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Sewage Plants Struggle To Treat Fracking Wastewater
MTorrice writes "When energy companies extract natural gas trapped deep underground using hydraulic fracturing, they're left with water containing high levels of pollutants, including benzene and barium. Sometimes the gas producers dispose of this fracking wastewater by sending it to treatment plants that deal with sewage and water from other industrial sources. But a new study (abstract) suggests that the plants can't handle this water's high levels of contaminants: Water flowing out of the plants into the environment still has elevated levels of the chemicals from natural gas production."
Pollution rears its ugly rear.
...made Tigh the project lead.
Ever been to Utah? Ra-di-a-tion. Yes, indeed. You hear the most outrageous lies about it. Half-baked goggle-box do-gooders telling everybody it's bad for you. Pernicious nonsense. Everybody could stand a hundred chest X-rays a year. They ought to have them, too. When they canceled the project it almost did me in. One day my mind was full to bursting. The next day - nothing. Swept away. But I showed them. I had a lobotomy in the end. Friend of mine had one. Designer of the neutron bomb. You ever hear of the neutron bomb? Destroys people - leaves buildings standing. Fits in a suitcase. It's so small, no one knows it's there until - BLAMMO. Eyes melt, skin explodes, everybody dead. So immoral, working on the thing can drive you mad. That's what happened to this friend of mine. So he had a lobotomy. Now he's well again.
If you want news from today, you have to come back tomorrow.
Very simple way to make sure companies keep waste water clean:
Any company messing with water should be required to have the companies executives regularly drink from the waste water stream.
This is effectivly done in all cities, in that the next city down river drinks the waste water from the city upstream.
How to be successful:
* Socialize the risks
* Privatize the profits
Even commercial car washes have limits on pollutants they pass forward to water treatment plants. I guess someone just conveniently forgot to include these energy companies.
More Twoson than Cupertino
Nineteen hundred and forty-six. 1946, Mandrake. How does that coincide with your post-war Commie conspiracy, huh? It's incredibly obvious, isn't it? A foreign substance is introduced into our precious bodily fluids without the knowledge of the individual. Certainly without any choice. That's the way your hard-core Commie works.
W..w..W - Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo.
So that simple-minded corporations won't confuse themselves wondering if it might be cheaper to risk getting caught.
There's no excuse for allowing energy companies, some of the most profitable in existence to off-load (externalize) the cost of their operations and subsidize their profits by burdening public utilities with the clean up expense, especially when those facilities were never intended to deal with substances like those used in the 'proprietary mixtures' that fracking companies have protected from the prying eyes of the public.
Setting standards that require these morons to clean up their own mess, and attaching penalties for failure that put violartors out of business is the only thing U.S. corporations understand.
Fluoride is a naturally occurring component of ground water.
http://www.originoil.com/
Sometimes the gas producers dispose of this fracking wastewater by sending it to treatment plants that deal with sewage and water from other industrial sources.
And Here I thought I heard that they *usually* just dumped it down their unused wells... In fact, that was where MOST of this horrible liquid waste ended up, a few miles down..
Apparently this is a slow news day...
"File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
Privatize the profits
Socialize the costs
RTFA - they are and the treatment plant can't handle that level of wate. Try again genius.
Define "sometimes?" But never mind the treatment plants can't handle the waste.
Precious bodily fluids, get it right.
But what if the entire story and point of the article is... they can't do their job right now? Is it not worth knowing that the fraking wastewater isn't being treated at these places?
Because in a civilised society the polluter pays, he'll have to pay so much for polluting that working clean becomes the logic and easy solution.
The oil industry has plenty of money and the solutions are since years on the shelf, pumping it back into this or a depleted reservoir is generally the cleanest way to get rid of the crud.
"The likes of Facebook and WhatsApp are free to those whose privacy is of zero value."
The problem is it has clear environmental risks that the frackers don't want to discuss.
They don't want to tell you what they put into the ground (because they are afraid people will sue them - or steal their wonderful business secrets).
Being in business means you get sued. Deal with it. As for business secrets - ever hear of patents????
The truth is that Frackers are having problems not because the technology they use is more dangerous than other tech, but because they are so damn greedy they want to do so without taking reasonable safety and anti-pollution precautions. Let's be honest here - the EPA is not know for being a hard-ass. They let people get away with amazingly evil misdeeds before they take action.
I am all in favor of fracking - if they publicly reveal everything they pump into the ground and take reasonable steps to ameliorate the problems.
Yes this will cost more. But fracking will still be cheap. We have a right to cheap CLEAN energy, not just cheap energy.
excitingthingstodo.blogspot.com
I think the USA should increase fracking. All over the country.
Even if your thesis were correct, extraction industries are among the least compelling examples you could choose:
Historically, even your hardcore actually-in-Soviet-Russia-not-as-in-joking-about-it communists successfully managed to run big mining and drilling towns(if anything, more people might have been employed due to questionable capital allocation and lower available tech levels). Minerals are like nature's subsidies, you can get net-positive energy output just for digging a hole in the ground! If the situation is structured so that you don't internalize the externalities, even better.
There are a few ways to fuck up a local extraction boom: if the resource in question doesn't ship well, you are at the mercy of regional demand and sometimes things are so bad that people just don't want what you dig up. If the resource does ship well, you can end up with a situation where(by either market or state coercion, it's been done both ways) the locals end up living in the tailings pile and the surplus value gets shipped out(see also Appalachian coal country, the Niger Delta, Zambian central province, etc.). Finally, you can either exhaust your mine, or get scooped by somebody else who has a much higher quality one(England, for instance, isn't exactly a coal-mining power anymore).
If you want to talk the virtues of capitalist enterprise, try something with a much more complex supply chain, returns to innovation, need for a keen grasp of customer demands, and no history of communists pulling it off. Seriously.
" Center for Healthy Environments and Communities " aka "We Don't Want Any Technology That Will Increase the Use of Fossil Fuels Organization".
When Fascism comes to America, it will call itself Anti-Fascism, and tell you to give up your guns.
deadly neurotoxin? Posh posh. People willingly inject far more dangerous neurotoxins all the time.
Fracking was explicitly exempted from the federal Clean Water Act http://sites.duke.edu/sjpp/2011/ensuring-safe-drinking-water-in-the-age-of-hydraulic-fracturing/
But I'm not sure if she knows herself.
Corporate Socialism, of course, is AOK!
Of, for fuck's sake...
It takes five to ten THOUSAND times as much sodium flouride to do what coffee will. That 5-10 grams? Swallow ONE gram of benzine and see what happens to you.
Sorry, dork, your tinfoil hat tea party sites may swallow your bullshit, but there are a few here at slashdot who are a little better educated. How about you leave, and go back to NASCAR.com or wherever the hell you came from.
Who gave whoever modded that idiot up mod points????
Why is the waste water treatment plant accepting waste they cannot treat?
Don't accept it and make the driller send it to someone who can handle it if you can't. Seems simple enough to me.
An old-fashioned oil boom.
Don't fall too much in love with booms. Let's not ignore that the other end of any such boom is a bust. Entire towns, or even cities can spring up and, perhaps within a decade, end up as ghost towns when the jobs vanish along with the resource. It also doesn't have anything to do with socialism vs capitalism. When a natural resource is exploited and people are needed to do the work, jobs are created regardless of what system you're working under.
I'm no expert, but perhaps you're just spouting FUD? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation
The waste plant has to meet effluent standards, not drinking water standards. Why would you confuse the two? All waste treatment plants operate under this model.
love is just extroverted narcissism
Its good for your teeth boy, so shut up and drink your water...
sometimes: adv., when they aren't illegally dumping it: Sometimes the gas producers dispose of this fracking wastewater by sending it to treatment plants that deal with sewage and water from other industrial sources.
Put down the half-witted, big brother scare tactics. The study you quoted is flawed on so many levels and irrelevant to most of the modern world. The US and Australia do not use Sodium Fluoride, an easily absorbed salt. They use hexafluorosilicic acid and hexafluorosilicate. Neither of these pass the brain/blood barrier or enter the BECF. the only danger is when it evaporates in LARGE quantities and produces Hydrogen Fluoride gas. At a concentration of 1-12 PPM, it is incapable of producing anywhere near enough HF gas.
I see they've gotten to you too. This goes a lot deeper than I thought.
"Even if your thesis were correct"
Uh huh, let's start with that. Obama is a big government socialist, as are the Democrats running congress and functionally, the Republican leadership.
Unemployment is flat, and frankly under-reported, numbers coming from the state and media are fudged and you know it. Real unemployment is in the 20% range, welfare, SSI and disability at record levels and again, you know it.
So my thesis is correct.
Now you can argue the details and I am sure you will do your little socialist dance to try and fudge the numbers but it doesn't wash. Obama is not Bush 2.0, and for that matter Bush was a big government overspending disaster also. You want to pretend unemployment is not up, you just go ahead and believe it, but keep it to yourself, no one serious actually believes you. Of course, it's down in North Dakota, and that's a fact, not a fucking thesis.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2012/10/11/obamas-real-unemployment-rate-is-14-7-and-a-recessions-on-the-way/
Frack that, you motherfracker. This whole story makes me want to go frack something up. ...or maybe I just need a good fracking.
"Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana." --Groucho Marx
Sewage plants struggle to treat f****ing wastewater? Oh my, watch your language!
So are commies. They're everywhere.
Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
Does the presence of these contaminants affect the pressure pumps? If not, there's no need to dispose of the water (which is incompressible so the up-to 80% which returns to the surface could just be sent down again instead of replaced with new water).
And when they're done fracking at one site, they can just haul the waste water to the next site for re-use. There are probably some sediments that come up with the water, but those should be pretty easy to filter out.
That's a pretty serious cut-down.
"Even the Soviets could do it."
Zing!
Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
Felgercarb! Slashdot needs a better profanity filter!
Mr. Cheney: We've told you a hundred times, please log in when you post.
Oh, and how's the heart old boy?
Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
You must not understand where your IRAs are, because they're in these companies.
Does that mean every mutual fund must pass this punishment on to its customers? There's no way, because that might be a breach of confidence.
You (as the investor) have no way of knowing exactly what gets done because the information doesn't come out until it's too late for you to make an informed decision.
Are you a senator or congress critter? Upper management of a US automaker?
1. Form corporation named Timebomb.
2. Timebomb buys land
3. Timebomb "stores" pollutants in a manner that is safe for a whopping 10 years, charging tiny fees to mother corporation
4. Neighbors see coming disaster (maybe), but efforts gets tied up in courts
5. Mother corporation sloughs off Timebomb as independent legal entity
6. Timebomb poisons the water tables
7. Timebomb dies, and its only assets are poisoned land (which has negative value once it is a proven hazard)
Isn't it awesome how property rights solve all problems?
Of course I said no such thing, do not put words into my mouth.
And the term you are looking for is Crony Capitalism, do try and keep up.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism
I'd like to think that more people would have an idea of what is actually in these fluids. There is a lot of information out there. Don't say "BUT.. BUT... THE COMPANIES DON'T WANT YOU TO KNOW WHATS IN THEM!" because that's not necessarily the case. Southwestern Energy has a nice inforgraphic as to what can go into a frac fluid, and in approximate quantities. You can find many more online. Even Halliburton tells you what's in their fluids!
We make a host of additives for frac fluids, like viscosifiers (the chemicals guar or xanthan gum), friction reducers like PHPA (the chemical partially hydroxylated polyacrylamide), and sand (the chemical silicon dioxide) or ceramic beads (typically bauxite based).
The items mentioned in the article make it sound like "they are adding benzene and barium to the fluids, and we had no idea that they do this!". I'll help you guys out. Barite (barium sulfate ore) is added to every oil well in the world as a weighting agent for the drilling mud. It's solubility in water is nil. Would water that is flushed down a well that has been drilled capable of picking up barium that has formed a filter cake on the walls of the bore? Sure, but it's also in EVERY WATER OR OIL MUD USED IN EVERY WELL IN THE WORLD.
Benzene in the frac fluid? Nobody adds benzene to frac fluid. Here is most likely how it got there: oil based drilling muds use diesel as a carrier fluid (if the drilling is done on land, not the case offshore). Diesel has 30% aromatic content (ie. benzene, toluene, xylene). IF the well was drilled with an oil mud AND the well was recently finished being drilled AND it was recently cleared out, then the first part of the "waste" frac fluid will probably contain benzene.
They don't care right? WRONG. They do on site testing to make sure the sample doesn't sheen or have any type of oil based fluids in the water. If it does, then the water has to be treated before being disposed (i.e. sewage, lakes, rivers, etc). So my question to the people testing these fluids: At what point did they test for benzene? Did the frac water come from a well that was drilled using diesel? Did the frac water come from a well using water based fluids? Were these random frac waste samples? What part of the country did these frac water samples come from? Did the frac water encounter aromatic hydrocarbons in the formation?
These things are needed to come to a conclusion as to where did these chemicals come from.
To all you virgins: Thanks for nothing.
Fracking created the the waste. But why didn't the treatment plants know they weren't removing the contaminants? Why did they release water into the watershed without testing it first? If you run an industrial waste water treatment plant, and a company says "hey, I've got some water here I'd like you to treat" I would expect a part of the process is asking "what is in the water?" and "can our process handle this?"
It sounds like some due diligence was not done here. It is thankful that the graduate student tested this, and that the treatment plants cooperated. There needs to be mandatory monitoring and reporting not just on the quality of the water in the watershed, but also what the treatment plants are directly outputting.
It's not uncommon to have temporary or ongoing discharges of contaminated waters to public sewers. Many older gas stations around the country have had "pump & treat" groundwater remediation systems, which discharge to the public sewers waters contaminated with benzene and other volatile and semi-volatile compounds like those of concern in frack waste water. Lots of factories have permitted discharges of contaminated waters to the public sewers. Construction sites where they have to dewater "clean" or contaminated groundwater will arrange to discharge it to the public sewer. The municipal fees are usually pretty minimal too. I've set up a few temporary discharges like this for my work (environmental consulting). So, what I'm getting at is that these kind of discharges are nothing new, and it's not really fair to single out an energy company if they are following the regulations that are in place. The only difference I could see is a frack water discharge is probably a really big load on the treatment system at one time, whereas other permitted discharges are spread out over a longer period of time and dilluted significantly the other waters running through the sewers. Anyway, all sewage treatment plants operate and discharge under specific permits requirements set by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). I'm guessing that the permits the wastewater treatment plants operate under don't set specific effluent standards for some of the potential contaminants related to frack waste water. If frack water discharge to sewage treatment systems is an issue the PADEP could very quickly update the sewage treatment plants' permit requirements. The PADEP already has that authority, it wouldn't even require a partisan vote in the state legislature.
Woosh..
Of, for frack's sake...
There. Fixed it for you.
Yup, and they deliver it in a toxin called DMHO.
Learn to love Alaska
Di-hydrogen oxide in water causes far more damage and health risks than flouride... it should be banned immediately!
Frack the Frackers.
With all the money on chemicals they have spent. they could have purcahsed enough solar panels to power 3 earths for 100 years already. Now they got to crap in our water to make a profit?? Anger mode is now engaged.
particularly, from large chemical plants to (what I have studied lightly) film processing operations. and the usual rule is, if your effluent does not meet certain parameters, you either pre-treat on site or you pay for us to do it and we also charge you whatever we like to run and maintain it. this is determined at time of connection, and contracted, and generally there should be a periodic review of conditions.
meaning in practice, if you have a large fracking field, you have a pretreat system. if you have one well in Herman Township, and one well in Backtracks Township 15 miles away, you have a settling pond and pay whatever municipality a big chunk 'o' change.
if this is supposed to be a new economy, how come they still want my old fashioned money?
So if bush was a big government, overspending so and so, and Obama isn't Bush 2.0, does that mean that Obama is a small-government conservative?
Is 1563649 a prime number?
Every single thing we do has environmental consequences. It is a question of risks, rewards, and tradeoffs. Due to the rather large amount of free media coverage given towards fracking opponents, the industry has been quite responsive to just about every tax/requirement that has been enacted - many times complying with new regulations before they are imposed. I've also heard of cases where the drillers have improved local infrastructure to better than pre-drilling condition. I am not suggesting they are angels by any means. They are engaged in PR war. They need to conform anyway - conforming early gets points. Restoring to better than original gets points. Our media will spend HOURS discussing the Gasland flammable water video FOR FREE - and barely ANY time talking about how the water there was flammable long before fracking was even invented. To refute that one false claim costs the fracking industry tons of PR dollars. And Parent is wrong here - the Frackers most certainly take safety and environmental issues seriously - one mistake will fry them in the media - the PR costs to fix it would exceed the costs to deal with the environmental issue. Sure, there are accidents - but not the industry wide reckless disregard for the environment that coal mining (both underground and strip) caused in their early days - and hell, even now. For power generation, I'm liking fracking for natural gas (given the known environmental risks) over that of the coal industry. The human and environmental costs of mining alone is provably worse than fracking. When it comes to burning each for power, gas winds with no question. I'd rather have some modern nuclear plants over either option, but geez, the only 'today' alternative to high energy costs or fracking is coal. And coal sucks.
Sadly several Queensland councils here in Australia have recently bowed to the bullshit and stopped putting it in their water, some are even proudly telling the world how much money they have saved. The same people also appear to prefer cholera in their drinking water, rather than chlorine.
And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
Okay. I've heard enough. I have not heard of any private water processing plants so I'm going to go out on a limb and presume that this is a public cost and that the frackers aren't really paying for what they use. So someone out there, if you know, please put my rage to ease by explaining that the frackers are paying for the full cost of the water treatment... better, I see a way that the public can benefit in some way -- let the frackers pay for more than their own clean-up... make it like a TAX! It's not fair to put the tax burden only on the consumer which is more or less how it's done now as I understand it.
Sorry, dork, your tinfoil hat tea party sites may swallow your bullshit, but there are a few here at slashdot who are a little better educated.
You may want to consider adding "culture" to your education. There's a wonderful little film making fun of these tin-foil hats called "Dr. Strangelove" which is arguably the most famous black comedic film of all-time. Type "communism fluoride" into Google and watch General Ripper give a lecture about it. It's supposed to be funny, but you haven't seen the film, so you don't get the joke.
-- Political fascism requires a Fuhrer.
So? Fracking is bad? Or some idiot running a sewage plant got dollarsigns in his eyes and signed a deal his plant couldn't handle without breaking the law?
0x or or snor perron?!
The problem isn't socialism, it's capitalism. When the ownership of things is private, it doesn't matter where the direction is coming from. State-controlled, privately owned enterprises are called "socialist" because "ownership" for economic definition is defined by control, not profit flow. But that's incorrect, because the "owner", being private, can take their ball and go home, no matter how much "control" the government claims. So your thesis is correct for incorrect definitions of "socialist".
Learn to love Alaska
I make it a point not to speak assertively on subjects I have no expertise in. I had my suspicions on the parent post, but I try to give everyone the benefit of the doubt =)
I've followed this case for decades, and the producer also had a few truckloads of the soil brought back to use on the sound stage, because the color was so intense it would have been noticeable if the earth was a different color in the same scene cuts.
I wonder if all that 'imported' radioactive soil is still on a Hollywood back lot somewhere, or if it got disbursed and has been irradiating unsuspecting people for decades?
There was a company called latitude solutions that came up with an electro precipitation method for cleaning water. It would even clean oil out of the water. Too bad one of their CEO's bankrupted the company by stealing its money and took my stock with it. Maybe somebody will start it up again someday, they certainly have a use for the technology
Private profit public losses.
Republican free type market.
He's a lot more likely to come from a very hippie background than anything to do with the Tea Party or NASCAR. You think the people in the infield at Talladega worry about "nervousness, irritability, restlessness, insomnia, headaches, and heart palpitations after caffeine use" or that "fluoride is the reagent for the synthesis of fluorocarbons"? More like "makes me feel like I need another beer" and "the shit that made Freon so expensive".
Obama is a big government socialist
Your "thesis" is based on the false assumption quoted above, the only people on the planet who believe Obama is a socialist are a minority of American right-wing partisans who quite frankly make Genghis Khan look like a "bleeding heart liberal". What's worse, neither the assumption or the thesis are "yours", they are both standard elements of Tea Party dogma.
And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
Business secrets & patents to cover them are mutually exclusive. Patent something & its no longer a secret--if it's a good idea a substitute will be reverse engineered faster than you can say Jack Rabbit.
Consumption of large amounts of caffeine – usually more than 250 mg per day – can lead to a condition known as caffeinism. Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant physical and mental conditions including nervousness, irritability, restlessness, insomnia, headaches, and heart palpitations after caffeine use.[18]
It takes five to ten THOUSAND times as much sodium flouride to do what coffee will. That 5-10 grams? Swallow ONE gram of benzine and see what happens to you.
Sorry, dork, your tinfoil hat tea party sites may swallow your bullshit, but there are a few here at slashdot who are a little better educated.
Yeah, caffeine might have some unpleasant effects when taken in high doses, and it stains your teeth, but children today have a high incidence of dental fluorosis. It damages the enamel of the tooth when you are getting too much fluoride. The other problem with trusting the science on fluoride safety, is they test with medical grade fluoride, but the stuff put into the water is the industrial waste grade of fluoride. It comes from weapons manufacture as a toxic waste. So who knows what problems the impurities will cause.
Fluoride might be useful, although reading up on the guy who first promoted its use for teeth it seems he just made some pretty big assumptions. But still, it should not be overdosed. Smaller children, or people who are getting their daily allowance from other sources don't need it in their drinking water. And what about showering in it, washing your clothes in it, watering the lawn? Why should something like that be added to all water when you can't control the dose and usage anymore. I will get my fluoride from my toothpaste and drink only clean water, thank you.
Perhaps it is you who needs to get a little better educated.
-- ssoorrrryy,, dduupplleexx sswwiittcchh oonn.. -Quote found on actual fortune cookie.
Di-Mono-Hydrogen-Oxide? Surely you mean the deadly Dihydrogen Monoxide!
Tiller's Rule: Never use a word in written form that you've only heard and never read. You will end up looking foolish.
20% (according to TFA) of the poisoned water stays underground, so they don't have to deal with it now. Our children will.
Nineteen hundred and forty-six. 1946, Mandrake. How does that coincide with your post-war Commie conspiracy, huh? It's incredibly obvious, isn't it? A foreign substance is introduced into our precious bodily fluids without the knowledge of the individual. Certainly without any choice. That's the way your hard-core Commie works.
===
For the first 9 years of their life, my kids drank fluoridated water. They had no teeth problems and that benefit even though fluoridated water stopped due to political pressure. The dentists in the community were for fluoridated water, they did not need extra cavities to fill, but....
My sons and daughter, now age 40, 39, and 32 have no cavities, not one. My wife and I have minor cavities, as we were adults when we moved into that community. We use fluoridated toothpaste, but that is full of crap, I don't think it works.
Fluoridated water does provide benefits. The actual percentage of fluoride is so low that boiling water to reduce the amount of liquid by 10, will still not bring the concentration level anywhere near a concern level. You would have to reduce the water by 100 times before you would worry. And no, you would not drink 100 glasses of water at one sitting. Sigh. Sometimes we listen to fear-mongering. One argument was that the machine putting in the 5-10 drops of flouride in the municipal filtration system could error and deposit 1000 times more. We had to show that the bottle of flouride only held the days supply, but even so, we lost the fight.
Locally we cant find fluoridated water or tablets to add to a pitcher of water. Our grandkids drink bottled water with their lunches or when they are out on the sports field. Our bottled water is sold to the bottler by the city. It sells it to the bottler and is it is provided directly from the municipalities filtration system. The bottler, has one filtration level additional to insure no particle could get into one of the bottles. Sometimes they add an ounce of spring water to 1000 gallons of tap water to indicate that the plastic bottle of water contains spring water.
Leslie Satenstein Montreal Quebec Canada
" This research provides [i]preliminary[i] evidence that [i]these and similar[/i] WWTPs [i]may not[/i]be able to provide sufficient treatment for this wastewater stream, and more thorough monitoring is recommended."
Lot of "weasel words" here. Remember that turning in a report that says "everything is just fine" or "this is not worth a huge grant to my school" or "existing laws cover this" is not popular with those who benefit from the "fear du jour" with power, money or both. You have to at least ask for more funds to study the problem; when I wrote grants, I had generic boilerplate text for just that purpose :)
I remember a report sent to congress in the 1800's that the invention of motorized vehicles will make mobile artillery possible! Fortresses will be useless! Rapid troop movement will make cavalry obsolete! The solution was more laws to prevent private ownership of such things, federalization of all stores of gasoline and benzene, etc.
Dyslexics of the world untie.
Learn to love Alaska
What is the burning question on the minds of agnostic dyslexics everywhere?
Is there a Dog?
Tiller's Rule: Never use a word in written form that you've only heard and never read. You will end up looking foolish.
The Romans poisoned themselves by drinking from lead containers...The Americans poisoned themselves and their drinking water by allowing fracking ! Greed and cutting corners has always had consequences it seems !
The reference.
They aren't recovering most of the fluids. For a single well, it takes 5 million gallons of water mixed with 5% of their fracking fluids with the BETX problems in it. They are only recovering less than 50% of this water. The rest goes into ground water and wells that people have on their properties or into the cities water reservoirs. If you think the wastewater treatment plants are having a hard time dealing with it, how does a homeowner who has a polluted well?
IMHO, it needs to be banned until the full effects are understood and regulations are around it so that this doesn't end up happening. Unfortunately, there are many cases which is already has.