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Graphene Could Be Dangerous To Humans and the Environment

Zothecula (1870348) writes "It's easy to get carried away when you start talking about graphene. Its properties hold the promise of outright technological revolution in so many fields that it has been called a wonder material. Two recent studies, however, give us a less than rosy angle. In the first, a team of biologists, engineers and material scientists at Brown University examined graphene's potential toxicity in human cells. Another study by a team from University of California, Riverside's Bourns College of Engineering examined how graphene oxide nanoparticles might interact with the environment if they found their way into surface or ground water sources."

34 of 135 comments (clear)

  1. Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Viol8 · · Score: 4, Funny

    Graphene oxide is CO2 FFS.

    1. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Informative

      Only if you really oxidize it, good and hard. Carbon's ability to bond fairly strongly with itself, and graphite's mixture of strong bonds within layers and weak bonds between them allow for a variety of vexingly complex oxidized forms that definitely have a lot more oxygen grafted on than the non-oxide form; but still retain much of their graphite layer structure.

    2. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Viol8 · · Score: 4, Informative

      "Only if you really oxidize it, good and hard"

      Yes - its called fire!

      Joking aside , it does seem the nano engineers are somewhat taking liberties with the chemical naming system since graphene isn't an element - its an allotrope. You might as well say diamond oxide which would be equally non sensical.

    3. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Vinegar+Joe · · Score: 2

      Carbon? Ban it!

      --
      "The average reporter we talk to is 27 years old......They literally know nothing." - Ben Rhodes
    4. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Informative

      I get the impression that, once you get into the realm of molecules that can easily be thousands to tens of thousands of atoms in size (and, just for extra fun, 'graphene oxide nanoparticle' isn't even a specific molecule, just a gigantic class of various differently shaped and sized hunks of graphene with assorted oxidizers grafted on here and there. There might actually be no two alike in a modestly sized sample...) 'systematic naming' becomes a bit of a joke. Assuming your pet molecule doesn't break some hitherto trusted rule it can probably be named; but you aren't going to want to read the result.

      It's still arguably sloppy, there just aren't terribly good options.

    5. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by Sockatume · · Score: 4, Informative

      Chemist here: the "chemical naming system" as you so quaintly put it makes enormous distinctions between materials with the same composition but different structures, so yes, we refer to graphene oxide, graphite oxide, oxidised diamond, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and every other possible combination of carbon and oxygen because they have entirely different properties.

      --
      No kidding!!! What do you say at this point?
    6. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by rossdee · · Score: 2

      But CO2 is toxic to humans (volcanos have killed entire villages with CO2 clouds) and theres the greenhouse problem, which we are now feeling the effects of. We don't need more C02 in the atmosphere.

    7. Re:Graphene Oxide? Its May 1st , not April 1st by interkin3tic · · Score: 3, Funny

      Definitely a joke. Here's someone saying the full IUPAC name for the largest known protein (the apt common name being Titin.) If you have three and a half hours to kill, I'm sure it's enthralling.

  2. A nuisance, really... by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Interesting

    We like exotic nanostructures because they have cool properties that their bulk counterparts don't. Unfortunately, this ends up meaning that a knowledge of the toxicology of the bulk material is of only limited use for inferring what the cool nanostructure will do. Carbon shows signs of potentially being rather nastier in its fancy forms than it is in more familiar flavors; but other nanomaterials might go the other way.

    1. Re:A nuisance, really... by ultranova · · Score: 4, Informative

      Carbon shows signs of potentially being rather nastier in its fancy forms than it is in more familiar flavors; but other nanomaterials might go the other way.

      Unlikely. The problem with "nano" anything is that small particles are hard to filter out, for example by your nose and throat, and thus tend to get where they aren't wanted, for example into your lungs. Whenever you hear "nanoparticle" think "really fine dust"; if the bulk material is toxic, why wouldn't the dust be? Remember that poison needs to get into your body to poison you, so a solid lump is harmless unless you eat it, but dust tends to float in the air and get sucked in when you inhale.

      But luckily, most of the promises of graphene - specifically, carbon nanotubes - depend on producing longer fibers, which should have the side effect of solving this problem.

      --

      Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

    2. Re:A nuisance, really... by KozmoStevnNaut · · Score: 4, Interesting

      That depends on a lot of factors. Do you know why asbestos causes cancer? The fibers are fine enough that they will physically damage your DNA. I see very little reason why carbon nanotubes shouldn't be capable of the same thing.

      --
      Eat the rich.
    3. Re:A nuisance, really... by mrchaotica · · Score: 2

      Whenever you hear "nanoparticle" think "really fine dust"; if the bulk material is toxic, why wouldn't the dust be?

      And even if the bulk material isn't toxic, the dust could still be (due to the particles' physical shape, not its chemical properties). See, for example, silicosis.

      --

      "[Regarding the 'cloud,'] ownership was what made America different than Russia." -- Woz

    4. Re:A nuisance, really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Tell that to the pencil lead I have stuck in my hand from 20 years ago...

    5. Re:A nuisance, really... by morethanapapercert · · Score: 4, Interesting
      Having two such marks myself, I have to say that what you have is not a pencil lead stuck in your skin, not any more anyway. By now what you have is a graphite tattoo. Graphite is the most stable allotrope of carbon in most conditions, making it far more likely to remain within the dermis for years and years. As others have pointed out, graphene is the common name for many different forms of carbon atoms arranged in regular sheets. Many of these forms are far less stable/more reactive than common graphite, which is what makes them interesting to us. A form of graphene that sees use as a nano level sponge or reactive substrate is probably not going to be particularly stable within the human body, which is where the concern about toxicity comes in. Any really stable form of graphene, like the ones where its physical strength is the primary purpose, is also likely to be less reactive and hence, less of a danger.

      tl;dr version: Any material, nano or otherwise, which would make a good tattoo ink (lightfast, relatively immobile in the dermis, non-oxidizing etc) is not likely to be very toxic, except perhaps in relatively large amounts.

      --
      I need a wheelchair van for my son. Help me get the word out. https://www.gofundme.com/wheelchair-van-for-jj
  3. Grey goo by kruach+aum · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Ever since I first heard about the idea of grey goo, I've always wondered why no-one realises that grey goo already exists: they're called bacteria and viruses. They reproduce unchecked, can have catastrophic consequences for all other forms of life, and are largely carbon-based nano-machines.

    1. Re:Grey goo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      Ever since I first heard about the idea of grey goo, I've always wondered why no-one realises that grey goo already exists: they're called bacteria and viruses. They reproduce unchecked, can have catastrophic consequences for all other forms of life, and are largely carbon-based nano-machines.

      The idea of self-replicating small entities is the same, but that bacteria is micrometer scale not nanoscale aside, the difference is the scenario where gray goo consume everything. Virus replicate only within living cells, and most of them in a non-deadly (even if somewhat harmful) symbiosis with the host. Grey goo nano-machines consume raw materials, not only us, but all the stuff around us (including what we try to contain them with).

    2. Re:Grey goo by kruach+aum · · Score: 2

      I don't know, viruses seem to be working just fine to me.

    3. Re:Grey goo by khellendros1984 · · Score: 2

      They'd use internally-stored energy to consume the glass for use as a structural material, possibly using sunlight as a further energy source as they did so. As far as cellulose, life *did* evolve a way to eat it eons ago. How else would you explain the gut flora of termites?

      --
      It is pitch black. You are likely to be eaten by a grue.
  4. Yeah, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    Is it more toxic than the widely-used dihydrogen monoxide?

    1. Re:Yeah, but... by Vinegar+Joe · · Score: 2

      Yes, and the amount being manufactured is increasing. And this at time when we're drowning in dihydrogen monoxide.

      --
      "The average reporter we talk to is 27 years old......They literally know nothing." - Ben Rhodes
  5. Re:One word by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    That's two words!

  6. Wonder material by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    A wonder material that turns out to be extremely dangerous?

    You don't say? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

    1. Re:Wonder material by indytx · · Score: 2

      A wonder material that turns out to be extremely dangerous?

      You don't say? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A...

      I was thinking the same thing. Mesothelioma is a horrible way to go.

      --
      Make love, not reality television.
    2. Re:Wonder material by elwinc · · Score: 2

      Then again, 90%-95% of asbestos (crystotile) used wasn't carcinogenic, and the remaining 5% of asbestos used was only carcinogenic to smokers. http://scienceworld.wolfram.co...

      Thanks for the excellent link. It does NOT support your summary. For example: "amphiboles are more potent than chrysotile in the induction of fibrotic lung disease and associated lung cancer" does NOT mean chrysotile is non carcinogenic. Similarly, "Asbestos-induced cancer is found only rarely in nonsmokers" does not support your claim that amphibole asbestos " was only carcinogenic to smokers."

      --
      --- Often in error; never in doubt!
  7. This time will be different! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The biological properties of lead were very well known.
    Didn't keep people from adding it to fuel and blowing it out of the tail pipes of virtually every car for a couple of decades.
    This time it's nano materials.
    The only thing we learn from history is that we don't learn from history.

    1. Re:This time will be different! by Sockatume · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Begging your pardon, but isn't the fact that graphene is being studied for low-level toxicity and environmental impacts before it's in actual use evidence that we have, in fact, learned from history?

      --
      No kidding!!! What do you say at this point?
  8. Maybe it would eventually spread out and turn all by mark_reh · · Score: 4, Interesting

    the carbon on the planet into nanotube meshes or sheets, eventually pulling all the carbon out of the air. Like Ice 9!

  9. "Could* *be"? by L4t3r4lu5 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Come back when you can say "is" or "isn't". Until then, this doesn't even qualify as tabloid-worthy. It's not even a supposition, as that would require you to state an opinion either way, regardless of how ill informed.

    --
    Finally had enough. Come see us over at https://soylentnews.org/
  10. Re:One word by delt0r · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Yea so its going to turn all the other elements into carbon? Its going dissipate its heat how?

    The laws of physics, the way the universe works in other words, precludes a grey goo any worse than we already have. aka bacteria.

    --
    If information wants to be free, why does my internet connection cost so much?
  11. Order of Magnitude? by AlecC · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It is hardly surprising that graphene can, in some circumstances, be dangerous. Exhaust particulates, which he have known for years are dangerous, contain (now we know what we are looking for) large numbers of graphene nanoparticles, which may well contribute to their damaging effects. Just about every chemical ever tested has bad effects at some scale. What I didn't get from either article was any sense of the scale of the danger. Obviously, it is early days in the research, and one would only expect an order of magnitude estimate. But is is such a danger that we should not allow graphene products into the home lest they spill, or merely one which demands normal safety precautions in the factories for future graphene products? A warning of danger without some idea of the scale of the problem is just sensationalist: it induces fear without giving any idea as to what should be done, if anything,

    --
    Consciousness is an illusion caused by an excess of self consciousness.
    1. Re:Order of Magnitude? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      "All substances are poisonous; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy" Von der Besucht, Paracelsus, 1567

  12. Re:Razor wire by AlecC · · Score: 2

    It is imaginable that a fibre such as you describe could be one of the products which could be made with graphene. But the nanoparticles being described in the articles are dangerous at the cellular level, not at the size of an arm. They are much more like incredibly fine, incredibly hard grit.

    --
    Consciousness is an illusion caused by an excess of self consciousness.
  13. The armies of the stupid are on the march by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Graphene too dangerous in the environment? Well better ban all wood fires and BBQ grills because graphene forms pretty commonly on the inside of metal stoves/grills.

    Chicken little is at it again.

  14. Oxidane by tepples · · Score: 5, Informative

    Dihydrogen monoxide, hydrogen hydroxide, hydroxylic acid, etc. are all humorous names for the abundant compound oxidane. In solid phase it's also called ice, in liquid phase it's water, and in gas phase it's steam. It doesn't have the same sort of allotropic variation as elemental carbon.