Slashdot Mirror


Science By Democracy Doesn't Work

StartsWithABang writes The US Senate just voted on whether climate change is a hoax, knowing full well that debates or votes don't change what is or isn't scientifically true or valid. Nevertheless, debates have always been a thing in science, and they do have their place: in raising what points would be needed to validate, robustly confirm or refute competing explanations, theories or ideas. The greatest scientific debate in all of history — along with its conclusions — illustrates exactly this.

64 of 497 comments (clear)

  1. Of course it does! by jeffb+(2.718) · · Score: 4, Funny

    Because the majority said so.

  2. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Spazmania · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Yes, it's called consensus and no, it isn't science. Not when politicians do it. Not when scientists do it.

    --
    Moderating "-1, Disagree" is simple censorship. Have the guts to post your opinion.
  3. Science by Democracy? by wezelboy · · Score: 2

    I don't think that word means what you think it means.

    Try "Science by Oligarchy".

  4. So what was the result?? by jez9999 · · Score: 3, Funny

    Is it a hoax? I'm on tenterhooks.

    1. Re:So what was the result?? by Zocalo · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Is climate change real and not a hoax?: Yes (98:1) - Sen. Roger Wicker (R-MS) voted "Yes"

      Do humans contribute significantly to climate change?: No (50:49) - All the Dems plus a few Reps votes "Yes". Key to that result however is that before the vote Sen. Lisa Murkoswki (R-AK) took exception to the word "significantly", which I actually think is a reasonable point given the available data that tries to quantify our contribution to the changes.

      The question that remains unanswered is how many of those 50 that voted "No" in the second vote would have voted differently if the contentious "significantly" wasn't present. That's almost certainly more than zero, so it appears that the disconnect between what US politicians and scientists believe about climate change and AGW might not be as far apart as some are portraying it, and might not even exist at all.

      --
      UNIX? They're not even circumcised! Savages!
    2. Re:So what was the result?? by Nemyst · · Score: 2, Insightful

      If you remove significantly from the second question, then it loses all meaning. Humans could contribute 0.000001% and the answer would still be "yes", but they'd consider it not to be a problem because it's so small.

    3. Re:So what was the result?? by wile_e_wonka · · Score: 2

      Personally, I think voting is a great way to determine truth. When that doesn't work, generally a wrestling match does.

    4. Re:So what was the result?? by Citizen+of+Earth · · Score: 3, Insightful

      They're not even debating the right question: Are humans causing a climate change that will cause us considerable harm?

    5. Re:So what was the result?? by phantomfive · · Score: 3, Insightful

      And that is a question not even scientists are sure of....scientists aren't even sure how much warming CO2 causes. So it's not surprising congress gets confused.

      --
      "First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
  5. Then by rossdee · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Its just as well that we don't live in a democracy

    1. Re:Then by xigxag · · Score: 2

      Sigh. Not this again.

      We don't live in a direct democracy. We do live in a representative democracy which also happens to be a republic.

      --
      There are two kinds of people: 1) those who start arrays with one and 1) those who start them with zero.
  6. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Consensus isn't science, but it's a method of determining which of the competing scientific theories should be used as a basis of policy. It may not be a good method, but other methods are worse.

  7. A question for all the"deniers". by Viol8 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Just what exactly do you expect will happen if you almost double the amount of the atmospheres main persistent infra red absorber? And if you think it will have no effect can you please explain why you think this.

    I'm just curious because I'm sure your stand is based on sound scientific reasoning rather than a rather pathetic attempt at self justification for a "lets carry on business as usual I don't care" approach to the issue which unfortunately is a standard human response to a lot of big problems.

    1. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by itzly · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Except for the persistent part.

    2. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Because we have had colder temperatures with more CO2 in the past and the earth is primarily a self regulating eco-system leading to stability.

      Climate alarmists would have you believe the climate we had recently is closer to perfect and like a boulder balanced on top of a mountain where in any change could cause it all to topple. In reality it's more like a boulder in a valley.

      We still have NO credible numbers as to what percent of temperature is MAN MADE and what is natural cycle.

      If you run the CO2 vs Temperature prediction (simulation) charts backwards in time they do not level out and reflect the known history, they show a warped negative value suggesting the effect multiplier values being used are inflated.

      The whole thing is based on flawed computer simulation.

      Have you ever written a simulation? I have. You have to use simplification of calculations and use predetermined result tables to avoid doing the calculations to get any kind of speed in result return. This causes deviance from true simulation. The only way to accurately simulate the real thing is to build the real thing.

    3. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by TheRaven64 · · Score: 2

      Because we have had colder temperatures with more CO2 in the past

      This is true, but those times also had significantly higher ice concentrations. Paint a big chunk of the ground (and sea area) white and you'll see the

      the earth is primarily a self regulating eco-system leading to stability

      If you can say this with a straight face, then you have no idea of the history of the climate.

      --
      I am TheRaven on Soylent News
    4. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by Tranzistors · · Score: 3, Interesting

      By "self regulating eco-system" AC meant that Earth always has a climate. And at some point (indefinite future) it will stabilize. Did snowball Earth (if such existed) have climate? Yes. Was it stable? Sure, for a while. So there you have it.

    5. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      Have you ever written a simulation? I have. You have to use simplification of calculations and use predetermined result tables to avoid doing the calculations to get any kind of speed in result return. This causes deviance from true simulation. The only way to accurately simulate the real thing is to build the real thing.

      As someone who has written a number of simulations, you are full of shit. You certainly don't use lookup tables to determine results of the thing that you are calculating; if you have a well behaved submodel that is part of the larger simulation, you can use precomputed results but that is completely different. Further, you can get the simulations that they are running; here's one: GISS GCM E. They are 'true simulations' in any meaningful definition of the word; they are not using "predetermined result tables" to determine the results of the simulation.

    6. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by ballpoint · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Just what exactly do you expect will happen if you almost double the amount of the atmospheres main persistent infra red absorber? And if you think it will have no effect can you please explain why you think this.

      I'm just curious because I'm sure your stand is based on sound scientific reasoning rather than a rather pathetic attempt at self justification for a "lets carry on business as usual I don't care" approach to the issue which unfortunately is a standard human response to a lot of big problems.

      The mean temperature may rise 0.6C. Could be marginally less due to negative feedbacks (hitherto underestimated cloud cover) and other random causes (more than average volcanoes popping, the sun having a fit, an asteroid impact...), could be marginally more due to positive feedbacks (water vapor amplification, hitherto belied by the facts) and other random causes (less than average volcanoes popping, the sun having a fit, ...). Let's assume another doubling follows after that before we can't pull any (hydro)carbon out of the ground anymore, because it's not worth to get. We're looking at 1.2C worst case, coming from a post-ice-age low.

      I'm old enough to have lived through a significant part of the warming period, and experienced and wise enough to see and comprehend that its supposed negative effects are ranging from undetectable to utterly insignificant and easily adapted to, and will continue to remain so.

      AGW biggest problems are its side effects: destructive interference by an idiocracy of dogooders, busybodies, recycled leftists and politicians and the time lost by more sensible people having to push back. Look at the cost to the society due to loss of productivity by this discussion alone.

      --
      Flourescent (adj): smelling like ground wheat.
    7. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by itzly · · Score: 3, Informative

      The mean temperature may rise 0.6C.

      Current state-of-the-art climate models span a range of 2.6–4.1 C, most clustering around 3 C, according to http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~ste...

    8. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by ballpoint · · Score: 2

      Then the facts of the long-time trend - even after all the massaging, tweaking and adjusting of the historic record - being near or below the lower error bars of said cluster are proving previous and current state-of-the-art climate models very wrong.

      --
      Flourescent (adj): smelling like ground wheat.
    9. Re:A question for all the"deniers". by itzly · · Score: 3, Informative

      First of all, we haven't doubled CO2 yet. We've only added about 35%. Secondly, the 3C sensitivity is the steady state number. Right now, we're still in flux, as the oceans take considerable time to warm up. So, even if we stopped adding CO2 now, the temperature would continue to rise for decades.

  8. Its about allocation of funding dollars by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Debate on scientific endeavors does work, because the primary purpose of congress is to fund various programs. Climate change debate in the political realm is all about transferring wealth from other productive areas of the economy. For arguments sake I'll agree there is climate change, and I'll agree to pay a few hundred million of our tax dollars for it, but no more. If you want to spent billions - well then, you've just discovered where the real debate is, and why this is going on in congress. I don't think it's as important as you think it is in dollar terms.

    We can also argue about what's causing it, but at the end of the day it's about how many resources get allocated to doing something about it. Some of us think it's a fake issue to reallocate dollars into pet projects. It has happened before. What if we spend the billions and the next 10 years are the coldest on record? Will we get our money back or will we have to fund a new project to deal with global cooling?

    1. Re:Its about allocation of funding dollars by itzly · · Score: 2

      What if we wean our economy off of fossil fuels for nothing ?

    2. Re:Its about allocation of funding dollars by Archangel+Michael · · Score: 2

      Let me know when you have something viable (politically, economically) that has energy density of fossil fuels, that is also carbon neutral. Right now, (this moment) there is nothing even close. When oil prices increase there will be a point when it is viable, until then ... good luck.

      --
      Agent K: A *person* is smart. People are dumb, stupid, panicky animals, and you know it.
  9. A brave new world by pesho · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Used to be that in a democracy we will weight the facts and then vote on a decision. Now it seems we live in a Yakov Smirnoff joke were we make the decision and then vote on the facts. Except it is not Soviet Russia...

  10. Re:The good thing about it is.. by JackieBrown · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I'd agree with that is the bill was just a vote on whether climate change is real or not. It's attached to another bill.

    The democrats voted in mass for Obama Care. Are you saying that means they agree and support everything in it? Because recent history would prove that wrong.

  11. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by ganjadude · · Score: 2

    its called political posturing. Instead of actually doing things congress should be doing, like working down the debt, they sit here with a yes or no vote on whether they believe in X. I see a huge problem with it because it does absolutely nothing other than give ammo to congresscritters to say "see, he voted against it look at that idiot!!"

    --
    have you seen my sig? there are many others like it but none that are the same
  12. Who'd have thought it... by GoddersUK · · Score: 2

    ...science relies on evidence and is not swayed by what I, arbitrary authorities or consensus believes. But this goes both ways:

    Now I'm not familiar with the US vote. It does seem reasonable, as policy makers and legislators are going to have to respond to climate change in their legislation, that they decide whether they buy the arguments for it or not. And given that the US uses a democratic framework for legislating it doesn't seem unreasonable that the legislature uses a democratic vote to take such an opinion collectively.

    You see, that's the great thing about science. It's true, they can't just vote it away. But it's not an authority - you can't demand congress address climate change just because the men in white coats say so - you have to address evidence based, logically sound arguments to them. And your opponents can respond with arguments of their own. And the adjudicator has to choose between them.

    If you think that no one has the right to challenge the sanctity of the holy scientific truth then you're just as bad as the politician who thinks they can vote objective reality away.

    So this vote may be stupid (or it may not be), but, inherently speaking, a group voting on how to collectively respond to some argument isn't necessarily.

  13. This had nothing to do with science by sjbe · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The US Senate just voted on whether climate change is a hoax, knowing full well that debates or votes don't change what is or isn't scientifically true or valid.

    You think this vote had anything to do with science? This is about power and policy. It's about pandering to a group of voters. It's about setting a stage for the next election. It's about getting votes. It has nothing to do with science and everything to do with power.

    Science should inform public policy but nothing forces politicians to actually care what scientists tell them if the facts diverge from political needs. If a politician needs to proclaim that gravity is a hoax to get votes then they will do that and do it with a straight face.

  14. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 5, Insightful

    How does one determine when science has "fully resolved" a question ? Also, it's impossible to not have a policy while we wait. Right now, our policy is to keep producing CO2 at about the same rate. What exactly should we base that policy on, if not for our current best scientific understanding ?

  15. Wrong approach - they should make it illegal! by HnT · · Score: 2

    This is clearly the wrong approach, they should simply make it illegal. Make everyone worry for the safety of their children (spontaneous combustion!) and explain that climate change is clearly a form of terrorism thus it is super-über-illegal. That should do it.

    --
    "Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any copyright law on the planet." - Mark Twain
  16. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by arpad1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    How does one determine when science has "fully resolved" a question? When the hypothesis has experimental/observational verification. Policy based on any other standard, like a consensus of dubious objectivity, is a crap shoot.

    --
    Minutus cantorum, minutus balorum, minutus carborata descendum pantorum.
  17. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Roodvlees · · Score: 3, Informative

    In science nothing ever gets 'fully resolved'. It's not religion where babies burn in hell, then go to limbo to get more believers then they go to heaven to get even more believers. It's driven by understanding and improving that understanding.

    The point of "this is perfect and certainly true" does not exist.

    --
    Thank you, Bradley Manning, Edward Snowden and so many others, for courageously defending humanity, my freedom and more!
  18. Unconstitutional by Qzukk · · Score: 2

    Clearly it's a violation of the separation of powers. Only the judicial branch can decide reality, like the judge ruling that deepwater horizon spilled 3.19 million barrels of oil.

    --
    If I have been able to see further than others, it is because I bought a pair of binoculars.
  19. Outcome of the vote by physicsphairy · · Score: 3, Informative

    By 98 to 1, U.S. Senate passes amendment saying climate change is real, not a hoax

    Personally, when "the senate just voted" is linked to something in the summary, I would expect the link to tell me more about the outcome.

    1. Re:Outcome of the vote by ohnocitizen · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Mod parent up with the result. Also the purpose of the vote. The vote was a strategic tool by one party to get members of the other party on the record about climate change. To what degree that works we'll get to see in the next Senate campaign (if any of the Democrats are able to effectively use it in their campaigns). But this isn't about legislating science - its about applying political pressure to the people who deny science to secure votes. While I am not sure how effective that will be I would love to see bills about creationism hit the federal level. Can you imagine your Senator on the record saying they think creationism is valid science?

  20. Elevated CO2 levels impair decision making ability by kenj123 · · Score: 2

    here's a link: http://www.partel.ie/blog/?p=3... there are other effects from CO2 then climate changed. Decreased cognition was detected at 1000ppm. its a problem in air conditioned buildings with high recycle. At some increasing levels needs to be addressed.

  21. Bad title. by SCHecklerX · · Score: 2

    Science by democracy isn't science.

  22. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 3, Informative

    The data from the last decade fits the rising trend perfectly.

    https://tamino.wordpress.com/2...

  23. Tobacco science by goombah99 · · Score: 2

    I take it you are not yet persuaded by the science against smoking cigarettes?

    Please mod parent -1 disagree.

    --
    Some drink at the fountain of knowledge. Others just gargle.
  24. Democracy by k2dk · · Score: 2

    Democracy is counting skulls instead of brains. - Cant remember :)

  25. Re:science by clickbait doesn't work either by BarbaraHudson · · Score: 5, Informative

    The US Senate just voted on whether climate change is a hoax

    Especially since (1) he doesn't tell us the result of the vote, and (2) he links back to yesterday's article on slashdot that covered the same thing, and to the same article on his web site as yesterday. Nothing - nothing - whatsoever to see here.

    --
    "Transparent" is a shit show that trades on every stereotype going. A man in drag is NOT a transsexual.
  26. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Kierthos · · Score: 4, Insightful

    You're right. We should use quantum mechanics instead as a basis for laws regarding houses, roads and bridges, because that's much more applicable to houses, roads, and bridges than Newtonian physics.

    --
    Mr. Hu is not a ninja.
  27. As expected ... by garry_g · · Score: 2

    ... only scientifically challenged (read: morons) would vote on whether scientific results are true. Why don't they let SCIENTISTS vote on the issue? Oh, right, because 97% of the scientists stating the climate change is true would overrule the 3% that say it isn't ...

  28. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by DarkOx · · Score: 2

    We should base policy on what the majority of 'the people' (read voters without regard for what internationally other people want) wish to do, after they have been made aware of the risk a large number of scientists believe to exist.

    --
    Repeal the 17th Amendment TODAY! Also Please Read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html
  29. Society... by mrops · · Score: 2

    ...by democracy really doesn't work too well either.

    Its the best we have, but it doesn't work, more so in a polarized society.

    1. Re:Society... by Jane+Q.+Public · · Score: 2

      Wow....it was a straight up freedom of speech decision.

      No, it wasn't. It was anything but. By effectively declaring that money = speech, the Supreme Court tried to make this a country in which some people get to have much more speech than others. And that is so clearly an anti-American conclusion that it WILL inevitably be overturned.

      But back to the main topic. This isn't as big a deal -- or quite the "victory" -- that some people have been crowing about.

      First, it's ridiculous to try to declare science settled by legislative fiat. It's about as smart as the old story about declaring Pi equal to 3.0... and it was the Democrats who just tried to do it. So now they have egg on their faces.

      Second, while the vote agreed that climate change was real, any language that would also agree that it was man-caused was left out.

      So the whole thing was a huge straw man of no consequence whatever. Anybody who declares this to be some kind of "victory" is an idiot.

  30. Re:The good thing about it is.. by JackieBrown · · Score: 2

    If the republicans of the past 15 years wanted what a mass gov pushed for his state, they would have passed it when Bush was in office.

    The dems own this.

  31. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Kirth · · Score: 3, Informative

    None. When science hasn't fully resolved a question based on the evidence, none of the competing theories should be used as a basis for public policy.

    Bogus. Science is not about "fully resolving" but about "models that work". Yes you could back the "wrong" scientifc theory when making policy, but in most cases they will differ only in corner cases. And even better, you can choose a response that addresses the problem, no matter which theory is correct. Even if global warming today was mainly caused by volcanoes, would it make sense to pump out even more CO2?

    However, if there's a debate like there is in the US with climate change, with opinions 180 degrees the opposite, you can be sure that one side is only spouting complete bollocks and propaganda. Especially when you notice that one side has most of the scientists on its side, and the other mostly politicians.

    --
    "The more prohibitions there are, The poorer the people will be" -- Lao Tse
  32. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by danbob999 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    None. When science hasn't fully resolved a question based on the evidence, none of the competing theories should be used as a basis for public policy.

    Now I understand the denial logic. Let say science is 90% confident that a comet is going to crash on the earth, we shouldn't do anything since the question is not fully resolved, right? That's just plain stupid, whether it's applied to a comet or climate change. Man made climate change is happening. Are we 100% confident? No, but close enough so that we should live accordingly. Again, is the science 100% settled? No. But while we continue research on the matter, there is no reason not to act.

  33. Bias: but for them - not me! by Layzej · · Score: 5, Insightful

    So funny. First you say the data shows no global warming. Then you are shown the data, and the data shows a clear continuation of the trend with no pause whatsoever. Suddenly, when it is clear that the data no longer confirms your preconceptions, you turn against the data and say that it is not trustworthy. Then you go on to talk about how preconceptions can result in biases - but you seem to have no self awareness whatsoever! Classic :)

  34. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 3, Insightful

    The future hasn't happened yet.

  35. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 2

    Sounds good. May be a challenge to get all the Congress members to do that, though.

  36. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 5, Insightful

    By creating hypothesis and then testing it, experimentally and verifying results, you know SCIENCE.

    That's what 95% of the climate scientists believe we have done. If that's not enough, please explain your exact criteria. WHO must do all the things you mention, and WHEN does the general public know they have been done correctly ?

  37. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by itzly · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The difference is that you can duplicate the tests, measurements and models, and that you are invited to come up with alternative explanations.

  38. not the only thing that doesn't work by democracy by roman_mir · · Score: 2

    Science is not the only thing that does not work by democracy, very few things actually work by democracy.

    Building a better car doesn't work by democracy.
    Economics doesn't work by democracy.
    A wealthy and healthy society doesn't work by democracy.

    An individual is smart, a mob is made of idiotic, selfish, panicky, stupid animals and that's somehow is supposed to produce better results? Ha!

  39. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by phantomfive · · Score: 2, Informative

    That's what 95% of the climate scientists believe we have done.

    I don't know why you think that. All climate scientists who are not in a coma (or on vacation in Aruba collecting temperature data) are aware that the models are wrong. The hypothesis is wrong and needs to be adjusted. And scientists aren't stupid, that is exactly what they are doing, thinking of different ways to adjust the hypothesis. But it takes time.

    --
    "First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
  40. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by sjbe · · Score: 2

    We should base policy on what the majority of 'the people' (read voters without regard for what internationally other people want) wish to do, after they have been made aware of the risk a large number of scientists believe to exist.

    You don't let someone else drive you over a cliff just because they don't understand or care about the consequences of their actions. The electorate in general has not looked carefully at the evidence and many of them clearly do not understand it or are apparently ignoring the good of the many in favor of their own short term interests. It is VERY apparent that the electorate is not well informed on this issue and it is equally clear that short term economic self interest is very likely to result in long term harm.

  41. Stone Age ended, but not for lack of stones. by Layzej · · Score: 2

    Not sure what is meant by 'dire', but warming is in line with expectations. Here is a quote from the IPCC TAR in 2001 - a projection that has not changed in recent reports: "anthropogenic warming is likely to lie in the range 0.1 to 0.2C/decade over the next few decades under the IS92a scenario" That is exactly what we have seen.

    Regarding fuel supplies, Saudi Arabia plans to pump everything they can while people are still interested in oil. They do not believe they will run out:

    "Thirty years from now there will be a huge amount of oil - and no buyers. Oil will be left in the ground. The Stone Age came to an end, not because we had a lack of stones, and the oil age will come to an end not because we have a lack of oil."

    "in a world where a producer sees the end of its market on the horizon, then every barrel sold at a profit is more valuable than a barrel that will never be sold. Current Saudi oil minister Ali al-Naimi had this to say about production cuts in late December: "it is not in the interest of OPEC to cut their production whatever the price is," adding that even if prices fell to $20 "it is irrelevant." Implied, if not explicitly stated, is that Saudi Arabia wants its oil out of the ground, regardless of how thin its profit margin per barrel becomes." - http://www.nasdaq.com/article/...

  42. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Alsee · · Score: 2, Insightful

    if the same data has been used to claim a warming trend and the same data is used to say otherwise I'd call that invalid data.

    The same data has been used to claim men landed on the moon, and that the moon landing was a hoax. Therefore all data related to the moon landing should then be ignored. As it's proven flawed on both counts.

    -

    --
    - - You can't take something off the Internet! That's like trying to take pee out of a swimming pool.
  43. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Alsee · · Score: 2

    The denialists will still come up with an alternate interpretation of cherry-picked data from some crackpot blog, to prove you wrong.

    -

    --
    - - You can't take something off the Internet! That's like trying to take pee out of a swimming pool.
  44. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by marcosdumay · · Score: 3, Insightful

    An interesting aspect of science is that all our models are always wrong. And we are always aware of that.

  45. Re:Science by democracy doesn't work? by Layzej · · Score: 2
    You are going down the up escalator: http://www.skepticalscience.co...

    Over the last 37 years one can identify overlapping short windows of time when climate "skeptics" could have argued (and often did...) that global warming had stopped. And yet over the entire period question containing these six cooling trends, the underlying trend is one of rapid global warming (0.27C per decade, according to the new Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature [BEST] dataset). - http://www.skepticalscience.co...