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French Police Unsure Which Twin To Charge In Sexual Assaults
An anonymous reader writes "In a real life Prisoner's Dilemma taking place in the French city of Marseille, twin brothers have been arrested for a string of sexual assaults. While say they are sure that one of them committed the crimes (corroborated by a standard DNA test), police were told that it would cost upwards of €1m euros (£850,000, $1.3m USD) to distinguish between them using DNA evidence."
"Prisoner's Dilemma" does not just mean "a dilemma involving prisoners"
All joking aside, though, I also got curious. And, as I went to Google College, unlike some underprivileged folks, let me share my inaccessible knowledge: http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask68
Here in the Red States of America the prosecution is allowed to specifically threaten you with any ridiculous charges they want to get you to accept a plea bargain. Somehow coercion is allowed for both the police and the prosecution.
Ah. So there is a way. Thanks for the Google Fu.
Unlike some 'other' underprivileged folks I have one of those modern "cut and paste" operating systems. :p
Here is the important bit from the above link:
"Just like our fingerprints, the environment can change our DNA too. We all build up mutations in our DNA over time. Most of these DNA changes are harmless although some can lead to diseases like cancer.
Where do these changes come from? Some come from the stuff our body does everyday. For example, we all start out with a single cell and end up with somewhere around 50 or 100 trillion cells.
The DNA in all of these cells needed to be copied (not 100 trillion times but a lot). The machinery in our cells that copies our DNA is incredibly good at what it does, but not perfect. Occasionally, it makes a mistake that is not fixed.
Our DNA also changes in response to things like sunlight or the food we eat. Both can damage the DNA causing mistakes to happen.
Coming up with a genetic test looking for these changes is going to be tough. First, these changes are pretty rare. Everyone has about 100 new mutations in their DNA. Sounds like a lot but spread out over 3 billion base pairs, that is quite a needle in a haystack."
------ The best brain training is now totally free : )
Then your understanding is wrong, see this article:
Geneticist Carl Bruder of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and his colleagues closely compared the genomes of 19 sets of adult identical twins. In some cases, one twin's DNA differed from the other's at various points on their genomes. At these sites of genetic divergence, one bore a different number of copies of the same gene, a genetic state called copy number variants.
It is generally felt that copy number variation (CNV) between MZ twins is generally post-meiosis (i.e. mitosis).
Typical police forensic genetic tests look for a "fingerprint" based on lengths of DNA when cut by particular enzymes. This is unlikely to find CNVs.
Some CNVs might be discoverable with a SNP microarray chip (not super expensive to perform), but it is possible that you may need to do a complete sequence of both twin's DNA to find the needed CNV differentiator.
Whereas in the good, honest Blue States of America, we just threaten hackers for political gain until they commit suicide. Much less expensive.
I happened in Berlin: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/a-perfect-crime-twins-suspected-in-spectacular-jewelry-heist-set-free-a-614245.html
I think there have been other occasions too.
Analysis cost is about $20k per genome for good enough coverage to distinguish CNV (and I work for a DNA sequencing company).
A ball-peen hammer or garden sheers to the knuckles works wonders
[citation required]
All the evidence I have seen indicates the opposite. Torture is a horribly ineffective means of finding the truth. In fact, throwing a coin is probably better.
If it isn't obvious why, the very simplified causation is roughly this: As torture proceeds, the goal of the victim becomes very simple: Make it end, no matter what. We KNOW that people will readily admit to crimes they did not commit under torture, including crimes that carry the death penalty. We know that people under torture reach a point where they would not only say "yes" but also thank you for it if you offered to kill them right then and there. We know that they will invent not only details of the crimes they are being questioned about, but also entirely new crimes.
We have historic evidence of people admitting crimes under torture where later investigations found conclusive evidence that they could not possible have committed them.
Torture does not work if your goal is truth.
Assorted stuff I do sometimes: Lemuria.org
... and that's why those of us in civilised countries consider the US to have a similar legal system to the brutal Sharia law of countries like Afghanistan, Somalia and Mali, among others.
There are those of us in the US who agree that the US legal/penal/justice systems are brutal, regressive, unjust, and counterproductive, and do what we can to change that, but at the same time are opposed by authoritarian-types who claim that various improvements proposed by "bleeding-heart liberals" equate to being "soft on crime." However, my state struck down the judicial death penalty a few years ago and decriminalized marijuana possession last year, so I still have hope that improvements can continue, at least at the state level.
Thank you, Edward Snowden.
"Arguments from authority are worthless." —Carl Sagan