Ford: We're Canceling $1.6 Billion Mexico Facility, Investing In Electric and US Plant (arstechnica.com)
An anonymous reader quotes a report from Ars Technica: Today at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant, Ford Motor Company CEO Mark Fields unveiled a large-scale electric vehicle initiative that will run through the company's next five years. Ford plans to invest $4.5 billion in electric vehicle production by 2020, and the company said it will produce 13 new electric vehicles, including a Mustang, an F-150, police cars, and a Transit Custom van. Additionally, Fields revealed that Ford would be canceling a previously announced $1.6 billion-production facility in Mexico. Instead, the company wants to invest $700 million in the existing Flat Rock facility, generating 700 new jobs focused on EV and autonomous initiatives at that location, according to Ford. Ford described seven of the 13 upcoming EVs during its press conference today. The F-150 Hybrid will be available by 2020 in North America and the Middle East, and Fields noted it'll be powerful enough to stand-in for on-site generators in a pinch. The Mustang Hybrid will deliver "V8 power and even more low-end torque" according to Ford; it too is intended for a 2020 release. Generally, electric motors are well suited to applications where you want a lot of immediate torque, so their presence should work well in a light duty truck like the F-150. Among the other notable vehicles highlighted, Ford is planning a fully electric small SUV that can "deliver an estimated range of at least 300 miles" by 2020. The company also wants to produce an autonomous vehicle "designed for commercial ride hailing or ride sharing" in North America by 2021.
Go Trumperor!!!!!
Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
Another win for The Donald
King Trump!
Long live the Republican Party!
Icahn eats little people like YOU!
God loves only the winners!
LOSERS!
Everybody knows Ford sucks. Hard. They haven't won a NASCAR championship in years.
Nobody wanted to buy a Ford, nobody wants to invest in a useless factory to make crap that won't sell, whether in Mexico or anywhere else.
They should just let Apple buy them out.
Fifty two American diplomats and citizens held hostage for 444 in Iran during the Carter Administration were suddenly released without explanation. It was as if the hostage takers are all frightened of what Reagan would do. Here, you have American companies opening factories left and right outside of the U.S. throughout the Obama Administration, and suddenly Trump comes in and they're all pulling back.
While this is ultimately an economic decision (small car sales are waaaay down and Ford doesn't need another factory), I can't imagine the threat of tariffs didn't factor into the decision to cancel the Mexican factory. Nevertheless, it's amazing how the online comments sections are taking a black vs.white/pro vs. anti-Trump side to a nuanced subject.
Ultimately, this is good news for Michigan workers, whether or not we bring politics into the discussion.
I've alway been a fan of ford, but they have been dragging ass for a long time, only just barely innovating for the last few years. I'm glad they finally realize that they are going to need to really start pulling more into electric and hybrids. I think the biggest thing pushing them is actually emissions. From my understanding it's impossible for a big V8 to pass the new emissions regulations that will be even more stringent next few years.
While this is not quoted in the opening paragraph, this would seem to be a significant factor in the decision, and thus maybe worth at least a passing summary in the Slashdot blurb?
Lawrence Person (lawrencepersonh@gmailh.com (remove all "h"s to mail)
http://www.lawrenceperson.com/
You can figure that out in the summary alone. They are doing this because it's nearly $1 billion cheaper to invest $700 million instead of $1.6 billion.
Follow the money, always follow the money. The Presidency almost NEVER has any impact on business decisions, although people like to think so and I'm sure Trump will play with his little horn falsely touting how he made this happen.
Trump does things that Obama and Clinton couldn't do. #MAGA
America is getting great again already!
See subject: Nothing touches the Mustang smallblock (race engine really) & Mr. Trump (both = best of the BEST & we're lucky to have 'em!).
* Coming from the BEST producer of hosts files that give you more speed, security, reliability & anonymity than ANY other SINGLE "so-called 'solution'" out there, bar-none, doing MORE for less (resource use, security issues, inefficiency OR being 'sold out' to NOT WORK by default (adblock)) - NEW VERSION TODAY too:
APK Hosts File Engine 9.0++ SR-5 32/64-bit https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=%22APK+Hosts+File+Engine%22+and+%22start64%22&btnG=Google+Search&gbv=1/
APK
P.S.=> BOTH Ford Motor & Mr. Trump make me PROUD to be a U.S. Citizen - they're not taking a day off & doing more for their U.S. constituency... apk
I have read the linked article and article in WSJ and WashPost. There appears to be some confusion in the Ars Technica article, and in the summary. The investment in the Flat Rock Michigan plant is to create new electric vehicles, to maintain employment for the Ford Escort employees, as Ford continues its plan to move the Escorts to 100% in Mexico. This is similar to the November story, when Ford moved mature Lincoln manufacturing from Louisville KY to Mexico, but invested in a new vehicle manufacturing in KY rather than close the plant.
From the Post https://www.washingtonpost.com... :
"At Ford, Joseph Hinrichs, president of Ford in the Americas, said the decision to produce the newly announced cars in the United States was made recently and without consulting people connected to Trump. Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford shared the news with Trump in a phone call Tuesday morning, though the details of that call were not immediately available.
While the Ford Focus will soon be produced south of the border, Hinrichs said the 3,500 workers who currently make the car at its production facility in Wayne, Mich., will instead build two yet-to-be-named vehicles, and thus those jobs will stay in place."
Trump seems very talented at getting his name into headlines about decisions that have nothing to do with him
Gently reply
So we need someone like Trump to convince people that electric vehicles work? Pretty sad when you think about it considering I've driven a Volt for 3 years and it's been a great car. Ironic isn't it. What's next, Trump says global warming is real and suddenly everyone who's a climate denier changes?
Another win for The Donald
And a loss for our domestic car companies who apparently are starting to become less competitive to appease our new President. In what world is a car company deciding to cancel $1.6 billion in investment for the future and replace it with only $700 billion of investment a good thing?
This may have nothing to do with the new administration. Ford could have simply realized they couldn't justify $1.6 billion in investment for new facilities, and needed to be more cautious by enhancing current factories. But if they really did make this decision because of fear of tariffs, we are already starting to see some of the worst consequences of protectionism. American companies being coerced to decrease efficiency to appease those who oppose the modernization of our workforce cannot be considered a win for anyone concerned about the long term economic health of our country.
-- All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing. -- Edmund Burke
I will be interested to hear the fully synthetic engine noise of their electric mustang. https://tech.slashdot.org/story/15/01/22/1619252/fake-engine-noise-is-the-auto-industrys-dirty-little-secret
Ford, like America, is becoming great again!
The new Ford investment in the US will create 700 jobs.
You are welcome on my lawn.
Because we all know that billion dollar investments from multi-billion dollar corporations can be changed overnight on the whim of a Tweet.
The current Ford CEO is nothing like Henry Ford and looks forward to trying to further his interests without union labor. He sees this as Trump giving him the green light to attempt to do so. After all the big three can now look at the American (located) plants for Asian (headquartered) companies that are mostly staffed by non-union workers and whine that they can't "compete" unless they can reduce wages, skirt pension, and provide reduced benefits. Considering the goon that Trump wants to place in charge of the Department of Labor, it's game on.
Damn_registrars has no butt-hole. Damn_registrars has no use for a butt-hole.
... it's the little round thing called, "non-fossil fuel cars."
It's not a win for Trump.
It's a poke in the eye.
It little behooves the best of us to comment on the rest of us.
See subject: Nothing touches the Mustang smallblock (race engine really) & Mr. Trump (both = best of the BEST & we're lucky to have 'em!).
* Coming from the BEST producer of hosts files that give you more speed, security, reliability & anonymity than ANY other SINGLE "so-called 'solution'" out there, bar-none, doing MORE for less (resource use, security issues, inefficiency OR being 'sold out' to NOT WORK by default (adblock)) - NEW VERSION TODAY too:
APK Hosts File Engine 9.0++ SR-5 32/64-bit https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=%22APK+Hosts+File+Engine%22+and+%22start64%22&btnG=Google+Search&gbv=1/
APK
P.S.=> BOTH Ford Motor & Mr. Trump make me PROUD to be a U.S. Citizen - they're not taking a day off & doing more for their U.S. constituency... apk
It will be good to see some money stay in the US for a change.
FreeBSD had long we get there with EFNet, and apply to be about do
Trump’s biggest complaint about Mexico is all the people sneaking illegally into the US and then becoming a “burden on the economy.” Now, I can understand wanting to bring jobs home that are currently in places like China. But the Chinese don’t sneak across a border into the US. By limiting trade with Mexico, this hurts their economy and makes people want EVEN MORE to escape to the US. On the other hand, perhaps investing a little in the Mexican economy might make some of their people WANT to stay there, no?
See subject: Nothing touches the Mustang smallblock (race engine really) & Mr. Trump (both = best of the BEST & we're lucky to have 'em!).
* Coming from the BEST producer of hosts files that give you more speed, security, reliability & anonymity than ANY other SINGLE "so-called 'solution'" out there, bar-none, doing MORE for less (resource use, security issues, inefficiency OR being 'sold out' to NOT WORK by default (adblock)) - NEW VERSION TODAY too:
APK Hosts File Engine 9.0++ SR-5 32/64-bit https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=%22APK+Hosts+File+Engine%22+and+%22start64%22&btnG=Google+Search&gbv=1/
APK
P.S.=> BOTH Ford Motor & Mr. Trump make me PROUD to be a U.S. Citizen - they're not taking a day off & doing more for their U.S. constituency... apk
It was actually a business decision based on the combined US and Canadian states and provinces demanding locally built EV and hybrid fleet vehicles in most of the US economy (CA,OR,WA, and the NE states) and Canada (all the provinces and feds) that made this happen.
Comrade T had nothing to do with this decision.
We pushed.
We got results.
Not the God-Emperor.
-- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
I wonder how much fellatio DJT had to give to make that happen? Surely a massive tax break of some kind.
Oh, wait . . . never mind.
Reporter: "Mr. President, were you aware of the weapons sale that Col Oliver North had arranged between Iran and the Contras in the basement of the Whitehouse?"
Regan: "Basement?"
Companies have never stopped building in America. In the past few years, they've had to build and modernize a lot of facilities to get the production back to its current record levels without rehiring the workers lost in the 2009 time frame. Yet the net increase in factory jobs has been negligible. Here's a great chart showing what has happened.
That will continue. Actually, it would be surprising if we don't start seeing the jobs go lower while output goes up.
The difference is that now, all of those projects will be highly publicized and touted as due to Trump so that Trump can reward them with tax breaks they weren't getting before for the same thing.
Given that there's 3 super cars that are hybrids(McLaren P1, Porsche 918, Ferrari La Ferrari) I'm very interested how the first hybrid sport/muscle/pony car regular people can afford will turn out. Not expecting super car performance but if done right it could be quite a car.
Did you know 80 to 90% of the moderators on slashdot wouldn't recognize a troll even if one dragged them under a bridge.
Jobs are good news, especially when they're not paid for via bailout or stimulus.
Obamatrons HOOOOOO!
Meanwhile, a city in Mexico just lost $1.6B of direct investment
Told you Mexico would pay for that wall.
"There is more worth loving than we have strength to love." - Brian Jay Stanley
See subject: It's the engine block/heads they initially selected + from what I understand, stangs win most streetraces typically (per traderags, motorshows etc.).
Yes, Vettes used Chevy stuff - but what about TRUE 'supercars'?
Ford also INVENTED the single part cast V-8 that was affordable too back in iirc, 1932 (had oil pickup issues on turns to they put in baffles in the pan & problem solved, fast) - thus chevy = imitation (even though I owned a good one, see below).
APK
P.S.=> Used to be a 'motorhead' in my "misguided youth" (had an 1972 SS Chevelle I sold to get more "$" to live @ school, wish I hadn't) & like Chevy enough, but race tech IS in the ford smallblock "boss 302" (4.6L-5.0L) motor like (iirc) overhead cams (no stupid pushrod design losing 30% going from circular to linear & more moving parts for breakdown), roller rockers & valve tappets, headers (tubular exhaust) etc. - Chevy MAY have that now, but I they didn't put it in streetable V-8's in the 70's-90's afaik (& IF you have time? What the hell - fill me in IF they do now - thanks, BUT if they do? They're mere imitation paper roses)... apk
All those cars will be made in 100% automated robotic plants, resulting in a net gain of about a dozen US jobs. Here's what the unskilled laborers don't understand: if your job can be done cheaper in the US by a robot than the minimum wage for you, than your job doesn't have to be offshored for you to be out of work! Maybe you should to whatever it takes to get trained for a profession that can't get offshored, e.g. RN or hospitality industry.
Ford: We've done nothing on EVs since Magna gifted us the Focus EV conversion years ago, but we're going to get started on something any day now.
Trump seems very talented at getting his name into headlines about decisions that have nothing to do with him
Except for the part in the article where Ford's CEO is quoted as saying: "We're encouraged by the pro-growth policies of President Trump," Fields said when announcing the investment shift from Mexico to the Flat Rock facility. Earlier in the day, the CEO told CNN he views the investment as a "vote of confidence" in the president-elect.
I have read the linked article and article in WSJ and WashPost
OK, so did you miss that part, ignore it, or what?
Is it time to make the sarcastic "Thanks Trump" meme yet?
By by Elon. Looser!
Ja ja
Maybe it costs 1.6 billion to build a new factory in Mexico, and $700 million modernizing an existing plant in the United States. Under the previous rules they thought were going to be in place, they would have recouped the $900 million dollar difference. Trump's plan is to incentivize building in the US, disincentivize building elsewhere- and this changes the risks and calculations associated with the project.
So I wouldn't say the 'Narrative is clearly not true.' With Gruber, Rhodes, and Clinton continuously lying to the America public I can see where you'd get the idea that a 'narrative' would be pushed regardless of the facts on the ground, but please consider that not everyone operates that way.
Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms should be the name of a store, not a government agency.
See subject: I was talking common-man buyable motors (not ones you note) 1st of all.
You didn't answer my question though - DO SUPERCARS like Koenigsegg use Chevy? I know they used the Ford 5.0 initially!
Plus - isn't the LS6 bigblock & w/ larger stroke? Explains rpm/rev possibles partially (that's not apples to apples then) & I was restricting us to MASS PRODUCTION street motors man...
* Thanks for the feedback - "live & learn" & I'll take your word on it - why not - you seem fairly confident enough + probably know more about rod engines more than I do!
Thus - U R KING MOTORHEAD! Quoting Arnold from "Predator" - "U R 1 UGLY MOFO" but know your shit!
* In honor of my coronation of you as "KING MOTORHEAD" (can't put in the 'umlauts', afaik /. doesn't do unicode & extended charsets)? A tune:
ACE OF SPADES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWB5JZRGl0U/
Just 4U in your honor!
APK
P.S.=> Cost efficacy on Ford is excellent though (they do win tons of streetraces) & do chevys now have headers, roller work on cams, rocker arms & such too? What is cost differential?? HUGE iirc - Vette vs. Stang is large (roush even is still lower vs. high-end vettes)... apk
Seems like familiar tactics from the bully pulpit.
There are a whole bunch of logical problems with your fantasy. Yeah, sure, before they didn't mind wasting $900M, but now since the President hand-waved and said that Congress will make a bunch of new (totally unspecified) rules, they're suddenly happy with it. That just doesn't work as an explanation. It is plain horse-shit. Your reply had zero content, zero logic. All you did is present a nonsense narrative that is clearly not true.
Obviously, some true series of events happened. But they're not what is claimed in the story, and they're not what you made up either.
We're both engaging in conjecture, you seem upset that my conjecture is different from yours. Perhaps you'd be happier on something that isn't so much a discussion board as a proclamation board?
Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms should be the name of a store, not a government agency.
Even a business 101 class would inform you that predictability is an important business concern. Businesses do not do knee-jerk reactions that cost $900M based on new rules that haven't even been made! That's complete nonsense. No conjecture required to reject that as an explanation. Notice, I didn't actually engage in conjecture; I'm not saying why they did it, I'm saying exactly that we don't know why. We don't have enough information to make a reasonable claim, but we do have enough information to reject the stated claims.
I realize fact finding is hard in the modern age of the Internet, but the leaders of both Mexico and Canada both stated that they are willing to renegotiate NAFTA with the Trump administration. If they don't find common ground, the treaty dies. We have plenty of history of this scenario playing out with various results (some positive, some negative).
Assuming the agreements are favorable to the US and your allegation that Congress would not approve are true, I expect we will see a large change in Congress in the next election.
If your point was that Trump is not a dictator I would agree, but if that was your point it was extremely poor in representation.
-The wise argue that there are few absolutes, the fool argues that there are no probabilities.
It's almost like one of the largest auto makers in the world wants to stay on good terms with one of the most powerful men in the world.
> However, do not delude yourself or anyone else that GOP == "no new taxes", just because W chanted it like an idiot throughout his election cycle most assuredly does not make it true. Look at the historical record, in practice the GOP raises taxes just as much
Let's do look at the historical record. Here are the actual numbers, the average federal tax rate for all households:
http://www.taxpolicycenter.org...
You may notice that the total federal tux burden doesn't hasn't actually changed that much since 1979 - they just move things around, without changing the total. Rates for the lowest-income quintile have consistently gone down over the last 25 years, from 8% to 1.5%.
A summary by president for your convenience:
Obama: No significant change (but huge debt which will require future taxes)
GW Bush: average tax rate reduced from 21% to 17.3%
Clinton: No change
GHW Bush: No significant change
Reagan: Reduced from 22% to 21%
Two presidents have had tax changes of more that half of a percent, GW Bush and Ronald Reagan. Both reduced taxes.
Corruption should be occurring due to this myopic focus on a single company, similar to how the recent bailouts benefit some financial companies, while others were unable to survive. Trump appears to be bringing light to specific companies randomly and ignoring others. The approach isn't methodical at all, just meant to be marketing or propaganda.
You may notice that the total federal tux burden doesn't hasn't actually changed that much since 1979 - they just move things around, without changing the total. Rates for the lowest-income quintile have consistently gone down over the last 25 years, from 8% to 1.5%.
A summary by president for your convenience:
Obama: No significant change (but huge debt which will require future taxes)
GW Bush: average tax rate reduced from 21% to 17.3%
Clinton: No change
GHW Bush: No significant change
Reagan: Reduced from 22% to 21%
Two presidents have had tax changes of more that half of a percent, GW Bush and Ronald Reagan. Both reduced taxes.
Taxes for who? Bush's "base" - sure, their taxes went down. Capital Gains taxes, sure they got reduced by Regan. Workers in the Flint auto making factories, not so much.
Ford, GM, and Chrysler were basically broke in 2009, their investments in Mexico saved them.
You ignore externalities. Pollution, safety, health, medical, and other costs not born by the corporations raping the environment and abusing workers.
Thus your worthless analysis.
No. Germany doesn't have a free trade agreement and they still have a larger trade deficit than Mexico, which is mostly foreign-owned producers. Ford has a karge market in Mexico too, the largest of all latin america. They are not stupid.
Germany does not have a trade deficit and never had one in recent history. They have one of the largest trade surpluses in the world.
Under the previous rules they thought were going to be in place, they would have recouped the $900 million dollar difference. Trump's plan is to incentivize building in the US, disincentivize building elsewhere- and this changes the risks and calculations associated with the project.
The problem with that narrative is that Trump doesn't have a plan.
He may have intentions (that appears to vary depending on the last word spoken) but he has yet to state a plan.
It would be crazy to do a $700 million investment based on that when you can wait a couple of weeks and see what Trump intends to do.
But who knows, perhaps they have made a deal with Trump under the table.
"disincentivize" - LOL.
I think the word you're looking for is "penalise', but then, you are American, aren't you...
Can't think of the word you want? Just put "dis" in front of another word, and create a completely new word that nobody has ever heard of before!
The CEO of Ford disagrees with you.
Progressivism: Parasites helping parasites to help themselves - to other people's stuff.
I'm not going to comment on Ford doing this because of Trump or not, but I applaud them regardless for being the only major US based vehicle manufacturer that didn't take a 'bailout'. I hope this works out for them. (Yes, I own shares of Ford, and even if it costs me a bit more, I'll be buying cars from them in the future simply because they *didn't* F up)
A nice crossover, it gets 40MPG, has 10,000mi oil changes and it actually fun to drive - plus since they initially overstated the MPG and barely market them you can buy them dirt cheap.
Ford did some simple supply and demand economics calculations and decided it was more profitable to expand their production of highly profitable big trucks and SUVs in their current US based plants than it was to open up a new small cars plant in Mexico. Instead of opening a new plant, they're just cutting their overall small cars production so that their existing Mexico plant can manufacture both car lines. Honestly this wouldn't even be a news worthy headline if people weren't trying to use it to prop up Trump.
You ignore externalities. Pollution, safety, health, medical, and other costs not born by the corporations raping the environment and abusing workers.
If anything, externalities boost my argument because nations such as China don't deal with them as effectively and broadly as the US does. Offshoring on the other hand provides enormous improvements to these externalities because it gives incentives for developing countries to improve more rapidly. The US will have much greater global impact by enticing all nations to improve than it could ever have just focusing on itself only.
-- All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing. -- Edmund Burke
I understand your conjecture as saying that Ford was going to spend $1.6G in Mexico rather than spending $700M in the US, for essentially the same thing, before changing its decision. It seems very odd that Ford would spend $900M extra just to locate a plant in Mexico rather than the US. Labor costs would be less in Mexico, but by that much?
Aighearach's conjecture is that there were two unrelated projects, one costing $1.6G and one costing $700M, and they dropped the first and are proceeding with the second instead. This avoids having to explain why plants in Mexico are so much more profitable than plants in the US. The $700M project looks to be higher tech, and more suited for doing in the US.
The problem with attributing a major change to Trump's election is that we don't know what's going to happen. Trump has said he'll do something to discourage sending jobs abroad. This is probably not good for his business interests, so I don't know if he'll actually do it. (One thing we know about Trump is that he's a big liar.) If he does propose something, I don't know how Congress will react. It's mostly controlled by mainstream Republicans, who might or might not support Trump's initiatives, and who are unlikely to want to pass such a proposal.
"When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
History repeats itself (and so do I)
http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/henry-ford-grand-cross-1938/
Trump won. Get over it. Trump is parading the 800 or so jobs he "saved" around like he's the king or some shit. Why do you dwell on the past? You got what you wanted. Own that shit.
Fuck you, ya hypocritical bastard! It was totally ok for you to flipping the fuck out for 8 years screaming about Obama coming to get your guns and all the scary muslims around every corner who wanted to behead you and fuck your ugly wife but now it's us who are the delusional ones? Yeah, you can go fuck right off. You don't have to worry about help from me. There are plenty who actually want the help so again, fuck right off.
OK when I read the list of cars I here was my initial reaction...
Electric Mustang? It will have a range of 10km. More likely is it will have two settings, a "Sport" with a range of 10km, and a "Normal" which will have the range of a normal electric car I suppose or slightly worse.
Electric Police Car? My first vision of a police chase against a combustion car, where they just have to outlast the police to out distance them and they run out of juice... Might make a good premise for a bank heist movie chase or something.
Electric Transit Van? OK that just makes perfect sense really, probably need extra capacity for distance and weight likely though.
Electric F-150 Truck? OK first I thought it was a stupid idea, sure lots of torque but figure the capacity drain will be excessive, However the line "powerful enough to stand-in for on-site generators in a pinch" was not something I thought of, and is actually pretty useful. Could even see it in heavier use in contractors and the like. Anyway maybe not such a bad idea.
See subject & proof https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=%22koenigsegg%22+and+%22ford%22&btnG=Google+Search&gbv=1/ & Ford uses headers, roller overhead cams & iirc rocker arms too stock on the street in the smallblock 4.6-5.0L (I wouldn't have stated it outright IF I wasn't cocksure of it)
* ... & yea, I know you can build up a motor/car yourself for considerably less vs. buying them "hot-rodded" (iirc, that was the original premise behind "hotrodders" - taking what they had & making it better).
APK
P.S.=> I used to be "into it" myself (still am but I have bills to pay now on homes so it's restricted to putting on dual exhausts + cold-air intakes on V-6's now - NOT the same as V8 by a longshot) & doing PC "hotrodding"'s NOT that dissimilar (it's cheaper too, lol)... apk