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Second Gravitational Wave Detected From Ancient Black Hole Collision (theguardian.com)

An anonymous reader quotes a report from The Guardian: Physicists have detected ripples in the fabric of spacetime that were set in motion by the collision of two black holes far across the universe more than a billion years ago. The event marks only the second time that scientists have spotted gravitational waves, the tenuous stretching and squeezing of spacetime predicted by Einstein more than a century ago. The faint signal received by the twin instruments of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the US revealed two black holes circling one another 27 times before finally smashing together at half the speed of light. The cataclysmic event saw the black holes, one eight times more massive than the sun, the other 14 times more massive, merge into one about 21 times heavier than the sun. In the process, energy equivalent to the mass of the sun radiated into space as gravitational waves. Writing in the journal Physical Review Letters on Wednesday, the LIGO team describes how a second rush of gravitational waves showed up in their instrument a few months after the first, at 3.38am UK time on Boxing Day morning 2015. An automatic search detected the signals and emailed the LIGO scientists within minutes to alert them. The latest signals arrived at the Livingston detector 1.1milliseconds before they hit the Hanford detector, allowing scientists on the team to roughly work out the position of the collision in the sky. In February, LIGO scientists officially announced the first-ever observation of gravity waves.

220 comments

  1. ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Can we please 'discover' some gravity based technologies now?

    1. Re:ALIENS. by MobileTatsu-NJG · · Score: 5, Funny

      I tried building a sensor that detects gravity but in all my bench-tests it just kept pointing at your mom.

      --

      "I like to lick butts!" by MobileTatsu-NJG (#32700246) (Score:5, Informative)

    2. Re:ALIENS. by PopeRatzo · · Score: 5, Funny

      I tried building a sensor that detects gravity but in all my bench-tests it just kept pointing at your mom.

      FYI, your dick is not a gravity detecting sensor.

      --
      You are welcome on my lawn.
    3. Re:ALIENS. by Captain+Splendid · · Score: 0

      It is when it's got so much mass!

      --
      Linux, you magnificent bastard, I read the fucking manual!
    4. Re:ALIENS. by Khyber · · Score: 3, Informative

      Correction: It must be very tiny to be sensitive enough to accurately detect such distant large masses like GP's mom.

      --
      Still waiting on Serviscope_minor to wake up to fucking reality and realize that Jessica Price isn't going to fuck him.
    5. Re:ALIENS. by Lorens · · Score: 2

      In the David Weber's "Honor Harrington" universe he uses gravity waves. His gravity waves are faster than light (cue interesting plot details, of course), but the real ones detected by LIGO seem to propagate at something more on the order of 0.01 c. Does someone have a more exact value?

    6. Re: ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      0.010000000c

    7. Re:ALIENS. by Warma · · Score: 1

      Can you elaborate what makes you think, that the detected gravity waves propagate at 0.01c?

    8. Re:ALIENS. by Lumpy · · Score: 2

      How do you know they are not just reflections off the edge of the glass jar the universe is in?

      --
      Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
    9. Re:ALIENS. by michelcolman · · Score: 3, Informative

      but the real ones detected by LIGO seem to propagate at something more on the order of 0.01 c. Does someone have a more exact value?

      Sure, as far as we know, the exact value is c. Where did you find 0.01c?

      The distance between Livingston and Hanford is 3002 km, and the signals were received 1.1 milliseconds apart. In a straight line that would be rougly 3 million km/sec, or 10c. But obviously the signal came in at an angle. If it had come in perpendicular to the line between the two detectors, they would have detected it simultaneously. So it must have come from somewhere in between, I would say around 6 degrees off the perpendicular plane between the two detectors.

    10. Re:ALIENS. by rgbatduke · · Score: 1

      I think you slipped a decimal. The LIGO observatories are roughly 3000 km apart, so a straight line lag between them is around 10 milliseconds. A lag of 1 millisecond meansi that the (essentially plane) wave came in at a small angle relative to the perpendicular plane separating them. The triangle involved would (conveniently enough) have a short leg around 300 km long, and that's still a small angle so without a calculator roughly 0.1 radians on one or the other side of the perpendicular plane. I'm not certain how they manage to set the azimuthal angle and decide whether the source is on the northwest or southeast side of the plane (at the moment of detection, which then has a very particular orientation relative to universal coordinates as the earth orbits and rotates) -- maybe they use the shift in the lag AS the earth rotates to do azimuthal triangulation if the signal is long enough, maybe they use multiple detectors at right angles to each other to get an extra angle -- I suppose I could look, but detecting signal lags across meters is easy enough with modern electronics (nanosecond plus time resolution) so they could even do both. It would have been and still would be a lot more precise if they had three, or better, four detectors and could do honest to god 3D triangulation -- they aren't going to do parallax until they put a second detector on (say) the moon or at the lagrange points but they could get a very precise line to the event that way.

      Any LIGO-ites on /.? Surely somebody who does this is around to comment with something other than references to the mass of their male parts? Which, on the scale we are discussing, is truly infinitesimal (reminding me of the flea and the elephant, but that's another story...:-)

      rgb

      --
      Even when the experts all agree, they may well be mistaken. --- Bertrand Russell.
    11. Re:ALIENS. by Dunbal · · Score: 1

      How does a hydroelectric dam grab you?

      --
      Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
    12. Re:ALIENS. by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 0

      Insufficient vibration insulation.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    13. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What if the wave was traveling faster than the speed of light and thus the order of which detector detected "first" should be reversed because it was a tachyon wave?

      On a more serious note: Since lasers are susceptible to influence by magnetism what if the detectors just picked up one of the frequent hickups in the Earth's magnetosphere, or a gamma ray burst.

      That there's millisecond delays at all at the scale we're talking has me unconvinced that we've detected a gravity wave. It's not like gravity waves are predicted to be tiny bundles like EM waves can be, so both detectors were expected to begin detecting the leading edge of a wobble in spacetime at the same time.

    14. Re:ALIENS. by LifesABeach · · Score: 1

      Maybe you could just ask them how they did it?

    15. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Each detector has a pair of lasers at right angles which shoot down a long vacuum tube and the transit time is measured. If the transit time is different between the lasers then the detectors show an abberation. Unfortunately there's no third axis at the test sites.

      Given that the instrumentation could be susceptible to influence from powerful electromagnetic waves, I find it disconcerting the researchers / press are jumping straight to "gravity wave detected".

      Consider this video of a laser being manipulated in a strong magnetic field. Remember how CRTs work?

      Furthermore, since light will bend and refract as it crosses the interface between substances with different refractive indexes I see no hard evidence of "Gravitational Lensing" either. The "Einstein Rings" we attribute to examples of Gravitational Lensing are all blue shifted. However, gravity is not supposed to make light refract so the "inexplicable" blueshift should not be occurring in Einstein Rings if they are due to gravity. A galaxy produces a hydrogen cloud. And much like the latter video I linked light should be expected to bend as it crosses the interface from the less refractive intergalactic space to the more refractive hydrogen envelope of a galaxy. However, not a single astronomer has applied basic optical principals that we use on light here on Earth to describe the bending and refraction of light in space. Indeed, if you posit that there could be non-cosmological redshift you will not make Master of Astronomy or you may lose Tenure.

      Today's Astronomers and Cosmological Theoreticians have failed to even consider simple optical interactions, or at least factor them out. And instead they strongly declare their pet theory is the only true theory, and silence others who disagree. Beware, astronomy and cosmology are at risk of becoming as dogmatic as religions. All evidence of curved space-time can be explained as light bending as it crosses the interface between the intergalactic medium and more dense and refractive gas clouds.

      We have not disproved the null hypothesis: The evidence that appears to support the conclusions of modern Astronomy might be caused by something else, which gives a simpler and far less exotic understanding. This alone should raise your eyebrows. Occam is rolling in his grave.

      I find everyone's lack of skepticism disturbing.

    16. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Separate post, so you can ignore it if you don't want more information: If there is a Supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy then why isn't it warping the light of the stars which allegedly orbit it? If not intense gravity then what could be causing the fast rotations of the stars at the galactic center? Strong Birkeland currents like those which couple between the Sun and Earth and cause our Arora Borealis could generate electromotive force and induce rotation. The current from a single 1.5v AA battery is enough to make a paperclip spin around a magnet due to the electro motive forces. A motor with a single "winding" is similar to a Birkeland current, and even at 1.5v the motor spins fairly quickly. Birkeland currents could boost angular momentum of objects at the galactic center via electromagnetic force: The flow of current causes the field lines to rotate along with anything that is caught in the EM trap (as they do on the sun).

      Despite Voyager II proving that there is an electrical gradient in our solar system more dense at the sun thanks to the H+ ions (lone protons) Sol emits, Astronomers completely dismiss and refuse to consider the possibility of magnetic fields influencing stars. They scratch their heads and wonder how the "spiral arms" of the Milky Way and other galaxies formed because gravity shouldn't do that, and then outright refuse to consider that the stars are caught in a galactic scale magnetic field and the stars / matter is being pinched into place following the field lines just as the charged particles are trapped in the Sun's magnetic field lines prior to a solar flare.

      My point is that there are far more elementary explanations for our observations than exotic warping of space and time, but modern astronomers refuse to even entertain the idea that the evidence they say attribute to Einstein's flawed theory of spacetime doesn't necessarily support the claim. They invent new theories such as Dark Matter to explain how gravity alone is holding Galaxies together, rather than consider the influence of Electromagnetism at interplanetary and intergalactic scales. Hint: The "threads" that galaxies align themselves to which is given as evidence of "dark matter" could just be magnetic field lines at cosmological scale.

      The good news is that because Astronomers are willfully ignorant we know far less than you've been led to believe about the Universe. Ask yourself, why is it that we can see outlandish theories such as "Ancient Aliens" which question our modern beliefs popularized on television, but there is no TV special proposing rational theories which question the Big Bang model? There are ample shows which proselytize the current model of the universe, but why do we lack shows which question this belief? It seems the answer is: To maintain the dogma of the day.

    17. Re:ALIENS. by rgbatduke · · Score: 1

      If I had any ligoites in my addressbook, sure, but lacking that, posting on /. is a good way to proceed. OTOH, reading the wikipedia page would probably do it too. At the moment I'm making up a physics final and don't have time -- I was just dangling bait to see if I could get a lazy answer in the meantime...;-)

      --
      Even when the experts all agree, they may well be mistaken. --- Bertrand Russell.
    18. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Forgot to mention: The "Galactic Jets" could be due to the same process which accelerates solar flares away from the sun. In the center of the galaxy the field lines may cross and cause enormous particle acceleration when the fields break down. Just as when the Sun's field lines get twisted and cause Coronal Mass Ejections.

      Question Everything. Modern assumptions are known to be wrong at some level. This is the foundation of science. Sometimes we're wrong to a much greater degree than at other times.

    19. Re:ALIENS. by Maritz · · Score: 1

      That there's millisecond delays at all at the scale we're talking has me unconvinced that we've detected a gravity wave.

      Hyperskeptical I see. I presume you've read up on all the measures that they take to find the real signal and subtract noise? They weren't sufficient for you?

      --
      I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
    20. Re:ALIENS. by number6x · · Score: 1

      If the gravity waves were travelling faster than the speed of light, we would not have detected them. We wouldn't be here to detect them because gravity waves propagating through spacetime faster than the speed of light would mean that the universe doesn't work and that would be the end of everything. I suggest Misner, Thorne and Wheeler, an appropriately weighty tome, for more information on the nature of space time.

      whenever I have trouble sleeping, this book, saved from my graduate school days always does the trick. Much better than counting sheep.

    21. Re:ALIENS. by bondsbw · · Score: 3, Insightful

      gravity waves propagating through spacetime faster than the speed of light would mean that the universe doesn't work the way we thought

      FTFY.

      Science.

      --
      All my liberal friends think I'm a conservative, all my conservative friends think I'm a liberal.
    22. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why is 'discover' in quotes? I did it because I'm quoting you, but why did you do it?

      And here's some technology that's based on gravity:

      https://esto.nasa.gov/conferences/ESTC2006/papers/b4p1.pdf

      Any other questions?

    23. Re:ALIENS. by T.E.D. · · Score: 1

      I bet you are by far the best Dozens player in the laboratory.

    24. Re:ALIENS. by micahraleigh · · Score: 1

      Should be c.

    25. Re:ALIENS. by TheSync · · Score: 1

      I'm not certain how they manage to set the azimuthal angle

      See: Rapid Bayesian position reconstruction for gravitational-wave transients

      "We introduce BAYESTAR, a rapid, Bayesian, non-Markov chain Monte Carlo sky localization algorithm that takes just seconds to produce probability sky maps that are comparable in accuracy to the full analysis. Prompt localizations from BAYESTAR will make it possible to search electromagnetic counterparts of compact binary mergers."

    26. Re:ALIENS. by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      Doesn't all technology that we know of depend on gravity in some form or another?

      Technology does not exist in nature, it is created. For people to exist to create the technology, they need a planet capable of sustaining life. To have a planet with an atmosphere or even to have a planet at all, requires gravity.

      Ergo, all technology depends on gravity.

    27. Re:ALIENS. by Lorens · · Score: 1

      I was interested in the maximum possible speed, distance between the two points divided by 1.1 ms. Of course speed can be much less; if gravity wave propagation is orthogonal to the line between the two points then the wave should have been detected at the same instant. You might take into account the speed of the Earth and its rotation, but that should be insignificant and it gets complicated. That is why I asked if someone had a more exact (read: better) value :)

    28. Re:ALIENS. by budgenator · · Score: 1

      If the gravity waves were travelling faster than the speed of light, we would not have detected them.

      Not necessarily, C, the speed of light (In Vacuum) in is available to both sub-luminal and super-luminal events, so a super-luminal particle could cause a flash of light that could be seen by us in our sub-luminal universe.
      The effect would be similar to but not the same as Cherenkov radiation where neutrons travelling faster than the speed of light in water cause a blue glow in reactor pools.

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
    29. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      rather than consider the influence of Electromagnetism at interplanetary and intergalactic scales

      That possibility was considered and rejected because it does not match our observations.

      If you have a different theory of electromagnetism that explains everything from modern electronics to cosmological phenomenon, please publish it and claim your Nobel Prize as soon as possible. We will all benefit from the discovery.

    30. Re: ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Firstly you are assuming that a graviton passed one detector then the other, which isn't what happened. Imagine a beam of light from a light house. If you are far enough away the spot where the beam hits is moving faster than the speed of light, yet no individual light particle does.

      This is the same thing, the wave front hit at different times because they were hit with different gravitons from the same event. They didn't both measure the graviton.

    31. Re:ALIENS. by budgenator · · Score: 1

      If the detectors arms aren't parallel and perpendicular to each other and the source that would give them an additional data point and make it possible to triangulate; 4 arms in two locations, could give you 3 data points.

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
    32. Re:ALIENS. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Gravity propagates at the speed of light. The fact that the delay was only 1.1ms means it came in nearly perpendicular to the 3000km (10 light-millisecond) line between the two detectors. This would place the source somewhere along a rather large circle around the sky, so you can't really estimate the direction at all just from the delay. That is a bit confusing about the summary & article - maybe since the detectors are L shaped, there's another directional data point that allows a guesstimation of where on the circle it came from. Like if one of the two legs of the detector shows a much larger effect, it's a sign that the source is closely aligned with that leg?

    33. Re:ALIENS. by Warma · · Score: 1

      Well, the speed of the gravity wave is exactly c, to the best of our knowledge. I still don't understand where you're getting that 0.01c from.

    34. Re:ALIENS. by Coren22 · · Score: 1

      The latest signals arrived at the Livingston detector 1.1milliseconds before they hit the Hanford detector, allowing scientists on the team to roughly work out the position of the collision in the sky.

      https://www.google.com/search?...

      (distance between the two, approximately 2300 miles)

      Do the math, what speed do you get when you divide 2300 miles (or km equivalent) by 1.1 ms?

      --
      APK likes to ask for responses to the same things over and over. Maybe he just likes the responses?
    35. Re:ALIENS. by Coren22 · · Score: 1

      Sorry, the LIGO wikipedia entry says 3002 km or 1865 miles.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

      --
      APK likes to ask for responses to the same things over and over. Maybe he just likes the responses?
    36. Re:ALIENS. by Coren22 · · Score: 1

      There must be some kind of error in 1.1 ms, as that is 9.1 x c, which doesn't seem possible...

      https://www.wolframalpha.com/i...

      --
      APK likes to ask for responses to the same things over and over. Maybe he just likes the responses?
    37. Re:ALIENS. by Coren22 · · Score: 1

      Electrons moving faster than the speed of light in the medium (water) you mean?

      --
      APK likes to ask for responses to the same things over and over. Maybe he just likes the responses?
    38. Re:ALIENS. by ACE209 · · Score: 1

      Remember, the signal didn't travel between the detectors. Depending on the positions of detectors and sources, they could even have detected the signal at the same time.

      --
      "we are all atheists about most of the gods that societies have ever believed in. Some of us just go one god further."
    39. Re:ALIENS. by beastofburdon · · Score: 1

      If they propagated at 0.01 c then the event would have been able to be seen on earth by the dinosaurs or before, and not by us, so that is impossible.

    40. Re:ALIENS. by beastofburdon · · Score: 2

      Nope, it was dismissed out of hand. There was never any kind of test done to discredit it, the scientists simply said it couldn't possibly be and refused to even entertain the idea.

    41. Re:ALIENS. by beastofburdon · · Score: 2

      I disagree with one thing. Cosmology is not at risk of becoming as dogmatic as religions, it has been at least that dogmatic for many decades.

    42. Re:ALIENS. by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      Anything - electron, proton, neutrino, banana - travelling faster than the speed of light in a particular medium will generate Cherenkov radiation.

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
    43. Re:ALIENS. by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      I'm not certain how they manage to set the azimuthal angle and decide whether the source is on the northwest or southeast side of the plane

      Each of the two sites has two legs of their detector perpendicular to the other - a necessary part of the design. But if the legs at (say) LIGO-NW are oriented to bearing 000deg and 090deg, then the ones at LIGO-SE can be oriented at 045deg and 135deg.

      Actually, it only requires that the legs not be parallel between the two sites, though you get a higher signal-to-noise ratio if the sites are at 45deg to each other, it's not much worse if hey're at 30deg or 60 deg. Further complicating matters is that you have to take the curvature of the Earth into account, because it's the bearing in three dimensions that you need, so again ideally you would want the sites at 45deg of latitude between each other, and 45 deg of longitude, but I'm not sure that can be accommodated within the USA, raising political pork barrel problems. But it's not critical, as long as there is a significant separation between the two stations.

      They've been covering this for decades, since the proposal phase of the projects - including the international aspects, trying to combine data from LIGO with the other detectors in operation or under construction (VIRGO, MiniGRAIL, KAGRA ...).

      The maths is actually congruent to analysing the birefringence figure of a mineral under crossed-polarisers, if you've ever had to do optical mineralogy. I couldn't do the spherical trigonometry these decades, but I passed the exam back in the 1980s.

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
    44. Re:ALIENS. by hr+raattgift · · Score: 1

      "c" (small letter) is the sole free parameter of the Poincaré group, which is the isometry group of Minkowski spacetime, which is the spacetime of Special Relativity. Locally, in our universe, spacetime far from black holes and the big bang is such an excellent approximation of Minkowski spacetime that Special Relativity passes all known tests (including those done by nature in pretty extreme conditions). The boundary of locally is determined by the radius of curvature, and for all practical purposes there is nowhere in the known universe except very near black holes (the singularity, not necessarily the horizon, where curvature radiuses can be arbitrarily large) and very near the big bang where that is less than light-microsecond scale (and typically curvature radiuses are many orders of magnitude larger).

      The parameter corresponds physically to the speed of a particle whose mass is always zero under Poincaré group transformations. Those particles are said to be "massless" or to have zero rest mass or to have zero invariant mass.

      The Poincaré group cannot be the isometry group of a spacetime in which objects travel on spacelike geodesics. Although one can _deform_ Special Relativity to incorporate the behaviours of objects moving faster than "c", the known deformations come at a cost, typically of making some physical observers see manifestly unphysical things, and we have substantial evidence against quite a few of those observations at any but the tiniest energy-densities in the known universe. (Deformed SR has been a topic of study for about sixty years.)

      Finally, in Special Relativity, light is assumed to be massless. (There is ample experimental evidence which make the upper possible bound on light be extremely tiny, and all tests are compatible with light being actually massless).

      However, In General Relativity we don't talk about light being "massless" at all, or having a particular velocity; it simply has the behaviour that anywhere in the manifold a particle of light's motions are constrained to the surface of a nonempty, open, convex cone of tangent bundles on that point as determined by the values of all the fields at that point. The cone we use in practice is called the "light cone" or the "causal cone", because as far as we can tell experimentally, light ALWAYS travels on the surface of that cone and nowhere else inside or outside it, and all other matter travels within the cone and never outside it. All known matter behaves this way. Additionally, (classical) gravitational waves travels on the cone (there is good evidence for that), and a quantization of them into gravitons would too (so in SR terms they would be "massless").

      That said, in GR you can use a solution to the Einstein Field Equations of General Relativity that admit a hyperbolization AND also a causal cone structure whose slope is wider than that of light. General Relativity admits what Geroch calls "a democracy of causal cones". (He also will tell you that there is zero evidence for this in our universe). However, when you take that approach, you develop an initial values surface and evolve the solution to the EFE forward by doing the calculations. You fall into trouble if you try to set up an initial and a final values surface and try to match the two using your solution, as the results do not tend to match intuitions. Indeed, using just the standard light cone, Miguel Alcubierre found enough "bugs" in the wishful-thinking/surface-matching approach that he has been able to write a book about the topic in the setting of numerical relativity.

      So, your intuition is that something whose causal cone is outside that of the standard one is that cherenkov radiation will result. There is a non-easy but robust way of checking that intuition: develop a solution to the EFEs that are a slight deformation of e.g. the Minkowski, de Sitter or Schwarzschild electrovacuum (with possibly more field content than just the electromagnetic one if you feel very ambitious) and solve the equations for your faster-than-light test particles.

      Go for it, it has value as an exercise.

    45. Re:ALIENS. by Warma · · Score: 1

      OK. It's not as if the other detector is sending the gravity wave and the other is receiving it, but that both are seeing an event that happens somewhere else. If the source of the event were equally far from both detectors, the time lag between them would be 0.

      The arrival time between the detectors is used to calculate the direction, in the same way your ears determine the direction a sound is coming from. Of course, with only 2 detectors, this will not localize the direction perfectly, but it's a start.

  2. Why? by phantomfive · · Score: 1

    Why did it take so long to detect these? I know that there have been plenty of experiments attempting to measure them before. Are the waves smaller than expect, thus harder to detect? What was the thing preventing discovery?

    --
    "First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
    1. Re:Why? by Edis+Krad · · Score: 5, Informative

      Are the waves smaller than expect, thus harder to detect?

      Indeed. They're very small. We're talking about a shift in space the size of a very small fraction of a proton. So yes, with the current detectors they're pretty hard to detect.

    2. Re:Why? by CRCulver · · Score: 1

      I would like to know this as well. When I was a teenager and first read Larry Niven's story "The Borderlands of Sol" (namely when it was republished in the collection Crashlander), where a gravity detector plays a role in the story, I assumed this was a real technology. After all, ways to detect electromagnetic waves or particle radiation had long been around. I thought nothing of it for a couple of decades, and then was surprised to read the news a while back of the "first ever detection of gravitational waves".

    3. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The instrument they're using is not fundamentally different than the machine Michelson and Morely used to look for luminiferous ether in the 19th century. The entire difference is one of size and stability of the instrument giving them the sensitivity they need to measure these tiny tiny fluctuations in space-time.

      That's why it took so long - for fundamentally the same reason it took so long before we could built GHz microprocessors, etc.

    4. Re:Why? by The+Evil+Atheist · · Score: 5, Informative

      It took so long because the signal is mind-bogglingly weak. No detector was sensitive enough or well designed enough to rule out false positives. The LIGO experiment is much more sensitive and a lot of effort put in to detect false positives (including some social engineering). The detectors also underwent a very extensive testing phase before they were considered ready. We also weren't sure how frequent these events were, but now we are expecting a few more events.

      But, it must be said indirect evidence of gravitational waves already were detected through the observation of two pulsars orbiting and closing in on each other at a rate predicted by the theory.

      --
      Those who do not learn from commit history are doomed to regress it.
    5. Re:Why? by phantomfive · · Score: 1

      The LIGO experiment is much more sensitive and a lot of effort put in to detect false positives (including some social engineering).

      How can social engineering be useful at all in this case?

      --
      "First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
    6. Re:Why? by bjorniac · · Score: 4, Informative

      Noise. All kinds of noise.

      The system is an interferometer - basically two lasers set up in a large L shape with mirrors (massive simplification). When the lengths of the arms are the same, the beams cancel, when they differ a signal is recorded.

      Now, the differences in length due to a gravitational wave is tiny, and the problem that kept LIGO from their detection is that there are huge numbers of sources of vibrations around the same frequencies as expected from gravitational waves that have far larger amplitudes. Thermal vibrations, for example, are a killer for experiments like this.

      The waves themselves have almost exactly the waveforms that were predicted - the template fits from simulations match amazingly well in terms of amplitudes, frequencies and their evolution. What stopped experiments like this from making the observation was simply a lack of technical skill to make a precise enough instrument. Following the development of LIGO over the last decade, this is precisely what everyone working on the project said - once the noise curve is reduced to form Advanced LIOG (recent upgrade) the noise would be sufficiently small than an integrated signal against a template would be clearly visible, and now it is.

    7. Re:Why? by MightyMartian · · Score: 5, Informative

      The current detectors are the most sensitive instruments ever developed by humanity, and in and of themselves mark a major leap forward in technical ability.

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    8. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      To answer your question, they didn't have enough sensitivity until recent upgrades to instruments.

    9. Re:Why? by MightyMartian · · Score: 2

      If I had to hazard a guess, with incredibly fine instruments, there's a risk of experimenter effect.

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    10. Re:Why? by quenda · · Score: 4, Interesting

      But gravity waves are like elephants in your fridge compared to the problem of detecting gravity particles.

      a detector with the mass of Jupiter and 100% efficiency, placed in close orbit around a neutron star, would only be expected to observe one graviton every 10 years, ...

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

    11. Re:Why? by MightyMartian · · Score: 5, Insightful

      You have no idea what it will or will not address. When the first scientists were mucking around with electricity in the 18th century they were giving people shocks and making frogs legs jump. Within a hundred years they were rolling out the world's first global high speed communication's system.

      So take your contrarianism and stick it up your ass. Your type would have us still beating each other with sticks, because, you know, what good does that shiny shit in the ground do us?

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    12. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      They had a system to inject test data into the final stage analysis. The people doing it did it blind to publication ready point. Partly it was to ensure nobody leaked before the 'envelope was opened'.

    13. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      By 100% efficiency, does that mean as dense as possible while still able to detect? Whatever the actual attempt to detect them looks like it's going to be fascinating, regardless of how high our tech is at the time.

    14. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That's awesome. Keep the scientists in the dark so everybody involved really does get to be there for the eureka moment.

    15. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Fuck you -- how dare you try to dictate the good of humanity

      You are a vile and clueless piece of shit that would hold humanity back in your asshole attempt to tell us how to think and live our lives

      Let me guess -- you're a progressive liberal. Probably want to tell me what to eat as well

    16. Re:Why? by Megol · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Strangely enough humanity as a whole can multitask. Individuals can too.

      For your complaint to be valid humanity could only do one thing at a time, that specialization doesn't help when developing something (humans are replaceable cogs) and that somehow your idea what is important is the key to future advancements. You also disregard the fact that basic research often helps progress in unexpected ways - including the area of microscopy.

      However you seem to think that just throwing monkeys (read: humans) on typewriters (research) is the best way to develop solutions. That in itself should be a huge warning sign that you shouldn't be taken serious.

    17. Re: Why? by master_p · · Score: 1

      And why isn't it detecting waves on a daily basis? The universe is supposed to contain billions of black holes.

    18. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Heaven forbid that we ever do anything that could be useful beyond today or tomorrow...

    19. Re: Why? by bruce_the_loon · · Score: 2

      LIGO is detecting the gravitational storm that happens when two black holes, each 10-30 times the mass of the sun, actually collide and merge. Standalone black holes shouldn't generate gravity waves unless disturbed by something massive close by.

      Orbital binary systems should generate gravity waves, but those would be a couple of orders of magnitude less powerful than two colliding black holes and LIGO isn't sensitive enough to detect those out of the noise.

      --
      Trying to become famous by taking photos. Visit my homepage please.
    20. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Marry little girls.

    21. Re:Why? by Maritz · · Score: 1

      That's not the kind of "technical ability" nor the kind of instrument we need.

      You think you know what we need. You're wrong. You don't.

      --
      I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
    22. Re:Why? by ctrl-alt-canc · · Score: 2

      Actually, given the level of some comments here, better microscopes are really needed just to detect the presence of a brain in some people.

    23. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The current detector is /just/ sensitive enough to pick out, from below the noise floor, a signal equal to a release of gravitational wave energy of 1 solar mass in under a millisecond. Given that in its entire life the sun will convert a tiny fraction of its mass to energy, that's a hell of an energetic event. Luckily for us those don't happen on a daily basis, at least anywhere in our neighbourhood. But the fact that it detected 2 in under a year is pretty good.

    24. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      What bruce said, and also remember that the strength of waves decays according to the square of our distance from them. This means that a black hole collision has to be "relatively" close to us to be detectable. The first collision was a bit over 1 billion light years away and was just detectable. The observable universe is a bit over 90 billion light years. This means that we miss a something like 99.9999% of similar events that happen in the universe simply because our detectors aren't sensitive enough. As we improve them we should start to see lots more events. You should expect several a week some time soon according to one of the scientists involved in the project who was on the radio.

    25. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Scientists that where mucking around with electricity in the 18th century was not government funded...

    26. Re:Why? by peragrin · · Score: 1

      When scientists first started mucky around with electricity it had an affect that could be understood and felt. same goes for lasers, and everything else you use.

      To detect TWO gravity waves we had to wait for TWO massive blackholes to combine. And space itself moved by a proton fraction.

      Do you have any idea how tiny of fraction that is to be useful? Right about now earth is about the best space ship we can hope for. As it is the only way to get one gravity.

      --
      i thought once I was found, but it was only a dream.
    27. Re:Why? by Lumpy · · Score: 1

      And the only reason we achieved so much in such a little amount of time is because the INFORMATION WAS SHARED FREELY. each scientist was able to use the work of the previous.

      Now the stupidity of copyright and patents are slowing down progress at an alarming rate.

      --
      Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
    28. Re: Why? by SharpFang · · Score: 1

      Wouldn't it be able to detect weaker events if they happen closer to us?

      --
      45 5F E1 04 22 CA 29 C4 93 3F 95 05 2B 79 2A B2
    29. Re:Why? by toonces33 · · Score: 1

      For a while I was starting to wonder if we would need space-based interferometers to solve the noise/vibration problem. But fortunately that wasn't needed.

    30. Re:Why? by michelcolman · · Score: 2

      But I'm detecting gravitons all the time! I wouldn't be sitting in this seat if it wasn't for gravitons. I think someone misunderstood something here. Possibly me ;-)

    31. Re: Why? by michelcolman · · Score: 2

      So the graviton was both there and not there as long as you didn't open the envelope?

    32. Re:Why? by Bengie · · Score: 2

      Money invested into a specific scientific discipline has greatly diminishing returns. Couple that with no one knowing which scientific discipline or combinations of will cause the next breakthrough, and spreading our money around is the best investment. Many domains already have huge amounts of private funding, little point in the government throwing money at better optics for microscopes.

    33. Re: Why? by Bengie · · Score: 4, Informative

      Yes, but it's how much weaker. For a brief moment, those two blackholes released more energy that the rest of the entire observable Universe, that includes all of those quasars. Even gamma ray bursts only outshine their local galaxy.

    34. Re:Why? by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

      We also weren't sure how frequent these events were, but now we are expecting a few more events.

      I'm no statistician, but assuming that the intervals between detectable events are exponentially distributed (seems reasonable to me), the fact that we detected the first event pretty quickly within a certain time period would seem to suggest that too high or too low values of lambda (not fitting the first successful observation) are unlikely.

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    35. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That really puts the whole thing into some perspective :O

    36. Re:Why? by jfdavis668 · · Score: 1

      Back then, information was not shared freely. Scientists hid their findings until they could publish or present, often years later. That is why there they fought over who discovered what, since 5 people might discover it between the first person and when he got around to publishing the result. Hard to prove you did it first.

    37. Re:Why? by tomxor · · Score: 1

      When scientists first started mucky around with electricity it had an affect that could be understood and felt. same goes for lasers, and everything else you use.

      To detect TWO gravity waves we had to wait for TWO massive blackholes to combine. And space itself moved by a proton fraction.

      Do you have any idea how tiny of fraction that is to be useful? Right about now earth is about the best space ship we can hope for. As it is the only way to get one gravity.

      Your argument is selective at best, some of the most profound invention in history fell out of some obscure research that no one including the people researching them had ever imagined would be of practical use. Turing accidentally invented computer by investigating the nature of information, a fundamental property of the universe.

      Put yourself in the position of those people, you are focusing on applications that you already know about - you can't think about the ones you don't know about unless you open your mind.

    38. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What about the happy little girls? Are they inspired and going into STEM?

    39. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Stop embarrassing yourself. Modern people aren't actually bad, they just understand more than you cave-men do.

    40. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      How is the world any better for any species other than humans?

    41. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Gravitons are a purely hypothetical construct. They're a clumsy attempt to move gravity into the quantum realm and directly contradict relativity. I'm not saying the don't exist, but we need to prove they exist before you can say you're detecting them.

    42. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      So what you're saying is....we can do it? Better start funding it now.

    43. Re:Why? by drinkypoo · · Score: 1

      Do you have any idea how tiny of fraction that is to be useful? Right about now earth is about the best space ship we can hope for. As it is the only way to get one gravity.

      Earth is not a space ship. It has no propulsion. At most it's a space probe, and even then, it's not just Earth. You'd need the whole solar system. Since it's not going anywhere (the idea that we're not part of the milky way has been debunked) it's not that, either.

      Unless, maybe, the whole galaxy is a space ship. I suppose that's an idea which merits further investigation.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    44. Re: Why? by Lord+Crc · · Score: 2

      And why isn't it detecting waves on a daily basis? The universe is supposed to contain billions of black holes.

      The black hole merger that was first detected had a peak power output that was 50 times greater than the total power output of all the stars in the observable universe.

      The waves from that merger caused the arms of the LIGO detectors to differ in length by 0.000000000000000000001 meters, which is roughly like the earth getting wider by 10 protons.

      This latest merger involved less massive black holes which should mean it had a lot less peak power.

    45. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Per the MIT website:

      For example, the Advanced LIGO detectors will be able to see inspiraling binaries made up of two 1.4 M neutron stars to a distance of 300 Mpc, some 15x further than the initial LIGO, and giving an event rate some 3000x greater. Neutron star - black hole (BH) binaries will be visible to 650 Mpc; and coalescing BH+BH systems will be visible o cosmological distance, to z=0.4.

      For reference 300 Mpc is about 979 million light years and a z of 0.4 is about 5.5 billion light years according to the conversion tool I found (though that conversion of z is subject to assumptions about the Hubble constant, matter density, and vacuum energy density).

    46. Re:Why? by angel'o'sphere · · Score: 2

      INFORMATION WAS SHARED FREELY. each scientist was able to use the work of the previous.

      That was most certainly not the case.

      Or Newton and Leibnitz had not accused each other for stealing their ideas about differential equations and integrals.

      --
      Cost free eBook I read (by iBook/Kobo/Amazon/ObookO/Gutenberg etc.): "The Green Odyssey" by Philip Jose Farmer.
    47. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Just wait for the merger of Apple & Microsoft - talk about black holes!

      He who controls the spice, controls the universe!

    48. Re:Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      Scientists that where mucking around with electricity in the 18th century was not government funded...

      If society, today, practiced the same amount of philanthropy and charitable given as in the 18th (and 19th) century, the government wouldn't need to fund research today.

    49. Re:Why? by kimvette · · Score: 1

      > Doesn't matter. That's not the kind of "technical ability" nor the kind of instrument we need. It won't help us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

      It most certainly does matter. If the alcubierre drive (aka "warp drive") is to ever become reality, we need to more fully understand how gravity works, and then we need to develop a way to create and manipulate gravity waves and development of the sort of power sources required will likely take centuries. Otherwise, we're doomed to exinction if we keep thinking "well, we can't do anything practical with it now, so let's not bother." Had past generations held this mentality, we would not have computers, the automobile, central heating and HVAC, or even the electric light today.

      Given your lack of appreciation for the whole point of pure science, I'd have to guess you're a Trump-supporting Republican. ;)

      --
      The Christian Right is Neither (Christian nor right). See: Matthew 23, Matthew 25, Ezekiel 16:48-50
    50. Re:Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      And the only reason we achieved so much in such a little amount of time is because the INFORMATION WAS SHARED FREELY. each scientist was able to use the work of the previous.

      Now the stupidity of copyright and patents are slowing down progress at an alarming rate.

      And who is stopping the free sharing of information? It's not the government. It's not the public. It's the universities. Why? so they can capitalize on the monetization of their findings. This was less of a problem before there was large scale public funding (government grants).

      One way to fix it is by having any royalties go back to the public coffers in proportion to the public spending on the research. If 10% of the funding is from the government, then 10% of the resulting royalties go back to the government. If the funding is 80%, then 80% goes. Government funded research should benefit the public, not the private company the university sells the rights to.

    51. Re: Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      Fuck you -- how dare you try to dictate the good of humanity

      You are a vile and clueless piece of shit that would hold humanity back in your asshole attempt to tell us how to think and live our lives

      Let me guess -- you're a progressive liberal. Probably want to tell me what to eat as well

      Isn't your condemnation of whomever you were responding to, just another example of of somebody trying to tell others how to think and live their lives?

    52. Re:Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      You have no idea what it will or will not address. When the first scientists were mucking around with electricity in the 18th century they were giving people shocks and making frogs legs jump. Within a hundred years they were rolling out the world's first global high speed communication's system.

      So take your contrarianism and stick it up your ass. Your type would have us still beating each other with sticks, because, you know, what good does that shiny shit in the ground do us?

      The usefulness of gravitational waves to society will probably not be on the equivalent of electricity. Electricity always existed. However, prior to being able to generate it for ourselves, it was random in occurrence (lightning), much like gravitational waves. So, unless you think we are on the verge of being able to generate our own gravitational waves, it is unlikely that the confirmation of Einstein's theory of their existence will have a practical application any time soon and almost certainly, not in the next 100 years.

      That's not a bad thing. Historically, knowledge for the sake of knowledge was a good thing. It is only a recent trend in human history that it must be able to be monetized to be useful.

    53. Re:Why? by amRadioHed · · Score: 1

      The waves aren't smaller than expected, this recent upgrade is actually the first time they had an instrument they thought would be sensitive enough to detect a gravity wave.

      --
      We hope your rules and wisdom choke you / Now we are one in everlasting peace
    54. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The power in gravitational waves decays as the square of the distance, but the LIGO interferometers are amplitude detectors. They detect the strain of a passing gravitational wave, which means the ability to detect falls off as the distance, not as the distance squared. The observable universe is about 90 billion light years in diameter, or 45 billion light years in radius. Lets call the distance ratio 1.5 billion light years divided by 45 billion light years, with +/- 50% error bars. Then cube that to get the volume ratio, something like 0.000008 to 0.0001. So LIGO only misses somewhere between 99.98% to 99.9992% of theoretically observable black hole binary mergers of similar mass to these detections, assuming a uniform distribution of black hole mergers through out the last 13 billion years. That last assumption may not be a good one.

      In any case, it should be quite interesting what it detects in the coming months and years.

    55. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The difference is between "real" gravitons versus "virtual" gravitons.

      Force tends to be carried by "virtual particles". Basically, there's a variant of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle which relates to time/energy uncertainty, versus the position/velocity (more technically position/momentum) uncertainty the conventional one talks about. The upshot is that if you can get away with creating something from nothing, if you do it fast enough. "Virtual particles" don't have enough energy to exist long-term, but they exist for really short periods of time.

      So when two magnets are attracting each other, they do so via the electromagnetic force, which is mediated by photons. But there's no actual photons being passed between the two. (No flashes of light or radio waves fill the gap between them.) Instead it's virtual photons with a momentary existence. The light we see, in constrast, are real particles, with enough energy to last for more than a brief moment.

      So that's why there's no conflict here. You're surrounded by a sea of virtual gravitons, but there are very few real gravitons which would be what the massive detector would be detecting.

    56. Re:Why? by chihowa · · Score: 3, Interesting

      You also disregard the fact that basic research often helps progress in unexpected ways - including the area of microscopy.

      Indeed. My research is in making better microscopes (to cure cancer and whatnot...) and I've been personally looking at some of the advances in interferometry that allowed LIGO to be built (and the analytical techniques that allow useful data to be recovered).

      So Midas' criteria has been fulfilled and he can quit his bitching now.

      --
      If you want a vision of the future, imagine a youtube comments section scrolling - forever.
    57. Re:Why? by MightyMartian · · Score: 1

      In the short term perhaps not. But no one can really say what the value of basic research is. Even if takes centuries for an application to be found, well, we know they exist, and further we now have an instrument capable of measuring some of the smallest known perturbations in space-time.

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    58. Re:Why? by MightyMartian · · Score: 2

      Governments have always invested huge amounts in technical advancement, although historically much of it has been military advancement. But if you look at Rome, it made huge investments in public works, and out of that investment came numerous technical advancements, some still incredibly stunning, The Pantheon in Rome, built by state funds, is still the largest freestanding unreinforced concrete dome ever built.

      But the Romans were hardly the first. The Greeks, Egyptians, Akkadians, Chinese, Sumerians, Inca, Aztecs and numerous other civilizations made great technological and engineering advancements, all largely financed by their governments. Even in the US, many of the major technical innovations made by private enterprise have either rested in part on taxpayer-funded research, or in some cases, like the development of the space and maritime technology, and even Internet itself, via direct funding by government.

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    59. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "To detect TWO gravity waves we had to wait for TWO massive blackholes to combine"

      Yes, it could only detect very rare, very powerful events.
      But, to its credit, it detected events that occurred extremely far way.

      Wouldn't detecting something up close be much easier? How much longer until we, for example, have a gravitational wave detectors that can paint a picture of what's happening behind a solid wall?

    60. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      At least gravitational waves are real. That alone makes it more useful to study than things like global warming. Humans aren't causing the Earth to get hotter, no matter how much you insist that your pseudoscience is real. Let's stop spending money to study fiction like global warming and then we'll have enough money to fund real research.

    61. Re:Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      Yes, all of those civilizations you mention, did many public works projects that had technologies come from them. But, they did not fund research for the sake of research, but instead to solve a problem. In most cases, it was not the government, per se, funding things, but the ruler. When one is organized in a monarchy or pseudo-monarchy, there is no real distinction between public funds and personal funds so the funding of projects is not truly by the government, any more than when the Renaissance popes commissioned great works of arts, it was the Catholic Church doing it. No, it was the ruler using those funds for what he believe to be a worthy endeavor. By default, since such rulers were the government it was government spending. But the reality was that scientists and artists, throughout history had wealthy benefactors, whether they be the king, the pope or some wealthy aristocrat. They weren't funded by the government in the sense we use the word today.

    62. Re:Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      In the short term perhaps not. But no one can really say what the value of basic research is. Even if takes centuries for an application to be found, well, we know they exist, and further we now have an instrument capable of measuring some of the smallest known perturbations in space-time.

      I am not saying the research isn't valuable, it is. It just isn't the same thing as the early research into electricity. Maybe some day it will bear fruit, but that isn't likely as the theories that predict gravitational waves also preclude them being very useful (kind of like Einstein's theories also posit that time travel is possible. Of course, it would require virtually all of the energy known to exist in the universe, but it is possible, if not very practical.).

    63. Re: Why? by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 2

      And why isn't it detecting waves on a daily basis? The universe is supposed to contain billions of black holes.

      I went to a talk by one of the LIGO scientists where pretty much this questions was asked.

      It's a simple answer. Two black holes colliding is fantastically rare, but very the universe is fantastically big, so it happens a hell of a lot if it happens at all.
      The LIGO experiment is limited by noise and can 'see' out to some distance. So all the events happening within the sphere of that radius get detected. The rate of detection is a function of the radius of detection. The rate of detection tells us something about the actual density of black holes in the local part of the universe.

      The nice thing is as they increase the sensitivity, the volume goes up as a the third power of the radius, so the rate of detection should go up by the same amount. The rate of detection at the increased ranges tell you lots of things about the uniformity of distribution and the tightens the statistics on the detection rate. If they improve the sensitivity by a few db, they might well be detecting on a daily basis. Before the upgrade they were getting nothing. After the upgrade they have got 2 in a year.

      I think they should build a couple more of these things around the globe and so get a higher resolution of direction determination. If you have a few billion, you should fund that.
       

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    64. Re: Why? by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 1

      It detects weaker events all the time. They can detect the gardeners mowing the lawn outside. But the gardeners aren't interesting to astronomers, black holes are.
       

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    65. Re: Why? by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 1

      >remember that the strength of waves decays according to the square of our distance from them.

      But the detector's detection rates increase with the cube of the sensitivity distance of the detector. That's why it works.

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    66. Re: Why? by Dcnjoe60 · · Score: 1

      At least gravitational waves are real. That alone makes it more useful to study than things like global warming. Humans aren't causing the Earth to get hotter, no matter how much you insist that your pseudoscience is real. Let's stop spending money to study fiction like global warming and then we'll have enough money to fund real research.

      How would one know whether or not humans are causing the earth to get hotter, unless one were to research 1) if indeed the earth is getting hotter and 2) if so, the cause? Isn't that what research is all about -- forming a hypothesis and then conducting research to prove it true or false?

      With global warming, there seem to be two possibilities -- either thousands of scientists with different political, spiritual and ethnic backgrounds have come to the conclusion that the planet is getting warmer or they all have conspired together against the big bad US for some ulterior motive. Even most skeptics to human caused global warming agree the planet is warming. The dispute is about the cause, man made or natural phenomenon.

      Once again, we are faced with all of these researches involved in some massive conspiracy or not. However, it doesn't matter. If the planet is warming, regardless of whether it is from natural phenomenon or man-made, the research shows it will have devastating effects: crop producing areas will no longer be sustainable, coastal areas and many islands will flood, more violent weather patterns will occur and millions of people will be displaced because of these things. At least, that's what the research shows.

      But that is the beauty of scientific endeavors. Others are free to research it and come up with different conclusions and then the scientific community gets together and works for consensus. But, let's say for the moment that climate change is pseudo-science and not occurring. By cutting off the research funds to study it, one actually plays into the hands of all of those conspiring scientists because their won't be anybody to refute their claims.

      In the end, people are free to believe what they want about many things, whether right or wrong. But government leaders have a social contract to act on the best information they have available to protect their people. And obtaining that information requires research.

    67. Re:Why? by EndlessNameless · · Score: 2

      And space itself moved by a proton fraction.

      You must have a sense of scale.

      Space moved a tiny amount, yes, but at a distance of 1.3 billion light-years. It is so small because we are so far away.

      Imagine saying light waves are useless because a distant galaxy is so dim that it is barely detectable. But when you account for the distance, you realize that there was some serious energy in that light, and the light traveled a vast distance without being concentrated or guided in any fashion.

      Where would telecommunications be now, if we looked disdainfully at a dim galaxy and decided not to research lasers?

      Gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces, but it is the one to study if you want to manipulate space.

      If gravity wave intensity follows the inverse square law, that would be a ripple in space of roughly 1500 meters at a distance of 1 light-year from the collision (for a local deflection of 1 photon's circumference).

      Since the article indicates the detector is sensitive down to 1/1000 of a photon's circumference, it would indicate at least a 1.5-meter ripple at one light-year for the smallest detectable ripple. This would be at least a 10cm change on Earth if it happened in Alpha Centuari. Obviously, this number should be multiplied by the actual detected change, but unfortunately the article does not report it.

      This translates to a ripple of ~196 km at a distance of one light-day, or 1.6 million km at 8 light-minutes (the distance from the Earth to the Sun).

      I don't know what a 1.6 million km ripple in space would do to something within it, but I doubt I would like to experience it.

      We've done amazing things with optics in the century or two after we figured out how light worked. Clever ways of generating it, filtering it, focusing it, etc.

      Now that we know with certainty that gravitational waves exist, we can work on better observations and a better understanding of this force.

      We won't have interstellar warp travel in the next decade---but looking back, we didn't build the first laser until 50 years after the first detection of photons. This is just one step on a long road.

      --

      ---
      According to the latest ruleset, this post should be modded as Vorpal Flamebait +5.
    68. Re:Why? by budgenator · · Score: 1

      Most taxes were a lot lower back then as well. Most Astronomers had to make their living casting horoscopes for the idle rich back in the day.

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
    69. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > It most certainly does matter.

      On the contrary, it most certainly *does not* matter.

      > If the alcubierre drive (aka "warp drive") is to ever become reality, we need to more fully understand how gravity works ...

      All in good time. There's no possibility of us developing such a drive in the foreseeable future and having such a drive would not help us to address a single pressing problem here on Earth in the foreseeable future anyway. That kind of research is premature and we should postpone it for now.

      By postponing it, we get to better fund research to address our pressing problems here on Earth and we'll make faster progress on a warp drive, more cheaply, in the future due to better computers, better technology, and probably AI to assist us.

      > ... and then we need to develop a way to create and manipulate gravity waves and development of the sort of power sources required will likely take centuries.

      Exactly. No point in pressing now when we have pressing problems to address and future technology will help us progress faster on warp drives in the future anyway.

      > Otherwise, we're doomed to exinction if we keep thinking "well, we can't do anything practical with it now, so let's not bother."

      Straw man. *No one* is thinking that way. What I'm saying is to *postpone* warp drive research for the time being.

      > Had past generations held this mentality, we would not have computers, the automobile, central heating and HVAC, or even the electric light today.

      Incorrect. All those developments came from research to address practical problems here on Earth. Your premise is a straw man anyway. No one has the "mentality" you claimed.

      > Given your lack of appreciation for the whole point of pure science ...

      Given your lack of scientific and technical background, I'm not surprised you don't understand the exceptional situations where certain research *cannot* help us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

    70. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > You think you know what we need. You're wrong. You don't.

      On the contrary, I do know quite a few things that we need and I know that nothing we can observe in space, apart from Earth-thrreatening objects, can help us to address our pressing and practical problems here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

    71. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > Heaven forbid that we ever do anything that could be useful beyond today or tomorrow.

      Inaccurate. Heaven forbid that we ever misallocate hundreds of millions of dollars, or billions, in public funds, to projects which cannot help us to address a single one of our pressing or practical problems here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

      Small mistakes in allocation of public funds are understandable and to be expected. No need for heaven to forbid that.

    72. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > My research is in making better microscopes (to cure cancer and whatnot...) and I've been personally looking at some of the advances in interferometry that allowed LIGO to be built ...

      We didn't need to build LIGO at the expense of hundreds of millions of dollars in public funds, and to continue funding its operation, to make those "advances".

    73. Re: Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Nobody claimed it to be.

    74. Re:Why? by RespekMyAthorati · · Score: 1

      That's because your mom just walked by.

    75. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > You have no idea what it will or will not address.

      Quite the contrary, but you'd need a background in physics and technology, and experience, to understand that observing gravity waves and conducting space exploration in general cannot help us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

      Since you don't have that required background, please refer us to a credible expert who could provide a plausible argument for the contrary in your place.

      > When the first scientists were mucking around with electricity in the 18th century they were giving people shocks and making frogs legs jump. Within a hundred years they were rolling out the world's first global high speed communication's system.

      Yes but, firstly, their work didn't cost hundreds of millions, or billions, in public funds. Secondly, their work was inherently promising since it was the study of materials and phenomena here on Earth that we could control, manipulate and exploit. It already made frogs legs jump. There were good chances that it could help address problems here on Earth. That's not the case with gravity waves or space exploration in general which we can't control or manipulate for use here on Earth.

    76. Re:Why? by gweihir · · Score: 1

      To give you an idea, while there is a full sun-mass equivalent of energy in the wave, it gets spread over a sphere-surface with a radius of 1 billion light-years. There is almost nothing left when the wave arrives and these cataclysmic events are rare enough that we will likely not be getting a nearer one anytime soon. The current observations only work because the detectors have been refined and refined when they failed to find anything before. They are incredibly sensitive now.

      --
      Most ACs are not even worth the keystrokes to insult them. Be generically insulted by this and ignored otherwise.
    77. Re: Why? by nickersonm · · Score: 1

      From the papers, the first detection was a merger which radiated three times the mass-energy of the sun in gravitational waves. The second was 'only' ~1 M*.

    78. Re:Why? by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      When were the early electricity experiments done? When did electricity become seriously useful? Depending on the dates you assign, there's likely to be a century's worth of difference there, and Benjamin Franklin would have completely failed to expect most of the uses we put it to. When were the early gravity wave experiments done? What new stuff will we find out that works with gravity wave research by 2100 or 2150? I don't know.

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
    79. Re:Why? by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      Quite the contrary, but you'd need a background in physics and technology, and experience, to understand that observing gravity waves and conducting space exploration in general cannot help us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

      You have just described all forms of basic research, not just gravity waves and space exploration. There was no particular use for lasers when they were discovered, but last night I watched episodes of the 1960s Batman TV show by using one. There was no particular use for electricity when the Leyden jar was invented.

      Now, as far as space exploration goes, we have solved some practical problems already, most obviously with communications and GPS satellites. I believe the idea of communication satellites is older than actual space exploration, but it was space exploration that pushed development of rockets that could put something in geosynchronous orbit. GPS satellites are a combination of space exploration and development in other areas. By the time we could realistically plan them, we already had proven ways of putting things into low earth orbit.

      The problem with "for the foreseeable future" is that in many ways that's a pretty darn short time. I'm nearing retirement age, but "the foreseeable future" is still considerably shorter than my expected remaining lifespan.

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
    80. Re:Why? by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      No, you're detecting virtual photons. You're constantly pushed from your normal path through spacetime by electromagnetic repulsion between you and things like floors, the ground, chair seats, etc. What you know is that your chair is accelerating at about 9.8 m/s^2 relative to your unaccelerated path. What you can't detect by sitting on your ass is whether you're on a planet big enough to produce a significant acceleration field (involving gravitons, if there is such a thing), or in an accelerating spaceship (not involving gravitons), or maybe sitting in a very large centrifuge. Now, I'm fairly sure I'm on a planet of one Earth mass, and therefore I can infer that I'm under the influence of gravity and get a decent estimate of how much by sitting on my ass

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
    81. Re:Why? by RockDoctor · · Score: 2

      Larry Niven was a friend of Robert Forward, a physicist and aerospace engineer who made various proposals for gravity wave detectors and other over-the-horizon technologies throughout the 1960s to 1990s. He (Forward) is considered one of the doyens of "hard" SF. (As is Niven himself.)

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
    82. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > You have just described all forms of basic research, not just gravity waves and space exploration.

      Incorrect. Research using gravity waves and the exploration of space are exceptional. Neither can help us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth in the foreseeable future -- due to certain realities of physics, technology, and common sense. That's not the case for most other fields of scientific research.

      > There was no particular use for lasers when they were discovered ...

      Lasers were not "discovered". They were *theorized* and then later *realized* (built). Their development confirmed properties of matter here on Earth which scientists knew we could manipulate and exploit.

      > There was no particular use for electricity when the Leyden jar was invented.

      Incorrect. Both demonstrated properties of matter here on Earth which scientists knew we could manipulate and exploit.

      > Now, as far as space exploration goes, we have solved some practical problems already, most obviously with communications and GPS satellites.

      Those are not part of "space exploration" as the term is most often used and as I use it. Space exploration means exploring space objects and space phenomena -- not the setting up of Earth-observing and Earth-serving satellites, which address pressing and practical problems here on Earth.

      > ... it was space exploration that pushed development of rockets that could put something in geosynchronous orbit.

      Incorrect. It was the addressing of practical problems (i.e. military applications) which pushed the development of rockets.

      > GPS satellites are a combination of space exploration and development in other areas.

      Incorrect. GPS satellites are the result of addressing practical problems -- mainly military.

      > The problem with "for the foreseeable future" is that in many ways that's a pretty darn short time.

      Inaccurate. The time involved depends on the subject. The foreseeable future for *fashion* is incredibly short, but for subjects like faster than light travel, we can see centuries ahead, if not millenia.

      > I'm nearing retirement age, but "the foreseeable future" is still considerably shorter than my expected remaining lifespan.

      Incorrect. The foreseeable future for many capabilities we can imagine (e.g. FTL travel, reaching the nearest star, teleportation) is many many times the lifespan of humans.

    83. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

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    84. Re:Why? by hr+raattgift · · Score: 1

      Ohhh, close!

      In practically all theories with gravitons that take GR as the unremovable background, gravitons are the quantizations of the classical spin-2 gravitational wave.

      Sure, there are lots of gravitational waves passing through you, but they're very very very low amplitude; also, the weak interaction of these waves are such that even the smallest wave must be made up of enormous numbers of gravitons. So the GWs being shed by the Earth-Moon orbital system results in many many many more gravitons passing through you than solar neutrinos. Good luck unambiguously measuring _just one_, which is pretty much what one will almost always mean by "detecting a graviton".

      Additionally, gravitational waves aren't what's keeping you in your chair on the surface of the Earth -- that's mostly static curvature sourced by the Earth's mass-energy. There are theories which quantize that, but they're not gravitons (in some forms of quantized gravitoelectromagnetism they can be virtual gravitons, though, along the lines of virtual photons in normal electromagnetism.)

      The Earth *does* shed very low amplitude gravitational waves though, because it is not exactly spherically or rotationally symmetric. GWs are never shed by bodies exactly symmetrical about their rotational axes, or spherically symmetrical. Consider that there are non-binary bodies which are very very close to axisymmetric in the sky: many of the suspected compact massive objects like regular millisecond pulsars and the X- and gamma- black hole candidates must be much closer axisymmetric than the Earth or the sun or the pretty damn spherical slowly-rotating shells inside ordinary stars. By the shell theorem, most ordinary stars have better rotational symmetry at their surfaces than the Earth does. Yet they each source a lot more curvature than the Earth does, even though they shed a lot fewer gravitational waves (after subtracting Earth-Moon and star-large_planet GWs).

      However, ordinary stars, or neutron stars, or black holes that are in binary systems shed (a) more gravitational waves, and depending on the distance between the bodies (b) gravitational waves at much higher amplitudes. So binary systems throw off more gravitons. The two LIGO events from merging black hole binaries put out more (spin-2 massless gauge boson) gravitons than the solar system produces on its own over the course of billions of years. Yet these LIGO gravitons have little effect on you sitting in your chair, right?

    85. Re: Why? by hr+raattgift · · Score: 1

      Yes, but they'd have to be either only a little weaker or a lot lot closer.

      LIGO is sensitive to the amplitude of gravitational waves. Wave amplitude falls off linearly with distance. It's wave energy-density that falls off with the square of distance, and LIGO can detect the range of amplitudes to which it's sensitive at very tiny energy-densities.

    86. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      (Niven was PhD in Astrophysics of similar, if memory does not fail me... all the Doyens of the time were scientists by schooling, though Heinlein still wins for suggesting the (area of) genetic algorithms/programming :-) )

    87. Re:Why? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      OTHERWISE... The State would become nervous that a private party suddenly get an empowering technology and they are already late to the party, so either it obstructs it or it embraces it. If it is not funding it, why let it grow out of control and out of hands and become technological morons because of a few public funds unspent? Eh? It happened with computers, lately, and is probably happening right now. See how quickly the US government embraced Social Media, which was not its investment proper but the _outcome_ of privately funding personal computing beyond black and white TEXT. Email and web pages _had_ to become standard government assets and spending or government would be a backwards institution... Though now see what is happening with componentized electronics, also privately funded with very little governmental intervention. There is little use in government offices for Arduino labs and sensor mixes, but individuals can get a lot done for themselves by acquiring such technology and its applications... and be better of than the neighbor next door. So you simply do not find subsidies, budget paid advertisement and public relations, big corporative political handling, etc. IN FACT: you can _barely_ find them, they are overexpensive, in comparison to email, for instance; providers are less and less obvious, manufacturers are all (?) foreign, manufacturing machines are so esoteric it is a technology expected to be handcrafted rather than mass produced, very interesting components are scarce, go out of supply in days and are not produced in their most versatile forms (vg, ultraminiaturized), if produced again at all, obsolescence is considered their natural end rather than continuous production, brands are not protected nor respected... but try to hype on them and what you can do with them and you ll see how many actors approach and make things hard and difficult for you, because it may became a weapon or simply give you an advantage over the next criminal lot near you. Even cell phones do have some governmental obstructions and were a technology not subsidized nor achieved by budget spending in R&D. We expect The Market to cope with these difficulties but the market is only good as far as it is not _attacked_, because then it simply disbands and leaves a hole. So if you want a technology to thrive, you need to involve government early and for the sake of experimenting early, just in case, even if indirectly, and not because we have to solve a problem. ... ...

    88. Re:Why? by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      Let's look at space exploration. The original space exploration rockets in the US were based on IRBMs and ICBMs, but they didn't stay that way. The military still has rockets of various sorts, and the space program still does also, but they're not the same. For a long time now, NASA rockets have been designed for space exploration purposes, not military purposes. Once we had relatively efficient ways to put objects into the orbit of our choice, we found more and more applications. We developed capabilities for scientific purposes, and these capabilities proved to be very useful in everyday life. If we hadn't indulged in space exploration, we wouldn't have had the ready-made ability to put up GPS satellites once we could build them. We've also learned a whole lot scientifically, but it's much harder to trace that into useful results. What you are saying is that past space exploration efforts were good because you can see good results from them, and the current ones are wasteful since you lack imagination.

      There's no difference between gravitational waves and lasers as you explain them. Both were theorized and apparatus constructed. The big difference is that lasers were created long enough ago that we've found very large numbers of useful purposes.

      There's no difference between gravitational wave detectors and Leyden jars as you describe. Neither was useful for any practical purpose. Both demonstrated properties of matter here on Earth. Scientists working on electricity early on didn't know that they could manipulate and exploit it for anything useful. The big difference is that the Leyden jar era of electricity was a long time ago, and we've had lots of time to develop uses.

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
    89. Re:Why? by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > For a long time now, NASA rockets have been designed for space exploration purposes, not military purposes.

      Doesn't matter. Those space exploration rockets aren't helping us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth, and they won't in the foreseeable future either.

      > Once we had relatively efficient ways to put objects into the orbit of our choice, we found more and more applications.

      Putting Earth-serving and Earth-observing objects in orbit is great. But that's not space exploration. Sending probes beyond Earth, if it's not for detection of Earth-threatening objects, is of no use to us now nor will it be in the foreseeable future.

      > We developed capabilities for scientific purposes, and these capabilities proved to be very useful in everyday life.

      In fact none have, with respect to space exploration.

      > If we hadn't indulged in space exploration, we wouldn't have had the ready-made ability to put up GPS satellites once we could build them.

      Nonsense. All we needed for GPS were military rockets -- the same kind used to launch spy satellites.

      > We've also learned a whole lot scientifically ...

      Nothing that we really needed to know now. None of it has helped us to address a single pressing or practical problem here on Earth, and none will do so in the foreseeable future either.

      > What you are saying is that past space exploration efforts were good because you can see good results from them, and the current ones are wasteful since you lack imagination.

      Incorrect. NO space exploration has been good. Again, space exploration means the exploration of space objects. The only exploration that mattered was the detection of Earth-threatening objects.

      > There's no difference between gravitational waves and lasers as you explain them. Both were theorized and apparatus constructed.

      That's correct. But the second was inherently useful due to its confirmation of properties of matter which we could exploit. The first is not such a device.

      > The big difference is that lasers were created long enough ago that we've found very large numbers of useful purposes.

      Incorrect. Lasers were known by scientists immediately to be useful and to provide promising capabilities. That's not the case with gravity wave detectors.

      > There's no difference between gravitational wave detectors and Leyden jars as you describe. Neither was useful for any practical purpose.

      Again incorrect. You don't seem to be reading my comments completely, so you're making me repeat them. Gravitational waves detectors detect things we cannot manipulate nor exploit for our benefit. Leyden jars did the opposite -- immediately.

      > Both demonstrated properties of matter here on Earth.

      Inaccurate. Gravity wave detectors demonstrate properties of matter here on Earth that we cannot exploit. Gravity is the weakest force in the universe.

      > Scientists working on electricity early on didn't know that they could manipulate and exploit it for anything useful.

      Incorrect. It was clear by making sparks that they could easily control something new. They could see that *immediately*. Sparks could start fires. They could make a frog's legs jump -- helping to understand physiology -- even pertaining to the human body. Gravity wave detectors cannot do any such thing.

      > The big difference is that the Leyden jar era of electricity was a long time ago, and we've had lots of time to develop uses.

      Incorrect. The uses for Leyden jars were immediate. Learn your history.

  3. radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by sittingnut · · Score: 0

    "radiated into space as gravitational waves"
    that statement was written by somebody who does not understand what he/she is talking about when using words like 'space' in this context, and probably watched some eye candy animation that used same kind of false imagery to explain this.

    1. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      How should the statement be written?

    2. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Dissipates the energy by bending the universe ?

    3. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think radiate works well although I think in some of these definitions the use of rays as opposed to waves (heat, energy)
        is a bit anachronistic.

      According to Merriam Webster ( I hope this is considered fair use):

      Simple Definition of radiate

              : to go out in a direct line from a central point or area

              : to move in a specified direction from a source

              : to send out (something, such as heat or energy) in rays

      Full Definition of radiate

      radiated radiating

              intransitive verb

              1 : to proceed in a direct line from or toward a center

              2 : to send out rays : shine brightly

              3 a : to issue in or as if in rays
                        b : to evolve by adaptive radiation

              transitive verb

              1 : to send out in or as if in rays

              2 : irradiate, illuminate

              3 : to spread abroad or around as if from a center

    4. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "radiated into space as gravitational waves"
      that statement was written by somebody who does not understand what he/she is talking about when using words like 'space' in this context, and probably watched some eye candy animation that used same kind of false imagery to explain this.

      That statement was written by somebody who does not understand how to write a scientific press release for the general public.

    5. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Space should really be space-time, but otherwise the statement is not wrong. In gravitational physics, this is very common terminology.

    6. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 1

      No, instead we get that awful animated infographic (complete with obligatory nondescript upbeat music). To be honest I prefer a nice dry and poorly designed Powerpoint over that.

      --
      If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
    7. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by ultranova · · Score: 1

      How should the statement be written?

      "Massive ego, detecting an accomplishment that did not originate from itself, quickly moved into action to diminish it, causing the fabric of noosphere to ripple in a disgusted reaction."

      --

      Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

    8. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by dave420 · · Score: 1

      No, instead of reading a scientific report on these findings you went to the mass media and complained it was the mass media. The problem lies with you not knowing where to find what you're looking for, not that what you're looking for doesn't exist.

    9. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by JaredOfEuropa · · Score: 1

      I'm not going to read a scientific report as it's most likely going to be waaay over my head. But I remember when mass media journalists were able to report stuff as if addressing adults instead of dropping to the level of Yo Gabba Gabba.

      --
      If construction was anything like programming, an incorrectly fitted lock would bring down the entire building...
    10. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 1

      A real physicist on the radio called it "swimming in jello" (That's jelly for the rest of the world).

      That seems a pretty good analogy. Radiating gravity waves seems fine too. People are so picky.

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    11. Re: radiated into space as gravitational waves?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Yo, Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid! What a low, eh?

  4. Re:Trump will save us ! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Trump is Chuck Norris?

    captcha: demolish LOL

  5. Small black holes, right? by GoodNewsJimDotCom · · Score: 1

    Is it just me or black holes just slightly bigger than the sun sound small?

    1. Re:Small black holes, right? by hcs_$reboot · · Score: 1

      Provided that if the Sun were to become a black hole, its diameter would only be 6 km ... (ie 200,000 times less), the thing that gives a current-Sun size black hole is gigantic! (one two).

      --
      Slashdot, fix the reply notifications... You won't get away with it...
    2. Re:Small black holes, right? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think the GP meant slightly bigger than the sun *in mass*, not in size.

      The black hole resulting from the merger has a mass of about 20 suns. So yes, it sounds smallish.

    3. Re:Small black holes, right? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      6 km? Jesus Christ, that'd fit in my pocket. I am American though.

    4. Re:Small black holes, right? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      6 km? Jesus Christ, that'd fit in my pocket. I am American though.

      Ah, you have difficulties with using SI units?

    5. Re:Small black holes, right? by burtosis · · Score: 1

      Is it just me or black holes just slightly bigger than the sun sound small?

      I think it's a reference to the overall idea there are two size ranges of black holes. Small (stellar) and super massive. For technical reasons there seem to be a lack of many holes in the 100 to 100k solar mass size range. Supermassive mergers are thought to happen sometime after galaxies merge, but this is far less common than thier smaller counterpart mergers. Intermediate holes seem to be quite rare.

    6. Re:Small black holes, right? by Maritz · · Score: 1

      It's easy if you just think of it in terms of kilopounds per megainch.

      --
      I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
    7. Re:Small black holes, right? by Maritz · · Score: 1

      It could be that intermediates are just very hard to spot with conventional astronomy. Judging by the results of LIGO so far, we might be starting to "see" a more expected amount.

      --
      I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
    8. Re:Small black holes, right? by SharpFang · · Score: 1

      To be precise, it's size would be zero. It's a singularity, no actual size.

      The diameter given when describing size of a black hole is the diameter of event horizon created by the black hole. It's still just "empty space", but that's a point-of-no-return, and whatever's inside, will not escape (minus Hawking Radiation, but that's nitpicking) and that's an important characteristic that describes a limit beyond which everything is "as good as inside the black hole", the 3km from the center not doing a squat of a difference when the outside world is concerned.

      --
      45 5F E1 04 22 CA 29 C4 93 3F 95 05 2B 79 2A B2
    9. Re:Small black holes, right? by Rob+Riggs · · Score: 2

      Unless you have a testable theory to show that its size is is anything less than the event horizon, you just have faith that its size is 0 and nothing more.

      --
      the growth in cynicism and rebellion has not been without cause
    10. Re:Small black holes, right? by amRadioHed · · Score: 1

      It's unlikely there is a literal singularity at the center of a black hole, but we have no theories that can make sense of what's actually going on beyond the event horizon.

      --
      We hope your rules and wisdom choke you / Now we are one in everlasting peace
    11. Re:Small black holes, right? by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 1

      It's easy if you just think of it in terms of kilopounds per megainch.

      No km is kibibytes per millimeter.

      --
      I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
    12. Re:Small black holes, right? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      For technical reasons there seem to be a lack of many holes in the 100 to 100k solar mass size range.

      Where are the posters with the "your mom" jokes when you need them?

    13. Re:Small black holes, right? by budgenator · · Score: 1

      It's easy if you just think of it in terms of kilopounds per megainch.

      How many stones per megainch is that for our British readers?

      --
      Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
    14. Re:Small black holes, right? by hr+raattgift · · Score: 1

      Semiclassical gravity gives a perfectly consistent picture right to the limit of strong gravity -- that's where the radius of curvature is on the Planck scale. For stellar black holes, that's well inside the horizon. At the horizon of supermassive black holes, the curvature can be arbitrarily flat, and microscopic physics just inside the horizon is no different from well outside the horizon. (This is the basis for the "no drama" conjecture frequently discussed in the aftermath of the Polchinski et al. (AMPS firewalls) paper).

      There is no reason at all to conclude that semiclassical gravity is incomplete in weak gravity. The problem with GR vs QFT making incompatible predictions is not at the horizon, but much nearer to the singularity (and the presence of the zero-radius singularity itself, and you're right that most gravitational physicists hope that the singularity vanishes in a quantum theory of gravity).

      You'd be right if you said we aren't certain about what happens at and very near the singularity. But very near, for a stellar black hole, is on the order of light-picoseconds to light-nanoseconds, and that distance doesn't climb nearly as quickly with its mass as the Schwarzschild radius does. For instance, you can cram a large large large number of high energy particles obeying the spin statistics for bosons into a compact area; near that seething mass you can also convert a large number of particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle into ones that do not; the problem is in the details about the mechanisms for shortening of particle wavelengths that are already very short versus degeneracy pressures, which nobody has a clear answer for at this time. (GR has no such mechanism, so the particle wavelengths go to zero. Ideally a quantum theory of gravity has a mechanism that keeps those wavelengths from becoming arbitrarily short.)

    15. Re:Small black holes, right? by amRadioHed · · Score: 1

      Thank you for the detailed response. Yeah, my comment was poorly worded, I shouldn't have said beyond the event horizon.

      --
      We hope your rules and wisdom choke you / Now we are one in everlasting peace
  6. Don't forget Australia by EEPROMS · · Score: 1

    there are two detectors not one, one is based in Australia the other in the USA. Also many of the parts used in both sensor arrays were designed and created in Australia.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIGO

    1. Re:Don't forget Australia by dargaud · · Score: 1

      And what about VIRGO in Italy which is also part of the collaboration ? It was offline during the 1st detection; did it catch it this time ?

      --
      Non-Linux Penguins ?
    2. Re:Don't forget Australia by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      LIGO is the advanced form of AIGO that actually made the discovery. AIGO is obsolete and did not detect what LIGO is capable of detecting. Australia did not fund LIGO and declined to maintain it therefore they still have just the one obsolete version.

      The LIGO-Australia plan was approved by LIGO's US funding agency, the National Science Foundation...After a year-long effort, the LIGO Laboratory reluctantly acknowledged that the proposed relocation of an Advanced LIGO detector to Australia was not to occur. The Australian government had committed itself to a balanced budget and this precluded any new starts in science.

      Safe to say Australia's contribution to science will be forgotten because the government decided to forget science.

    3. Re:Don't forget Australia by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      There are three main detectors; two in the USA (LIGO) and one in Italy (Virgo). Currently, a detector is under construction in Japan and a fifth one using LIGO components will be built in India. Additionally, there is a smaller detector in Germany that is only sensitive in higher frequencies. It is mainly used to test technology, but it is also used for certain types of sources.

      Having multiple detectors is very useful, because coincidence is used to determine the sky position. A single detector can only determine the distance, but with three or more detectors, a spot on the sky can be identified by triangulation. Moreover, having multiple detectors increases sensitivity, so weaker signals can be detected and more accurate measurements can be done on the properties of the system that is observed (e.g., the masses of merging black holes).

    4. Re:Don't forget Australia by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      No, Virgo was offline during the entire observation run. The collaboration decided that it would be better to perform upgrades at LIGO and Virgo at different times, so Virgo observed for another year when LIGO went offline and Virgo continues finishing upgrades for a year after LIGO resumed operations. That way, the period without any observation run was reduced and duplicate efforts could be reduced.

      LIGO and Virgo will start a joint observation run at the end of this year.

  7. Re:Crazy scientists! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    quantum tunneling bitch. The singularities can merge due to tunneling, as the space between them shrinks, even if it would take infinite time for them to do so otherwise.

    You might as well ask how fusion is possible, given that the forces inside nuclei are powerful enough to overcome the pressures inside stars. The answer, is of course, quantum tunneling.

    But by all means, enjoy your ranting.

  8. Vibrating universe by Faisal+Rehman · · Score: 0

    Einstein's universe seems to be vibrating like old car engine.

    1. Re:Vibrating universe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Einstein's universe seems to be vibrating like old car engine.

      Refresh the shocks and re-balance the camshaft. It'll be good for another 20 years.

  9. Getting close to design sensitivity by Laxator2 · · Score: 1

    Every time they get closer to the design sensitivity the detector can spot signals coming from farther away, as the wave amplitude follows the inverse square law.

    This increase in range will result in a great increase in the _volume_ they can observe, and remember that these detectors do not need to be pointed they way telescopes do.

    The project can clearly follow the Type 1a supernova project (which brought the Nobel Prize to Saul Perlmutter) and go from detecting one signal every few months to detecting a few signals per day.

    1. Re:Getting close to design sensitivity by TMB · · Score: 1

      Counter-intuitively, the strain amplitude goes as the inverse of the distance, not the inverse square!

    2. Re:Getting close to design sensitivity by TMB · · Score: 1

      Actually, let me rephrase that -- it's not counter-intuitive at all that amplitude goes as 1/r, but what's odd is that with gravitational waves, you directly detect the wave amplitude, so detectability falls off as 1/r. For most waves, you detect the wave intensity, which goes as amplitude squared and therefore 1/r^2.

  10. Good that it was ancient by drolli · · Score: 1

    I guess I wouldn't want to observe something like that if i was only a light year away.

  11. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Maritz · · Score: 4, Funny

    I just don't know who to believe. Albert Einstein and several generations of cosmologists, or a AC blowhard on Slashdot. TORN.

    --
    I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
  12. Re:I don't believe this shit by Maritz · · Score: 0

    Well if someone as obviously ignorant and stupid as you doesn't credit it, I'll give it the heave-ho. Thanks! Oh by the way, the saying is "mumbo-jumbo". We both know you'll keep mangling it, but it doesn't hurt to try to get something right for once in your god damn life, now does it?

    --
    I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
  13. Re:Crazy scientists! by Maritz · · Score: 1

    Sorry, what?

    --
    I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
  14. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Stable Planetary Orbits or Newton Was Right

    In spite of the incessant propaganda over the last century from the general relativity camp, gravity is an instantaneous or nonlocal phenomenon, just as Isaac Newton assumed. If changes in gravity traveled at the speed of light, as relativists claim, Newtonian gravity equations would not work at all and all planetary orbits would become unstable. There would be no planetary systems orbiting stars and there would be no galaxies. The reason is that it would take more than eight minutes for changes (caused by its motion around the Milky Way galaxy) in the sun's gravity to reach the earth and even longer for the more distant planets. So the earth's orbit around the sun would depend on where the sun was eight minutes ago, the time it takes changes in the gravitational field to reach the earth, and not on where it is now. This is not observed.

    [emphasis added]

    If true, this was the most interesting part of your article, Louis. Got an external link to back it up?

  15. Re:Crazy scientists! by Bengie · · Score: 1

    And a blackhole takes an infinite amount of time to form. Why are you complaining about what blackholes can or cannot do if you don't believe they exist?

  16. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Deadstick · · Score: 1

    Quit bogarting, dammit.

  17. That, & 5 Euros will get you a latte at Starbu by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Or is it 6 Euros? Certainly glad everybody is happy about this monumental discovery. Perhaps we can carry this enthusiasm on and save our little planet from it's coming inability to support life.

  18. Collision? by DarthVain · · Score: 1

    "Collision" might be a bit of a stretch. It implies immediacy. I didn't RTFA and I am no physicist, however I expect that the "Collision" took an extraordinary amount of time (galactic even as opposed to geologic time periods). Millions of years maybe? I have no idea. Seems if that is the case the summary is a bit sensational, in that it could more accurately be described as the waves of two black holes that slowly eventually merged into one... The end may have happened a lot quicker I suppose, but the lead time was probably enormous.

    1. Re:Collision? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Technically everything that happens took billions of years to happen. They are definitely talking about the end event, though, which can be seen distinctly on the spectrum readout and was converted to an audio signal and spread all over in the media for human consumption. That event is what released massive amounts of energy, rippling through spacetime and showing up on our detectors. It did not take billions of years, it took just a moment of our time.

    2. Re:Collision? by amRadioHed · · Score: 1

      Yes, the black holes had been circling each other for billions of years and slowly leaking energy in the form of gravity waves which resulted in them gradually moving towards each other. As their orbits tightened their orbital velocities increased and it was only in the very last fraction of a second before this long process ended that they were orbiting fast enough to create waves we could detect.

      --
      We hope your rules and wisdom choke you / Now we are one in everlasting peace
  19. Re:Trump will save us ! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Propagandized morons bend to his will. Trump is just a symptom of the damage done by right-wing propaganda outlets like Fox and Breitbart. If you feed someone a false-narrative designed to enrage and confuse them for years, they become very vulnerable to any demagogue that comes along.

  20. Hey, Dickhead . . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Hey dickhead, what if gravity causes cancer? You'd surely want to know all about gravity, then, wouldn't you?

    1. Re:Hey, Dickhead . . . by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > Hey dickhead ...

      I don't think so.

      > ... what if gravity causes cancer?

      That would suck.

      > You'd surely want to know all about gravity, then, wouldn't you?

      No. We wouldn't be able to do anything about gravity in the foreseeable future anyway. Furthermore, we kinda need it.

      What we need instead is *a cure* for cancer. *That's* a pressing problem and we should reallocate LIGO funds to *that* instead -- and to other pressing research projects.

    2. Re:Hey, Dickhead . . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We wouldn't be able to do anything about gravity in the foreseeable future anyway. Furthermore, we kinda need it.

      So we shouldn't bother trying to understand anything about it then, right, dickhead?

      It'll never happen.

      Never.

      Ever.

      Suck it up, dickhead. You can't win.

    3. Re:Hey, Dickhead . . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Many breakthroughs in technology and medicine were discovered due to space research.

      For example, that microprocessor you are using in your computer and that is also used to accelerate cancer research? Developed for space exploration.

    4. Re:Hey, Dickhead . . . by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > Many breakthroughs in technology and medicine were discovered due to space research.

      Inaccurate. None of those breakthroughs were discovered in space. All resulted from research to solve practical problems and we can keep doing that -- researching to solve practical problems -- without building, launching, and monitoring space exploring spacecraft and telescopes.

      > For example, that microprocessor you are using in your computer and that is also used to accelerate cancer research? Developed for space exploration.

      Incorrect. It was developed for many purposes, primarily military.

    5. Re:Hey, Dickhead . . . by Midas+Beurling · · Score: 0

      > So we shouldn't bother trying to understand anything about it then ...

      That's a straw man. No one is suggesting that "we shouldn't bother".

      What I'm saying is we should postpone further study for the time being -- since knowing more than we already know now about gravity won't change what we can do here on Earth in the foreseeable future.

  21. So far away by TheSync · · Score: 1

    Both supposed gravitational wave detections were >400 megaparsecs (1.3 billion light years) distant. That is really, really far.

    For example, the CfA2 Great Wall of galaxies is only 300 million light years from Earth.

    Are there really no black hole collisions happening closer to us? Are these really so rare?

    1. Re:So far away by amRadioHed · · Score: 1

      We are only detecting the last split second of a multi billion year process, so yeah pretty rare that the orbiting black holes are in a detectable state.

      --
      We hope your rules and wisdom choke you / Now we are one in everlasting peace
  22. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by micahraleigh · · Score: 1

    Gravity is continuous, not instantaneous.It takes about 8 mins for the gravity from the sun to arrive on earth.

    You seem to have bought into the A theory of time which has some unlikely implications (like no temporal differences between objects moving at high speeds and stationary objects, but this has been measured and is consistently applied in applications such as GPS).

  23. Not black holes by zero_out · · Score: 1

    These gravity waves were not from two black holes colliding. It was just Chuck Norris doing push-ups again.

  24. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 1

    Stable Planetary Orbits or Newton Was Right

    In spite of the incessant propaganda over the last century from the general relativity camp, gravity is an instantaneous or nonlocal phenomenon, just as Isaac Newton assumed. If changes in gravity traveled at the speed of light, as relativists claim, Newtonian gravity equations would not work at all and all planetary orbits would become unstable. There would be no planetary systems orbiting stars and there would be no galaxies. The reason is that it would take more than eight minutes for changes (caused by its motion around the Milky Way galaxy) in the sun's gravity to reach the earth and even longer for the more distant planets. So the earth's orbit around the sun would depend on where the sun was eight minutes ago, the time it takes changes in the gravitational field to reach the earth, and not on where it is now. This is not observed.

    [emphasis added]

    If true, this was the most interesting part of your article, Louis. Got an external link to back it up?

    It's not true. I don't have a link to back it up, but I did read it somewhere plausible written by a real physicist. The motion of the planets fits the relatavistic model. One of the problems with Newton's laws is that the motions of the planets did not fit the predictions of Newton's laws. Relativity made up for the discrepancy. The motion of the planets is conditionally stable, just like any control system in the real world (as opposed to your simulator).

    --
    I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
  25. Re:Crazy scientists! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Several of your complaints are derived from the model of a black hole as an infinitely compressed point at the center of the event horizon. This is a theoretical extrapolation outside what evidence we can see. The evidence we can see sets a lower bound on the density/energy within the event horizon, but does not tell us that it is infinite. The universe is a lot simpler if you assume some maximum density that is well below infinite. This assumption is within the evidence we have and gets rid of some annoying mathematical singularities that make mathematicians twitch and result in some of the more peculiar predictions.

  26. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by budgenator · · Score: 1

    Regardless of whether "gravity" is "an instantaneous or nonlocal phenomenon" or not, LIGO detects the changes in gravity and the propagation of that change isn't instantaneous. I didn't understand how LIGO worked, until I wrapped my head around the fact that gravity waves are non-instantanious.

    --
    Apocalypse Cancelled, Sorry, No Ticket Refunds
  27. Detection claimed in 1960s by peter303 · · Score: 1

    By Maryland physicist Joesph Weber. He used pizeolectric strain sensors on large metal cylinders. No one could repeat his results nor prove his experiment was sensitive enough. The LIGO project is a direct reaction to this failure with a supposedly better approach. But it took over 30 years of fund raising and technology development to make LIGO work. During those 30 years Congress threatened termination several times. And skeptics like myself though there might be something incorrect with LIGO physics until they finally got a result.

  28. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Lord+Crc · · Score: 1

    If true, this was the most interesting part of your article, Louis. Got an external link to back it up?

    Here's a link to an article explaining of why it's false: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/GR/grav_speed.html

  29. Any issue raised woth Hawking radiation? by pmowry911 · · Score: 1

    From what I read the loss of mass in the system was converted into the gravitational waves and no gamma rays or anything were produced. If we assume this is true does it make the theory of Hawking radiation incorrect?

    Forgive me if this is already covered. Couldn't find a similar post on my cell phone

    1. Re:Any issue raised woth Hawking radiation? by nickersonm · · Score: 1

      No, Hawking radiation is related to the area of the event horizon (and therefore the mass), and is only relevant for very small black holes, as for anything above ~0.4 lunar masses (1.5e-8 solar mass) it will absorb more energy from cosmic microwave background than it emits in Hawking radiation.

  30. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    It's true. Laplace calculated way back in 1805 that, in order for the moon to stay in its orbit around the earth, the speed of gravity would have to be at least 10^6 times faster than light speed. Since then, others have refined the calculations and concluded that the speed of gravity would need to be many millions of times faster than c. As I explained, this is also true in GR and relativists are aware of the problem. So they came up with a cockamamie, self-contradictory explanation to get around it. Not to mention that it makes a mockery of the principle of Ockham's razor.

    But Einstein's physics is not about science. It's a political movement and a religion. Not for long though.

  31. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You don't know what the fuck you're talking about.

  32. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by TechyImmigrant · · Score: 1

    You don't know what the fuck you're talking about.

    Oh Mr (or Mrs, or Ms) Coward. You seem to be scientifically illiterate.

    --
    I should use this sig to advertise my book ISBN-13 : 978-1501515132.
  33. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yeah, that explains it. Not. LOL

  34. Re:Why LIGO is a scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Baez is mistaken and so is everyone else. He writes (emphasis added): "In that case, one finds that the "force" in GR is not quite central—it does not point directly towards the source of the gravitational field—and that it depends on velocity as well as position. The net result is that the effect of propagation delay is almost exactly cancelled, and general relativity very nearly reproduces the newtonian result."

    First, Baez (and every other relativist) does not realize that the GR argument is self-contradictory. It assumes relative velocity and relative position. There is no way any massive body can broadcast its absolute velocity or position to other bodies because GR does not allow absolute position or motion. But this creates another problem. There is also no way a body can broadcast its relative velocity to other bodies because that would assumes instantaneous communication between them. This kills the argument right off the bat.

    Second, Baez uses the analogy of a moving charged particle. he writes: "If a charged particle is moving at a constant velocity, it exerts a force that points toward its present position, not its retarded position, even though electromagnetic interactions certainly move at the speed of light."

    Baez is really talking about the electrostatic force here. The only problem is that nobody has ever shown experimentally that changes in the electrostatic field move at the speed of light. The fact that Baez uses this as an example is a sure sign that,unbeknownst to him, it is indeed instantaneous. He is just assuming that somehow velocity and position information is being broadcast from the moving charge via photons moving at c but he can't prove it. The explanation fails for the same reason that I explained above. There is every reason to believe that physicists are interpreting the whole thing wrong. Only the magnetic field travels at c. The electrostatic field is instantaneous or nonlocal, just like gravity. Besides, if it weren't, the electric field around an electron would be non-symmetrical, breaking a conservation law.

    There are other reasons but these will suffice.

  35. Gravitatinal Waves is like a Frog's well by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    sub:Gravitatinal Waves is like a Frog's well
      Paradigm Shift- Necessity-think-tanks
    Temple tanks- Hampi to Himalayas provide approach to 8-directional mode search -How Energy from space time frame get in-fusion to grow against gravity? search Human being Sensex. OM COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS TO COSMOLOGY REVISION-2000 {Book available at LULU]
    Gravity and black-hole psychology promotion misleads astronomy unable to catch-up with cosmic function of the universe -beyond Heart and center of the Universe- 100,000 Light years beyond Milky way Galactic frame. Vidyardhi cosmology studies

  36. Re: Trump will save us ! by StephenWilliamSchnar · · Score: 1

    Sort of like how the left has been preaching that straight white males are the cancer that destroys the world? Don't think that either side is innocent of hatred. Trump is a symptom of a society being held ransom by busy-bodies that are trying to tell people how to live their lives, what they can and cannot say, and that have a singular hatred for one skin color and one gender.

  37. What is it? by martinfb · · Score: 1

    How fast do gravity waves travel?

    Is gravity akin to a change in the (local) pressure of time-space, which increases on approach to mass. The more the mass, the more displaced time-space is, and the higher the pressure - the greater the gravity.

    --


    Self-importance and self-indulgence is the root of ALL evil.