether or not evolution works, but there IS disagreement in the specific mechanisms of evolution. Punctuated equilibrium or phyletic gradualism? Duke it out! Teach those controversies!

    Oh wait, I guess I'm asking for science to be taught in science class. My bad.

  17. Re:The Tyranny of the (Localized) Majority by gestalt_n_pepper · · Score: 3, Interesting

    In retrospect, can't we give them the option of succession? The new state of Northern Mexico would admittedly, increase border problems, but think of the tax savings! (http://www.flapolitics.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=3311)

    --
    Please do not read this sig. Thank you.
  18. Re:allowing something by jo_ham · · Score: 2

    Regardless, I don't see what is wrong in teaching kids both evolution and the evidence for or against it, and creationism and the evidence for or against it. People need to be encouraged to reason not just memorize whichever view we decide is "right" and cram down their throats.

    That's the whole point there *is* no evidence for or against Creationism - it's a made up story based on a work of fiction. It's not a scientific hypothesis that can be debated. It's a set of beliefs. Just like I believe there's an invisible pink unicorn in my garage. Shut up, there totally is! Prove that there isn't! You just have to take my word for it and believe that it is there.

    The pros and cons of the theory of evolution, however (and the wider discussion about the Scientific Method) are suitable topics for discussion.

  19. Great About Time by Registered+Coward+v2 · · Score: 2
    Now teachers can address the controversy surrounding the existence of God if creationism come sup in the classroom.

    Remember - A Sword cuts two ways.

    --
    I'm a consultant - I convert gibberish into cash-flow.
  20. The only "controversy" in any of this .. by n5vb · · Score: 4, Interesting

    is manufactured. It's that some religious extremists in this country can't deal with the fact that the reality that hard science is discovering and exploring doesn't exactly match their creation myth of choice, and keep stirring the s*** because they're still trying to stuff that genie back in the bottle long after it's way too late.

    There's only a "controversy" because they keep insisting it's "controversial" as a pretext to keep their foot in the door. And the fact is, creationism is not science, at best it's Bible-flavored pseudoscience that's already decided its conclusions and merely cherry-picks data to support those conclusions .. which is actually the opposite of science ..

  21. It gets better by Sebastopol · · Score: 4, Insightful

    My heart goes out to the intelligent youth in TN.

    It gets better.

    --
    https://www.accountkiller.com/removal-requested
    1. Re:It gets better by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 3, Funny

      I'm sure they are both glad that you are thinking of them.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
  22. Re:This is what government education is by Kenja · · Score: 2

    So your claim is that without government funded education, only logic and reason would be taught? You must have never been to any private schools.

    --

    "Have you ever thought about just turning off the TV, sitting down with your kids, and hitting them?"
  23. Evolution by Murdoch5 · · Score: 2

    I don't understand why people are so against Evolution. Evolution doesn't go against Creationism, it can work with it. So maybe a "God" kick started the entire process and then Evolution took over and did the rest. People who are against Evolution because it can't be proven, well I would ask them to produce proof that a "God" exists. The existence of a holy book doesn't prove anything, it proves someone wrote a book and they made up some characters, there is literally no difference from a harry potter book or the bible, both written and both read and your never going to meet the characters.

    Evolution exists! it's a fact, science has proven that animals, humans, plants, planets and the universe has evolved over time, what science hasn't proven is the existence of "God", having an open ended question doesn't prove "God" it just means that we don't know where the beginning is.

    Whats my point, simple Evolution and Creationism are both valid streams of understanding, if your going to teach one teach the other. I believe in both, something must have happened to launch the universe into motion, but nothing is stopping evolution from taking it the rest of the way. I'm glad that now Evolution has to be taught, Evolution has occurred, it's a valid proven science, if your going to teach Creationism you have to be fair and teach Evolution.

  24. Re:Why so scared? by CanHasDIY · · Score: 4, Informative

    If you (or anyone, for that matter) have a valid hypothesis worth study, then by all means bring it up! Any real scientist worth their salt would jump at the opportunity to explore a heretofore unknown theory.

    However, if your entire scientific platform boils down to "God did it, now stop asking questions," well, you might as well join Santorum on his dinosaur and ride off into the sunset.

    And by sunset, I mean 'big-ass volcano.'

    --
    An enigma, wrapped in a riddle, shrouded in bacon and cheese
  25. Re:Tired of this debate by betterunixthanunix · · Score: 4, Informative
    So the lesson plan would be this:
    1. Cover evolution, the evidence for it, well known examples, etc.
    2. Cover creationism, present no evidence (there is none), do not bother discussing science because creationism is not science.
    3. Let the children decide for themselves

    Did I forget something?

    --
    Palm trees and 8
  26. Is Intelligent Design really (not) scientific? by Theovon · · Score: 3, Insightful

    One of the commenters pointed to this article:

    http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/832

    It essentially makes an information theoretic argument that some unspecified designer may need to be invoked to better explain modern observations of biological complexity. That is, they claim (but I don't see the evidence) that certain biological configurations are better or more easily explained or explainable at all if we assume that there was some intent behind some aspect of resulting organisms. I skimmed the article, but I didn't notice it saying anything at all about irreducible complexity. It simply mentions that some things have much too high of an information content to be plausibly the result of evolution according to completely natural processes.

    As I see it, the assumption that the governing processes are entirely natural is simpler, because it does not invoke the requirement for some external influence. They also make no claims in regard to the nature of these outside influences. Moreover, evolutionary theory doesn't preclude that some aliens or something may have had influence. It simply declines to explain in those terms, because there's no difference between an intelligent alien tweaking things in some imperceptible way versus some extra radiation causing some mutations and some specific ecological niche favoring certain traits. They seem to be implying that they can CALCULATE that certain biological complexity is extremely unlikely given our basic understanding of mutation and selection. But then again, everything we observe is a priori extremely improbable it's just that we have inordinate amounts of time and space for those improbable events to become probable, and we have evidence of the time scale from geology. We don't, however, have any direct evidence that there was anything other than planet-local natural influences behind evolution, and it's hard to define what exactly is and is not "natural."

    So, is this ID article just being vague? Or are they making some interesting point? I don't just want to dismiss it as creationist dogma. I think that an information theoretic analysis is warranted. I just don't trust their understanding of the science or their underlying motivations.

  27. Re:No controversy by MachDelta · · Score: 2

    Problem: In a democracy, everyone is (supposedly) equal. Therefore, 99 idiots and 1 Einstein steering a democratic ship will most likely run aground.

  28. Politics is failing us by RichMan · · Score: 2

    The whole thing comes down to politics. School boards are elected. Higher up politicians distribute funds to school boards. There are some fairly vocal individuals who may or may not represent the majority but have the ability to stir up powerful emotions among the electorate.

    Proper democracy requires an educated informed electorate to function correctly. Proper democracy does not provide a way to bootstrap the system where the fundamental requirements are lacking.

  29. Re:Let me get this straight... by netsavior · · Score: 3, Funny

    Why would you need a new vaccine? It's not like the genetic makeup of viruses can change over time through a process of natural selection. This is the same reason why we didn't need to invent any new antibiotics after penicillin.

  30. Re:Let me get this straight... by ajlisows · · Score: 2

    Why would they pray to God for a new vaccine? Vaccines cause autism and are evil!

  31. 16/18+ by vinlud · · Score: 2

    Religion should be considered to be for adults only. We don't allow children to be involved with drugs, alcohol, voting, sex and so on legally before they've grown up to teenagers, why should brainwashing with a single particular religion be any different?

    --
    Repeat after me: We are all individuals
  32. 4 legs, 6 limbs by number6x · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Sure they have 4 legs. And 2 arms!

    A better way to get a fundamentalist confused is to ask them "Who was created first, Adam and Eve or the animals?"

    Tell them to check both the first and second chapter of Genesis. If they stop after the first, they will only have one answer. It cannot have hapened both ways, it must be one or the other (or neither), so therefore the Bible is not 100% true. At minimum one chapter or the other must be false. It could be that both are false, but they might burn you at the stake for saying that.

    If you don't know the answer, it only takes a few minutes to read both chapters. Then follow up and ask 'Was Adam or Eve created first? Or, were they created at the same time?" (the answer is both. Adam was created first and they were created at exactly the same time).

    Self consistency is not a strong point in the Bible. That is very strange because any scientist will tell you that the universe is amazingly self consistent. Any seeming paradoxes are usually signs that our understanding and knowledge is lacking. If Both the universe and the bible are both from the same author, you would think that they would show the same level of self consistency.

    How do I know the Bible isn't 100% true? Because my Bible tells me so.

    The only thing I can see in Genesis that is an absolute truth is near the start of chapter 2. The bit about the harvest being ready and not a man to be found. Any woman will confirm that when there is work to be done there is never a Man around :)

  33. The scientist's side got it wrong, too, though! by beh · · Score: 5, Interesting

    From TFA:
    In a statement sent to legislators, eight members of the National Academy of Science said that, in practice, the bill will likely [...] harm the state's national reputation[...]

    The scientists got it wrong as well - thanks to blogging, like the publication here on Slashdot, the bill harms the state's INTERnational reputation... ;-)

  34. And the other side of that discussion ... by khasim · · Score: 2

    If you want to talk about children being killed, you should consider what "religious fanatics" fight against every day. Over 54 million children killed legally under US law since the 60s, in the name of choice.

    Ignoring your choice of "children" in that statement ...

    The other side of that discussion is over 150 million women in the USofA who are not treated as slaves because some man wants them to birth children for him.

    I'll take the rights of LIVING woman over the rights or a unborn child any day.

    Those "religious fanatics" are fighting to take away the rights of those 150 million women.

  35. ENOUGH! by Mr.+Mikey · · Score: 2
    Enough.

    Enough of our coddling ignorance.

    Enough of our mealy-mouthed, passive acquiescence to the willful denial of reality.

    Enough of our society shooting itself in the foot by watering down our science education, and our discussion of science in the public and political sphere by mixing in myth and pseudoscience.

    There is no controversy. There is no debate. There is no real "other side" to this discussion.

    Modern evolutionary theory is one of the most wel-developed, well-supported scientific theories we have. It as much settled science as science can get.

    Evolution is a fact, in that it is the label for a phenomena we can directly and indirectly observe.

    Evolutionary theory is not somehow inferior to fact. Indeed, it is in many ways superior to the level of fact, in that it is made up of facts, and is tested and confirmed, repeatedly, against reality.

    If your religion claims that evolution isn't true, then, when it comes to this subject, your religion is wrong.

    We should stop letting this nonsense slide. Our nation is competing against highly technological, committed, dedicated workers from other countries. We aren't doing ourselves any favors by mixing myth with our science.

    --
    wants to be the first monkey to touch the monolith