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A Million-Year Hard Disk

sciencehabit writes "Pity the builders of nuclear waste repositories. They have to preserve records of what they've buried and where, not for a few years but for tens of thousands of years, perhaps even millions. Trouble is, no current storage medium lasts that long. Today, Patrick Charton of the French nuclear waste management agency ANDRA presented one possible solution to the problem: a sapphire disk inside which information is engraved using platinum. The prototype shown costs €25,000 to make, but Charton says it will survive for a million years. The aim, Charton says, is to provide 'information for future archaeologists.' But, he concedes: 'We have no idea what language to write it in.'"

56 of 394 comments (clear)

  1. easy answer. by the+biologist · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What language? All of them.

    1. Re:easy answer. by hawguy · · Score: 5, Funny

      What language? All of them.

      They should write it in C -- it'll never go away since it'll always be needed for embedded systems.

    2. Re:easy answer. by sapphire+wyvern · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Yes. Write down the same text in, say, the top 10 major modern languages and writing systems (let's say, English, Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic, Hindi, French, Russian, Japanese etc).

      Maybe include a concise dictionary of each language as well.

      That way, even if the thing doesn't end up being useful for its designated purpose as a nuclear site marker, it may one day in the far future serve as a Rosetta Stone for the languages and writing systems of our era.

    3. Re:easy answer. by Darinbob · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Write it in Lisp. If future generations are unable to read this then it will mean that civilization has collapsed.

    4. Re:easy answer. by philip.paradis · · Score: 5, Funny

      I think that means civilization will collapse immediate after it's written.

      --
      Write failed: Broken pipe
    5. Re:easy answer. by ganjadude · · Score: 5, Funny

      011100110110001101 110010011001010 1110111001000000100 0011001000000111000001110 101011101000010000001101 00101110100001000000 110000101101100011011000010000001 10100101101110001000000110 00100110100101101110011000010111001001111001

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    6. Re:easy answer. by Artea · · Score: 5, Informative

      011100110110001101 110010011001010 1110111001000000100 0011001000000111000001110 101011101000010000001101 00101110100001000000 110000101101100011011000010000001 10100101101110001000000110 00100110100101101110011000010111001001111001

      "screw C put it all in binary"
      I wonder who else bothered to convert this up before me.

    7. Re:easy answer. by flyneye · · Score: 4, Funny

      But, we are asked not for a solution but ,*"Pity the builders of nuclear waste repositories.*
      In accordance with their request: "There, there".

      --
      *Repent!Quit Your Job!Slack Off!The World Ends Tomorrow and You May Die!
    8. Re:easy answer. by Tuidjy · · Score: 3, Funny

      Pictures.

      One picture is case civilization has collapsed - skulls, and people on fire.

      One picture in case civilization has not collapsed. An orbital model of the atom, with little balls streaming away.

      What if the archeologist is not humanoid and is used to a completely different models for atoms/particles? Then let the fucker burn, what do we care about octopi from Alpha Centauri?

      And anyway, we still understand Hebrew, Greek and Latin after 2000 years. I would be amazed if civilization endures in 10000 years AND English has been lost.

      --
      No good deed goes unpunished...
    9. Re:easy answer. by Crypto+Gnome · · Score: 3, Funny
      You're kidding, right?

      The ONLY thing that needs to be put onto a million-year hard-drive is

      001100 010010 011110 100001 101101 110011

      --
      Visit CryptoGnome in his home.
    10. Re:easy answer. by mwvdlee · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Excellent idea! We'll use pictures. And we'll use the IFF/LBM format. That'll make sure everybody understands in the future.
      Actually, I'd be more concerned about how to document the physical layout and filesystem of this disc.

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    11. Re:easy answer. by andymadigan · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Those valuable metals will be quickly stripped away like the stones of old roman buildings.

      --
      The right to protest the State is more sacred than the State.
    12. Re:easy answer. by Tuidjy · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Oh, come on. The very idea to use a CD is kinda dim, and plain pictures on a titanium plate is a much better way to go about it, but if you have to use digital media, there are formats that any civilized person will decipher rather quickly.

      Assuming sequential binary, here is a simple video format that is extremely inefficient, but I think everyone will understand.

      Simple bitmap, and begin by repeating an empty frame a few times. A empty 8x8 frame would look like this: 1111111110000001100000011000000110000001100000011000000111111111

      Repeat it enough times for the reader to get that there is a pattern, then start flipping the zeros to ones to produce your images.

      I think that most people would get it.

      --
      No good deed goes unpunished...
    13. Re:easy answer. by yndrd1984 · · Score: 4, Funny

      Some cultures have not taken skulls to be a symbol of death though. In ten thousand years, maybe the primative tribes that survive consider skulls to be a symbol of the cycle of life and renewal or whatever superstious rubbish they have invented by then. They'll run into the storage facility thinking it'll make them young again.

      Then they will have a learning experience.

      Either way, we've helped future generations. :)

    14. Re:easy answer. by ultranova · · Score: 4, Insightful

      One picture is case civilization has collapsed - skulls, and people on fire.

      If civilization has collapsed, I find it highly unlikely that anyone will be poking around in a vault located hundreds of meters beneath solid rock, with the ramp filled with crushed rocks and concrete.

      --

      Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

    15. Re:easy answer. by Electricity+Likes+Me · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Also I'd rather not care about them, and instead focus on making civilization not collapse.

      I mean, a few accidental deaths from overzealous exploration is nothing compared to the billions of deaths said civilizational collapse will have required come beforehand to get to that point.

      It's very much why I think no one is having a sensible discussion about nuclear power when timespans like 10,000 years come up. Those people 10,000 years away do not matter to the discussion if the scenario is contrived "well all records have been destroyed and they only have bronze age technology". Well gee, maybe that happened because the planet got completely ruined by runaway climate change and desertification which could've been avoided if they'd switched to nuclear power?

    16. Re:easy answer. by mcgrew · · Score: 3, Informative

      Holy crap, mods! Am I the only one who RTFA? It's not a CD or computer memory, it's a double layer sapphire disk with silver printing sandwitched in between and needs nothing more complex too read than a simple microscope and knowledge of whatever human language it's written in. The comments about computer languages are JOKES, son (as Mr. Leghorn might say).

      It's something to keep future generations whose civilizations have collapsed safe from the poisons we've buried.

  2. Cuneiform by ackthpt · · Score: 5, Funny

    It's awl-write.

    I'll get me coat.

    --

    A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
  3. If ancient people taught us anything... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    Consider stone tablets. I head they are cheap, easy to come by, and last a long time.

    1. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by shutdown+-p+now · · Score: 5, Funny

      I head they are cheap, easy to come by, and some of them last a long time.

      FTFY.

    2. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by TheRealMindChild · · Score: 5, Funny

      The Lord Jehovah has given unto you these fifteen .... *tablet shatters* .... Ten! Ten Commandments! For all to obey!

      --

      "When life gives you lemons, don't make lemonade. Make life take the lemons back!" -- Cave Johnson
    3. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by isorox · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Consider stone tablets. I head they are cheap, easy to come by, and last a long time.

      Some do, most don't. If you wrote on 100,000 stone tablets today, you can guarantee some will be there in 10,000 years time, but you can also guarantee most won't.

    4. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by hawguy · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Consider stone tablets. I head they are cheap, easy to come by, and last a long time.

      They are only cheap if you need a few of them. Each sapphire disk holds 40,000 pages, and the prototype with 2 disks costs "only" €25,000.

      Can you make and engrave a stone tablet for less than €0.30?

    5. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by similar_name · · Score: 5, Insightful

      At this moment your post is modded down '-1 overrated' to give your post a score of zero. IMO /. has had an increasing number of unjustified negative mods. Your post is on-topic and reasonable. You don't have a 6 digit ID (neither do I) but you're a million away from all of the 2.6 million ID trolls and shills and your comment history doesn't indicate you're a nuisance that needs to be modded down all of the time (the last zero score post I see by you is equally baffling). Hopefully someone will come along and at least mod you back to your natural score.

      Perhaps /. shouldn't give more mods to people who spend (or waste) all of their mod points whenever they get them and shouldn't keep giving mods to people who have a history of voting negatively.

      Sorry for the off-topic* post but it's really been bothering me lately and I needed to vent.

      *If someone is going to mod my post down please at least use the correct mod of off-topic.

    6. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by hawguy · · Score: 4, Insightful

      At this moment your post is modded down '-1 overrated' to give your post a score of zero. IMO /. has had an increasing number of unjustified negative mods. Your post is on-topic and reasonable. You don't have a 6 digit ID (neither do I) but you're a million away from all of the 2.6 million ID trolls and shills and your comment history doesn't indicate you're a nuisance that needs to be modded down all of the time (the last zero score post I see by you is equally baffling). Hopefully someone will come along and at least mod you back to your natural score.

      Perhaps /. shouldn't give more mods to people who spend (or waste) all of their mod points whenever they get them and shouldn't keep giving mods to people who have a history of voting negatively.

      Sorry for the off-topic* post but it's really been bothering me lately and I needed to vent.

      *If someone is going to mod my post down please at least use the correct mod of off-topic.

      Yeah, I've noticed the same thing. Sometimes I do make flippant remark or make an attempt a humor that (rightfully) gets modded down (but seems like just as often, an inane comment gets moderated up!), and sometimes I'll take an unpopular viewpoint (without making it into a personal attack), which also gets modded down -- moderators seem to have trouble separating dissenting opinions from trolling or offtopic posts. But sometimes I'll have a post like this one that's completely on-topic and relevant (and this time I even did the math right!) and it still gets modded down.

      I figure that I must have pissed someone(s) off in the past and they are retaliating, but I really don't know for sure. If that's what's going on, I assume meta-moderation will eventually catch up to them. But hey, I've still got my 2^6 Score:5 Comment achievement badge, and I wear it proudly!

    7. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by gr8_phk · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I can encode a "don't open" image on one table, the periodic table on another, several number systems (for translation) on a third, and a schematic of the objects buried on a 4th indicating the radioactive elements inside other materials. So yes, 4 tablets that don't require technology to decode. Or one could do a large tablet including all of the above. The first image is all you need. The other 3 are for civilizations that understand atoms to understand what the hazard is.

    8. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by subreality · · Score: 5, Funny

      Sometimes I do make flippant remark or make an attempt a humor that (rightfully) gets modded down

      My pet peeve: sometimes I make some vaguely amusing remark in the middle of an otherwise well thought out post. Someone moderates it "Funny", but it really wasn't, nor was it meant to be. Then future mods look at it as a trainwrecked attempt at humor rather than being mis-moderated, and it gets pounded to the ground with "overrated". It's really frustrating to have that happen when I put a lot of effort into a long, well-researched comment.

      I'm not sure what could be done about it, though. Perhaps hide the "Funny" flag from moderators to prevent the bias?

    9. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by Trogre · · Score: 5, Interesting

      And still they are often ignored. See Japanese tsunami warning stones.

      --
      "Nine times out of ten, starting a fire is not the best way to solve the problem." - my wife
    10. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by Leuf · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The article talks about how the pyramids got looted within a generation. So by all means, make your don't dig here notice out of fucking platinum and sapphire. I'm sure no one will want to go looking for those things to steal them. A stone tablet sounds pretty much like the ideal medium, but even that will probably get looted because people are stupid.

    11. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by A+nonymous+Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Tablets! Good grief, you apple fanboiz never give up.

    12. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by A+nonymous+Coward · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I think modding needs 1-5 rankings in multiple categories:

      Relevant: not at all to spot-on
      Funny: no to puked on my keyboard (where no doesn't mean failed humor, just not funny, which most posts would probably be)
      Incendiary: irrational flame bait to cold logic
      Popularity: The author is evil to the author is my god

      My thinking is that if popularity were explicitly differentiated from relevance, people might not be so eager to mark down things which they disagree with.

    13. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by artor3 · · Score: 3, Funny

      What if we make the tablet out of some extremely toxic material? That should keep away the looters. Heck, you wouldn't even need to write anything on it. They'd get the idea.

      Eureka! Just bury the waste in open containers! People in the future will figure out they should steer clear much quicker than they'll decode some sapphire disk.

    14. Re:If ancient people taught us anything... by dargaud · · Score: 3, Informative

      There's dumping and dumping. If you put it in a drilled hole in a subduction zone, it won't ever come out. Or in the lava of volcanos in millions of years. But of course it's not politically correct because this solution involves putting it either in international waters or in front of countries who are not responsible for the radioactive waste.

      --
      Non-Linux Penguins ?
  4. The Long Now has already looked at this... by Bookwyrm · · Score: 5, Informative

    These waste management folks might want to look at the Rosetta Disk project:
        http://rosettaproject.org/disk/concept/

    It's, you know, a disk meant to store information for a very long time.

  5. Duh by masternerdguy · · Score: 4, Funny

    Those control crystals from SG1.

    --
    To offset political mods, replace Flamebait with Insightful.
  6. Cheaper way to do it by meglon · · Score: 5, Funny

    For 24,999 they can use my idea.... mosquito legs lined up in binary with tree sap poured over it. It'll last millions of years, with the small glitch of not hardening for some odd millions of those years. Maybe by then they can extract the DNA of the mosquito's and clone some truly exotic animals.... like Pee Wee Herman.

    --
    Fascism: An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. See also: NAZI's
  7. Also watch this film... by djnanite · · Score: 5, Informative

    "Into Eternity" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/nov/11/into-eternity-film-review), which documents the staggering engineering requirements of creating a nuclear bunker designed to last a million times longer than any man made object ever created.

    The scale of the work involved is almost beyond comprehension. And a hard disk is just a fraction of that work.

    It will blow your mind.

  8. Esperanto! by fish+waffle · · Score: 4, Funny

    The lingua-franca of tomorrow.

    1. Re:Esperanto! by Samantha+Wright · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Latin's done that job—and better—for more than two thousand years. If you're going to seriously use Esperanto for something so long-term, make sure it's mutually intelligible.

      Personally I'd vote for Munch's The Scream, like was proposed at one point. Maybe with some H. R. Giger to really spook them.

      --
      Bio questions? Ask me to start a Q&A journal. Computer analogies available for most topics!
  9. They by Konster · · Score: 5, Funny

    They really need to fuck with the future archaeologists by writing everything in Klingon.

  10. Are these people insane? by eggstasy · · Score: 3, Insightful

    There will be no future archaeologists. How can they assume a huge cultural discontinuity that would require archaeology?
    The only reason we have any archaeology is because people didn't write anything down.

    I can find out precisely when a building was built, sold, and how many times it was repaired, just by visiting the online city hall archives.
    Not only that, I can get a map of my city for every century, and then some. Everything that ever happened here since God knows when. Like 1850 or so? I can get a list of all the people that lived in any given place since the 16th century, when the Church started keeping track of baptismal records. Online.

    Why would things ever stop being archived and kept track of? Seriously. Are we going to have a nuclear war or something?
    The whole archive would probably fit on a USB pen drive. Making 1000 copies every year would be a rounding error on the city's budget.

    1. Re:Are these people insane? by shutdown+-p+now · · Score: 4, Insightful

      There will be no future archaeologists. How can they assume a huge cultural discontinuity that would require archaeology?

      By assuming the possibility of a catastrophic event, such as a nuclear war, a comet strike, a particularly nasty pandemic, or a dozen other things that can set civilization back significantly.

      The only reason we have any archaeology is because people didn't write anything down.

      Both Romans and Greeks wrote down a lot of things (which is why we know a great deal about them), but that did not preclude a large period of dark ages following their civilization, where a lot of what they wrote - and especially the day to day stuff like a "city hall archives" - was lost.

    2. Re:Are these people insane? by isorox · · Score: 4, Insightful

      There will be no future archaeologists. How can they assume a huge cultural discontinuity that would require archaeology?
      The only reason we have any archaeology is because people didn't write anything down.

      I can find out precisely when a building was built, sold, and how many times it was repaired, just by visiting the online city hall archives.

      Good for you, you live in a new country from the sounds of it.

      . Everything that ever happened here since God knows when. Like 1850 or so?

      I'd give you +1 Funny.

      1850 isn't that long ago. Hell the house I live in is nothing special and is from the 1700s. Haven't been able to find out precisely when it was built though.

      Information that's not used tends to decay. There's some data on the king of England in 1200 [but what's true and what's false?], but not much data on anyone else in the country back then, even your local lord, let alone Bob the village idiot.

  11. Nuclear waste will be the crude oil of the future! by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 5, Funny

    In a few years, we'll be drilling for nuclear waste to power our flying cars! Just like how the cave men buried dinosaur waste, which we now pump out as petroleum to power our driving cars.

    Future folks will be overjoyed to find an old nuclear waste dump buried on their property, because they will get rich by fracking it! Sapphire disks will be like old, dusty grizzled-prospectors' maps, and be highly valued.

    --
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  12. 20th Century English by R3d+M3rcury · · Score: 3, Funny

    If my TeeVee has taught me anything, it's that no matter how far into the future or past we go--even if we travel to other worlds--everybody speaks 20th Century English.

  13. If Slashdotters had their way... by MobileTatsu-NJG · · Score: 3, Funny

    A million years? You just the first phrase will be: "I, for one, welcome our future overlords..."

    Amusingly that'll also be the first +5 post when Slashdot covers the unearthing of this drive.

    --

    "I like to lick butts!" by MobileTatsu-NJG (#32700246) (Score:5, Informative)

  14. Re:Etchings? by jgotts · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Platinum etchings sandwiched between two layers of sapphire. Like microfilm, but with etchings. So now we can write all sorts of shit down, but where do we put it so we know whoever is digging will stop and figure out what it says?

    Personally I think the need for millions of years of survivability are stupid. We've been using atomic energy for what, 60 years? I think we might find a way to put the "waste" to use long before we have to worry about such long-term data storage. That, and we'll either be advanced enough to repair radiation-induced damage in the next couple of hundred years, or civilization will have fallen and our life spans will be so short that a little radiological damage won't really matter.

    My thought is that within the next few hundred years we'll be recovering resources from landfills and all sorts of spaces too toxic to deal with now.

    Already we're dealing with polluted industrial sites. We'll become more and more efficient with that. We'll start to become very efficient at remining rare earths out of landfills and it will cascade from there.

  15. Re:Something that everyone can understand? by jrumney · · Score: 4, Funny

    How about, Oh, I dunno. A pictorial map? With a human skull marking each site?

    Pirate treasure! Let's dig it up!

    Yeah, that'll work.

  16. "Wow, sapphire and plantinum!" by Chris+Mattern · · Score: 3, Insightful

    "We'd better keep digging--there might be more valuable stuff down here!"

  17. Re:Nuclear waste will be the crude oil of the futu by tmosley · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Actually, this is quite true. LFTRs as they were originally designed were in fact for nuclear powered aircraft. They were the only possible design that was safe enough for such an application.

    Anyone thinking of burying this "waste" is a bleeding buffoon. LFTR consumes nuclear waste to produce usable fuel that is useless for nuclear weapons. It burns nearly 100% of the fuel, and the only leftovers at the end are highly useful for medical applications.

    Watch this, then tell me that we need to engineer million year data storage, much less a million year bunker: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uK367T7h6ZY

  18. Re:Etchings? by Overzeetop · · Score: 4, Funny

    They said readable in a million years, not edible in a million years. Do you really want some redneck to stumble upon the warning twinkie stash a few thousand years from now and swallow all the information? I thought not. ;-)

    --
    Is it just my observation, or are there way too many stupid people in the world?
  19. Re:Nuclear waste will be the crude oil of the futu by guttentag · · Score: 4, Funny

    In a few years, we'll be drilling for nuclear waste to power our flying cars! Just like how the cave men buried dinosaur waste, which we now pump out as petroleum to power our driving cars.

    Thag: "What we write so no one dig here?"
    Ugg: "Thag crap here. No one go near it."
    Thag: "You funny."
    Ugg: "What? Like it matter in 1825 sunrises!"
    Thag: "OK, How you spell crap?"
    Ugg: "Don't know. Just put small 9 after your name."
    Thag: (Draws in the dirt with a stick, then notices his friend's feet) "Hey, where you get boots?"
    Ugg: "Made them from fake dead animal."

  20. Re:Etchings? by pwizard2 · · Score: 4, Informative

    I'm not a nuclear physicist, and I could be wrong, but isn't the rule of thumb something along the lines of the shorter a half-life an isotope has, the more dangerous it is? Something that decays to another element in a few seconds (or less) is emitting radiation like crazy whereas something that has a half-life of several million years seems practically stable by comparison.

    --
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  21. Re:Etchings? by trout007 · · Score: 4, Informative

    Close. Most things that undergo radioactive decay become other radioactive elements and different particles of various energies. You have to look at the whole decay chain to find out where the bad ones are.

    --
    I love Jesus, except for his foreign policy.
  22. The product by jones_supa · · Score: 4, Funny

    Here's an image of their current prototype sapphire disk.

  23. un-mine it! by LSDelirious · · Score: 3, Interesting

    uranium comes from ore dug out of the ground, at something like 0.1%-1.0% uranium oxide concentrations, so why not just take the radioactive waste and mix it with filler to dilute it down to ore concentrations (suspended in concrete, glass, whatever, something cheap and relatively durable) and drill some really deep holes, deep enough it won't affect any ground water tables, and away from oil fields - ideally near a subduction zone trench where over time the waste would get carried down further into the crust as the waste impregnated plate dives downward. Far out of reach from civilization and in concentrations no more dangerous than already exist in nature. Surely that has to be more cost effective in the long run than maintaining highly guarded secret storage bunkers indefinitely....

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