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ISS Captures SpaceX Dragon Capsule

Today at 9:56AM EDT (13:56 GMT) the robotic arm on the International Space Station successfully captured SpaceX's Dragon capsule. It's the first time a commercial craft has connected with the ISS, and the first time a spacecraft made in the U.S. has gone to the station since the retirement of the shuttle. The approach was delayed temporarily as engineers worked out bad sensor readings due to light reflected off the ISS's Kibo laboratory. "To work around the problem, SpaceX narrowed the field of view for the laser sensor so that it wouldn't pick up light from the offending reflector. Dragon then returned to the 30-meter checkpoint and moved in for the final approach." If all goes well today, the capsule will most likely be opened tomorrow. Video of the operation is being broadcast live on NASA TV.

39 of 217 comments (clear)

  1. Hooray. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    That's it. Just hooray.

    1. Re:Hooray. by egamma · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I will be mourning the death of publicly-funded space travel. Now, we hand it over to the pirates, slave-traders and privateers of our own era.

      Citation please. Who has SpaceX robbed or committed violence against? Who has SpaceX enslaved? Which government has authorized SpaceX to attack foreign shipping during wartime?

    2. Re:Hooray. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      the u.s. space program has always been in the hands of pirates, slave-traders, and privateers: their names are lockheed martin, boeing, northrop grumman etc. at least now spacex will operate a different model that doesn't include open-ended contracts inevitably milked for all their worth with convenient "cost overruns".

    3. Re:Hooray. by JustOK · · Score: 5, Funny

      So, you're saying they're really good at covering it all up.

      --
      rewriting history since 2109
    4. Re:Hooray. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      They enslaved a whole race of people to build their space ship, and funded it by committing terrible acts of piracy on the high seas. The cannon balls whooshed over head and the pirates plundered everyone's sense of humor. It was terrible. A dark day for humanity and jokes.

    5. Re:Hooray. by VortexCortex · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I will be mourning the death of publicly-funded space travel. Now, we hand it over to the pirates, slave-traders and privateers of our own era.

      Uhm... I think you got that wrong. If anything it's the death of "publicly-unfunded" space travel... Because your precious PUBLIC funding is instead funnelling trillions into fighting unwinnable wars on intangible ideas, and trying to spend as little as they can get away with on space travel. It costs more to air-condition our troops than NASA's whole budget. Every time I hear about NASA funding being cut back, or some congress critters mandating purchasing & building around dated rocket tech to keep their lobbyist friends' business afloat I died a little. Now there seems to be a light flickering on at the end of the tunnel.

      OPTIONS are good, people. It's not the death of anything in all actuality. NASA's not decommissioned, it's not like they've even stopped rocket research; It's just that we have MORE OPTIONS other than a bureaucracy driven platform held back by the opinions of the ignorant masses...

    6. Re:Hooray. by ToadProphet · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The only way we will get in space big time is if there is profit to be made by being up there

      Maybe we need to change this? It's a rather sad statement that profit trumps all and is the only valid motivation for expanding our horizons.

      --
      It's on America's tortured brow, That Mickey Mouse has grown up a cow
    7. Re:Hooray. by mycroft16 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Why? Publicly funded space travel isn't over. NASA has stated, just a few weeks ago, that their goal is Mars. The SLS and Orion are still progressing nicely towards their big tests. No mourning needed.

    8. Re:Hooray. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Informative

      SpaceX started the Dragon capsule development independent of any contract by NASA, and they flew the first two flights of the Falcon 9 without any government money being spent at all (except for some range protection at the space port... like happens at any airport around the world). I don't know what your problem is here, but the money coming from the government is not the only reason this is being done.

      If it is raining money, you take out a bucket and pick some up. Compared to the over $10 billion that has already been spent toward the Constellation/SLS program and projected $10 billion+ more that they are expecting to spend before something even goes up into the air (2017 at the earliest), is a few hundred million dollars spent on a successful flight to the ISS that is happening now instead of later a waste of money? Had the Ares I funding continued like all of the supporters of Constellation claimed it would do, even with completion of deadlines that were claimed (and never met BTW), it still wouldn't be flying right now and also would have chewed through billions of dollars by now for a rocket that would do even less than the Falcon 9 + Dragon.

      The $1.6 billion for the COTS contract is for 12 flights to the ISS. The money is being put in at the front perhaps with milestones completed, but these are chartered flights just like happens when the U.S. military charters commercial airlines to fly military personnel around the world. Contrast that to a cost-plus contract where there is no upper limit that will be spent by the government and any costs (and financial risks) are carried by the government, not the company doing the flight. That is the big difference here.

    9. Re:Hooray. by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 4, Insightful

      If you think that "robbing or committing violence" didn't come into it, try not paying your taxes and see what happens.

      It's one thing to evade taxation which is used to pay for services that the people have voted for. It is quite another to evade taxation which is used to pay money to private corporations - whether that's Boeing or SpaceX.

      So, do you think SpaceX isn't better than Boeing or even NASA developing things themselves? SpaceX does things about 10x cheaper than the others, so isn't 10% violence better than 100% violence? How about if SpaceX becomes like Greyhound and NASA goes away completely?

      it doesn't mean it won't turn into another Boeing.

      They have completely different goals. SpaceX intends to replace NASA. Boeing indend(ed) to suck at the NASA teet in perpetuity.

      --
      My God, it's Full of Source!
      OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
    10. Re:Hooray. by rufty_tufty · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It's the difference between:
      NASA: We want a shuttle
      Boeing/etc: Right give us $5billion and we'll go build one for you.,
      NASA: Here's $5 Billion
      BOeing./etc: Thanks but we had need some more
      NASA: okay
      Boeing/etc: Nope still more and if you don't give it to uss you'll have wasted all the moey you threw at us
      NASA: okay, well while you're doing that we need to change the requirements
      Boeing/etc: Oh, few more billion please, and did i mention it doesn't work very well so we'll want a few more billion.
      etc

      verses
      SpaceX: we want to develop manned flight, look here's us launching a satellite. Anyone interested?
      NASA: cool, hey we want that, need some funding?
      SpaceX: Sure if you're offering it to us.
      NASA okay, well if you can deliver a Falcon 9 and meet the design targets for your Dragon we'll give you $500 Million to build them
      SpaceX: Done, can we have our money now?
      NASA: Cool you've had a successful launch. We'll pay you for the next launch now then

      If you don't see the difference between these two models then I'm somewhat worried. Not that I blame NASA or Boeing or anyone else, it's just what happens when this much money is in play. the only way to fix that is to get the cost down.
      If anything this distraction of manned flight has taken them away from their initial goal of developing cheap satellite launch capability. Not that I think they mind but still it shows that they had a business plan without NASa that still exists. See Biglow as well for uses of this manned capability they plan to use.

      --
      "The weirdest thing about a mind, is that every answer that you find, is the basis of a brand new cliche" -
    11. Re:Hooray. by Impy+the+Impiuos+Imp · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I will mourn it the way I mourn the death of DARPANET several trillion private dollars of investment later.

      --
      (-1: Post disagrees with my already-settled worldview) is not a valid mod option.
    12. Re:Hooray. by jamstar7 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Why? Publicly funded space travel isn't over. NASA has stated, just a few weeks ago, that their goal is Mars. The SLS and Orion are still progressing nicely towards their big tests. No mourning needed.

      Although I think the SLS would be an awesome rocket, I ain't holding my breath... we'll be lucky to see that thing fly by 2025, if ever. In the meantime, Falcon Heavy and others will already have captured the heavy lift market. So really, why bother?

      NASA's goal is Mars. Too bad the politicians will never let them get there with a manned mission. They keep on cutting the budget unless the projects involved produce pork in key Congressional districts. They killed Ares and Constellation. They'll kill SLS once the Falcon Heavy/Dragon proves itself.

      It can't be stressed enough that Boeing, Lockheed, et.al. aren't really aerospace companies anymore, they're funding sinks. The only reason they survive is government cost-plus contracts with built-in overruns to boost profits. They forgot how to deliver a space vehicle as a product if they ever knew how to begin with. SpaceX isn't selling NASA the vehicles, they're selling the lift capacity. How they generate said capacity isn't under NASA scrutiny other than safety concerns. Yes, they're using NASA launch facilities for the time being to send their rockets up, but expect that to change when the money starts coming in. And it will, now that they've demonstrated their capabilities. A lot of businesses who were holding back to wait and see will now start trickling forward to put their cash on the barrelhead for lift capacity. The glory days are just ahead.

      --
      Understanding the scope of the problem is the first step on the path to true panic.
  2. Smaug? by MikeMacK · · Score: 4, Funny

    It does not do to leave a live dragon out of your calculations, if you live near him. Dragons may not have much real use for all their wealth, but they know it to an ounce as a rule, especially after long possession...

  3. It's been a long road, getting from there to here: by D4C5CE · · Score: 3
  4. sorry, unconstructive emotional comment'n'all, but by jthill · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Fucking awesome.

    --
    As always, all IMO. Insert "I think" everywhere grammatically possible.
  5. That Kibo, still making trouble... by jeffb+(2.718) · · Score: 5, Funny

    Now that Usenet is fading into history, is He monitoring the Slashdot feed? We'll see.

  6. Congratulations to SpaceX by mykepredko · · Score: 4, Informative

    Everyone should be proud that their dream has come true.

    Thank you for your hard work in providing a new capability for space flight.

    myke

  7. Finally the private sector is allowed to take over by brian0918 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    After half a century of unsustainable government space endeavors, we may finally see some progress toward receiving actual benefits from space flight, now that the profit motive of the private sector has been (at least partially) restored. The strive for profit will necessarily lead to advancements in space tech, as they have in all other industries where long-term profitability is the primary incentive (Silicon Valley being the prime modern example).

  8. Re:TV by Lumpy · · Score: 4, Informative

    If you point your FTA dish at the ISS and can track it you can watch the real feed. If your FTA receiver can do all the different broadcast file types.

    I am controlling the FTA dish with my Ham radio tracker (Alt-Az FTW bitches) and use it to view.

    Problem is I only can watch when they pass in a visible window :-( Dang you line of sight and physics!

    Otherwise point your FTA setup at AMC18 at 105.0deg W. Transponders 39 to 41.

    --
    Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
  9. Re:Tractor Beam by Moheeheeko · · Score: 4, Funny

    Can't, Obi-Wan dicked with it.

  10. Re:Finally the private sector is allowed to take o by Pumpkin+Tuna · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Profit has always been a motive. Unfortunately, the big aerospace contractors made a profit whether or not they actually did what they were contracted to do. Now companies like SpaceX will profit for actually getting things done, which, as you say, should move things along in the right direction.

  11. Its not a commercial craft by shadowofwind · · Score: 3, Insightful

    If the money that's paying for it is coming from taxes, its not commercial.

    NASA hardware has always been built primarily by private companies like Lockheed Martin.

    In Washington jargon, when you give money to contractors instead of federal employees, its "commercial" or "free enterprise", so they can pretend to be in favor of freedom and against government. But one of the main reasons for it is its a way of evading controls on executive salaries. There's a revolving door where government program managers funnel lucrative contracts to private companies with ridiculously high overhead rates, then afterwards go to work at those companies. Its common to already have a hiring agreement with the company before awarding the contract.

    I'm not suggesting what the situation is with SpaceX, I'm just commenting on "commercial" space development in general. Its commercial if its commercial activity, such as space tourism or putting up satellites that private companies pay for. Otherwise its double-speak.

    In any case, congrats on the engineering achievement, I don't mean to detract from that.

    1. Re:Its not a commercial craft by bill_mcgonigle · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I'm not suggesting what the situation is with SpaceX

      What does your subject line mean then?

      If NASA buys toilet paper from a commercial vendor, that doesn't turn the toilet paper manufacturer into a government boondoggle.

      SpaceX is commercial in the sense that they offer a product for a price. When you have government contractors who charge "some base amount plus whatever else cost overruns demand the price to increase to" then, yeah, it's a quasi-government entity. SpaceX will eat cost overruns, if they happen, but that's bad for profitability so they try to ensure it doesn't (with good engineering and business acumen). That isn't to say that fleecing government agencies doesn't show good business acumen, but it's also not a private sector endeavour.

      --
      My God, it's Full of Source!
      OUTSIDE_IP=$(dig +short my.ip @outsideip.net)
    2. Re:Its not a commercial craft by MattskEE · · Score: 4, Informative

      Commercial versus non-commercial is about a company building a standard product which the government utilizes through firm fixed price contracts. SpaceX has a published price for a launch, and that's exactly what they charge. In contrast the traditional NASA approach has been to award cost plus contracts to major contractors and an army of subcontractors and NASA is more of a partner than a customer, building a one-off custom design. In this type of system cost overruns often get billed to the customer (NASA), but with firm fixed price the work is expected to be completed for the agreed upon price and SpaceX has stated that any cost overruns on their NASA programs above the fixed price launch costs will be covered by SpaceX, not NASA.

      Contract vehicles notwithstanding, it also appears that even in NASA's opinion SpaceX is simply more efficient at getting things done than the usual NASA & defense contractor method probably due to reduced management and organizational overhead: http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/586023main_8-3-11_NAFCOM.pdf

      A big part of SpaceX's efficiency is that they are vertically integrated, doing most of the work themselves. With the non-commercial cost-plus model Congress had the ability to split up subcontracts for the shuttle development and manufacturing across the entire nation, with drastic hits to efficiency.

      Although it may not seem like a totally commercial enterprise with NASA as the major source of SpaceX's revenue (for now), but there are important changes taking place in how NASA is acquiring launch capacity which seem like they have the capability to reduce costs over the past model

  12. Re:I missed the live video by patlabor · · Score: 5, Informative
  13. Re:Tractor Beam by tqk · · Score: 3, Informative

    If it were me, I would just use the tractor beam and pull it into the hangar.

    We haven't invented tractor beams yet and they don't have a hangar. Any other bright ideas, captain? No, we can't even go to warp to get any, and the Vulcans are not watching.

    As for SpaceX & Dragon && ISS, seriously cool. Keep it up. :-) I for one am cheering for you.

    --
    "Tongue tied and twisted, just an Earth bound misfit ..." -- Pink Floyd.
  14. Will they have to use The Arm in the future? by wisebabo · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Is using the robotic arm the only way the Dragon spacecraft will be allowed to dock with the ISS? It seems to be cumbersome and to take a long time.

    Or is this only being done now for safety reasons and, with more experience, a direct approach and docking will be allowed?

    1. Re:Will they have to use The Arm in the future? by adamgundy · · Score: 4, Informative

      berthing is *harder* than docking. they are doing it this way because it is a cargo transport, and the berthing ports are much larger than the docking ports.

      if/when Dragon starts carrying people, it will dock.

  15. Re:Finally the private sector is allowed to take o by jellomizer · · Score: 4, Informative

    No it wasn't run by NASA... NASA was the customer and gave a list of conditions to be met... However it was ran by Space X and not NASA

    --
    If something is so important that you feel the need to post it on the internet... It probably isn't that important.
  16. Its not just "Private Good - Government Bad" by itsdapead · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The strive for profit will necessarily lead to advancements in space tech, as they have in all other industries where long-term profitability is the primary incentive (Silicon Valley being the prime modern example).

    SpaceX, Virgin Galactic et. al. aren't going into space because they are private sector.

    SpaceX, Virgin Galactic et. al. are going into space because they are run by individuals who have made shedloads of money in other ventures and, instead of being good capitalists and starting work on their next shedload, have decided instead to try and realise their childhood ambition of being an astronaut, if only vicariously (has Elon Musk been sighted since the launch? :-) )

    Kudos to them of course - and they may even end up making money - but without that sort of motivation the private sector would, at most, look at ways of making a risk-free buck by launching comms satellites rather than trying to put people into space.

    As others have pointed out, the real test will - unfortunately - come the first time someone gets killed. I'm not sure the private sector could afford a Challenger inquiry.

    --
    In a survey of 100 programmers, 111111 thought that duck-typing was a good idea.
    1. Re:Its not just "Private Good - Government Bad" by rufty_tufty · · Score: 4, Interesting

      the real test will - unfortunately - come the first time someone gets killed. I'm not sure the private sector could afford a Challenger inquiry.

      I hadn't thought of that. Thanks for spoiling my morning :-(
      Seriously how did we survive these things in the past, how did we react the first time an airplane killed someone or when the first time a gas light exploded. Why are we so different now?
      Are we different now because we can and should know better that these designs have flaws? Would the challenger disaster have been worse if the design had found to not be faulty, or would the public outcry have been worse if the collective result was "Nope we did the best we could, damnded if we know why that went wrong" instead of known flawed design + management overide + unfortunate conditions.
      Maybe they'll be lucky and it will live up to its projections of 1/1000 failures and it will take 3000 launches for the statistics to catch up with them. Maybe something as simple as luck in the nascent stages of space flight makes the differences between the civilisations that colonise their galaxies and those that don't. Maybe that;s another variable in the drake equation?

      --
      "The weirdest thing about a mind, is that every answer that you find, is the basis of a brand new cliche" -
  17. Mixed blessings by wierd_w · · Score: 5, Interesting

    (Disclaimer: I work in aerospace)

    Private sector space exploration is a mixed blessing without regulatory oversight.

    The FAA does wonders for ensuring consistent manufacturing and engineering policies, as do the various ISO industrial process certification programs for industrial centers.

    Government sponsored engineering tends to be a total money and resource sink, and what comes out tends to look like the engineers went out of their way to make things needlessly cryptic and arcane to justify their bills.

    Essentially, the equivalent of a 500 line "hello world!", which ignores normal OS window classes, allocates and frees its own memory, and has an integrated kernel runtime to make sure nobody is snooping on the secret sauce from outside of userspace.

    Private designs tend to shy away from uniqueness, and toward stringent use of the KISS principle, but may excessively use protected engineering documentation and practices. (Imagine somebody writing their own application API on top of the perfectly functional standard one for their target, and locking that bitch down so tight that its like watching a snuff film, then using it religiously to keep people from "copying" their ideas. Nevermind that all their competitors are also working from the KISS handbook on the actual engineering, and that the differences are all almost entirely process related. Fit form and function is conserved.)

    Oversight helps to keep these proprietary engineering toolbases under control, and helps ensure interoperability of critical systems, like runway boarding ramps on the aircraft's skin, type of fuel used, and standard cabin pressures.

    Without the unifying influence of such oversight, no airplane in the sky would follow any standards except internal OEM ones. An airbus and a boeing offering would not use the same cabin pressure (just to throw something out there), because one of them would get the brightt idea to lower it 5psi so they could fly a little higher and reduce skin stresses as a competative edge.

    Space vehicles, being radically new to private industry, would be especially vulnerable to marketing and PR drones dictating on the engineering so that the vehicle stands out from the crowd, even though that is a terrible thing for interoperability.

    So, while I like the leaner design implementations that come out of private companies, I strongly advocate oversight and regulatory compliance for safety and interoperability reasons.

    Otherwise the specs on a private spaceship will be a countless mess of cross-referencing NDA laden proprietary internal standards docs, and as an engineer for a company that does outsourced work from the big boys, I only have so much goddam space on my desk for binders full of proprietary specifications so I can read somebody's engineering properly. "Torque bolts to LES####" is fine and dandy if you work for learjet. For the rest of us, I'm happy to get an AME or NAS number that I can look up instead of calling your support line, talking with a string of bobbleheads behind desks who are more concerned over weather or not I might discuss what's in a spec for tightening bolts with "unauthorized" people, and if I am indeed authorized to know the secret of the bolt tightening in the first place. I'm an engineer. Just give me the damn spec, your corporate crap smells up my day.

    Regulatory oversight makes things magically simpler, because it forces LES#### to be compliant with a standard AMS#### or similar regulatory body that I don't have to suck a dick to get my hands on.

    I'm thrilled that the dragon heavy lifter works. It opens all sorts of doors for much cheaper orbital deployments, and the soyouz capsules were starting to have unreliable failure rates from excessive use and improper maintenance downtimes. This will work wonders.

    But for FSM's sake, institute some damned industry regulations!

    1. Re:Mixed blessings by wierd_w · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Agreed, but NASA is well justified in their paranoia, until a less partial regulatory body steps in.

      If there is one thing abundantly clear about this century's history, you simply can't trust industry to be self-regulating.

  18. Re:Tractor Beam by jellomizer · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The problem is Sci-Fi in some regards had made the impossible/impractical come seem like the norm... This is why we put way too much time and money into the shuttle program, We wanted a "reusable" spacecraft like we see in Sci-Fi. Even though it is cheaper per flight to make disposable space craft. But we spent decades on the idea of the Reusable Space craft. I wonder how much further ahead we would be if we focused on the disposable craft.
    For one every launch there will be improvements to the craft, because they can. Second you would get a new fresh group of people making crafts all the time so the knowledge and experience is passed to each generation. Third we would have crafts specialized for each mission, the shuttle is a general purpose device... Thus not really fit for any mission.

    --
    If something is so important that you feel the need to post it on the internet... It probably isn't that important.
  19. Privately funded by sjbe · · Score: 5, Interesting

    If the money that's paying for it is coming from taxes, its not commercial.

    You are correct in a sense. The current primary customer (NASA) happens to be a government agency and that agency does pay with tax dollars. Saying it is commercial is very much a short hand for a more complicated story. SpaceX also already has contracts with private sector companies as well. Furthermore its operations and R&D were funded privately initially to the tune of something like $400 million. Funding from NASA has come from progress payments on launch contracts. The fact that NASA is a government agency is somewhat incidental to the operations of SpaceX. Our company has had the government as a customer (we've sent products into space) in the past but that doesn't mean we aren't a private company or that what we do isn't commercial.

  20. Am I the only one . . . by StefanJ · · Score: 4, Funny

    . . . who hopes that there's an inflatable, spring-loaded Xenomorph puppet poised behind the capsule's hatch?

    "Heh - heh. You'll find a complimentary set of new underwear for the crew in Bin 13."

  21. Re:sorry, unconstructive emotional comment'n'all, by fiannaFailMan · · Score: 5, Informative

    There is a reason every time something cool is done it's done in America first

    First train? English.
    First commercial train service? Manchester to Liverpool.
    First car? German.
    First TV? Invented by a Scotsman.
    First TV broadcast service? English.
    First freeway/motorway/autobahn? German.
    First satellite? Russian.
    First man in space? Russian.
    First man to orbit the Earth? Russian.
    First woman in space? Russian.
    First moon rover? Russian.
    First space walk? Russian.
    First space station? Russian. (The ISS has a Salyut-derived core)
    First probe to land on another planet? Russian.
    Countless records broken for long duration stays in orbit? Russian.
    Inventor of the jet engine? English.
    Home of first electronic computer? Manchester, England.
    First supersonic airliner? Anglo-French.
    Inventor of the World Wide Web? An Englishman working in Switzerland.

    --
    Drill baby drill - on Mars
  22. Re:Tractor Beam by JoshuaZ · · Score: 3, Informative

    The primary problem with the shuttle wasn't that it was reusable.

    1) The shuttle was built to handle both lots of cargo and humans. That meant that it had to have the reliablity of a man-rated craft with the lifting capacity of a heavy lifter.

    2) Not enough funding for a fullly reusable shuttle. Early plans involved a fully reusable shuttle. The shuttle as designed instead was a hybrid which in many respects combined the worst of both reuable and disposable spacecraft.

    2) Two much flexibility in orbital parameters was insisted on. This is frequently not appreciated as a serious problem. The US military insisted that the shuttle be able to take off from a variety of other locations including Vandenberg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_6. They wanted it to be able to launch into a near polar orbit, send out a satellite and land all in a single orbit of the Earth. This was so that if things ever got hot with the USSR we could launch additional spy satellites faster than the Soviets could shoot them down, or could launch single use spy satellites for other purposes . This article http://www.space.com/1438-chapter-opens-space-shuttle-born-compromise.html discusses this in detail. There are also other requirements that the military had but it seems that the details remain classified, and it is possible that the public orbital parameters as required by the military were covers for other orbits. But the requirement that the shuttle be able to do absolutely every low Earth orbit that every civilian or military source could possibly want severely constricted the shuttle design in many ways that were never used or infrequently used.

    There's another thing to remember though: the shuttle was the world's first reusable craft whereas there have been a lot of single-use craft. The first model of something will often have more problems. We shouldn't take the problems with the shuttle and make a blanket assumption that reusable craft can't be done efficiently.