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A Lawsuit Over Costco Golf Balls Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap (qz.com)

Ephrat Livni, writing for Quartz: Unless you're a golfer, you probably don't think about golf balls. But a new US lawsuit about these little-dimpled spheres has an economics lesson for all shoppers, showing why consumers have cause for concern when companies use court for sport. Costco, the wholesale membership club, rocked the golf world in 2016 when it started selling its Kirkland Signature (KS) golf balls at about $15 per dozen, a quarter to a third the price of popular top-ranked balls. Industry insiders called it a "miracle golf ball" for its great performance and low cost, and Costco sold out immediately. It's planning to release more in April. In response to the bargain ball's reception, however, Acushnet -- which makes the popular Titleist balls -- sent the membership club a threatening letter. It accused Costco of infringing on 11 patents and engaging in false advertising for claiming that KS balls meet or exceed the quality standards of leading national brands.

28 of 266 comments (clear)

  1. Where's the news? by Opportunist · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Those who can, do.
    Those who can't, sue.

    It's not like this is anything new.

    --
    We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
    1. Re:Where's the news? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      But she didn't.

    2. Re:Where's the news? by stealth_finger · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Sounds like they could, but couldn't sell, then Costco stole and sold on massive scale while providing inventors with nothing. Did I miss anything here?

      The inventors of what? The golf ball? Did Acushnet invent it? Seriously though, how can a golf ball have 11 patents on it?

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    3. Re:Where's the news? by stealth_finger · · Score: 5, Insightful

      OK then, so they have a patent on each specific part of a golf ball, all layers patented separately, separate patent for the dimples, another one defining the size and shape of said dimples etc etc. I know the answer and the answer is because the US patent system is an absolute clusterfuck and just gathering and holding onto them so you can sue anyone who does anything remotely similar to shut down competition while crying free market. That's how you get at least 11 patents on a golf ball (are there more they aren't claiming are being infringed? Probably not but maybe).

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    4. Re:Where's the news? by tranquilidad · · Score: 4, Informative

      It looks like Titleist has 44 patents on their Pro V1 golf balls. These patents range from design to materials to manufacturing.

      For example, the first patent in the list, 6013330, relates to UV curable inks and their application onto spherical surfaces such as golf balls. Reading the first page of the patent may give you a sense of the complexity of high-speed, production printing on a curved surface in a durable manner.

      If you look at the patents you will notice that many of them are related to manufacturing processes. 9174088, for example, is a process for cleaning the seam created when the golf ball is molded in a way that allows the dimple pattern to be consistent across the seam.

      There are a ton of BS patents out there and some of Titleist's may fall into that category. But it's not hard to imagine a lot of complexity goes into designing and manufacturing a golf ball. The company started in 1932 because of a golfer's frustration with the then state-of-the-art golf balls.

    5. Re:Where's the news? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Or, you could just as glibly say: those who could, did, and those who couldn't, copied.

      I have no idea if that's actually how it went down, just as I presume you have no particular evidence this is a nuisance suit. But if Costco did indeed copy Acushnet's patented features, I take it you wouldn't deny the actual inventor legal recourse.

      IIRC, Costco bought up a contract manufacturers overrun (company was hired to make X number of golf balls, but for what ever reason they made Y number).
      So the Titleist folks hired a manufacture in China to produce 3 million golf balls. The Chinese company either made 6 million or the contracting company rejected the lot as inferior. Either case the Chinese company now has 3 million golf balls that it doesn't want to lose money on. So they sold the whole lot to Costco. Costco then goes and sells them $15 / dozen .. versus Acushnet's $45-$60 / dozen.

      Acushnet sees its gravy train approaching a washed out bridge and files lawsuit to repair it.

      So the Chinese manufacturer was contracted to make 3 million balls, "accidentally" made 6 million, sold the original 3 million, then turned around and sold the extra 3 million to Costco?

      Sounds true.

    6. Re:Where's the news? by msauve · · Score: 4, Informative

      "Are that patents here number, shape, and size of the dimples? If so- bullshit patent."

      Why so? There may be significant R&D which goes into the aerodynamics.

      In any case, Costo says they have an "out" on every patent because there's a least one claim which doesn't apply to their ball. The claims seem to be in 3 classes: material hardness, "bounce" (Coefficient of Restitution), and dimple pattern ("profile defined by the revolution of a catenary curve" in 3 patents). Costco also challenges them based on prior art.

      In any case, here are the patents, go look them up instead of asking what they're about: 6994638, 8123632, 8444507, 9320944, 8025593, 8257201, 7331878, 6358161, 7887439, 7641572, 7163472.

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    7. Re:Where's the news? by tranquilidad · · Score: 4, Interesting

      I'm a decent golfer, about a 9 handicap, and I can tell you that for an amateur like me the newer golf balls make a significant difference. I probably can't tell the difference between a Titleist Pro V1 and a Kirkland Signature but I can most definitely tell a difference between a 2017 ball and one from 1997.

    8. Re:Where's the news? by plover · · Score: 4, Informative

      Seriously though, how can a golf ball have 11 patents on it?

      Read Costco's reply to the court, in which each patent is listed along with Acushnet's claims and Costco's rebuttal. You can look the patents up online at the USPTO web site. Let's look at a few, shall we?

      Patent# 6,994,638 - Golf balls comprising highly-neutralized acid polymers.
      Abstract
      A golf ball comprising a core comprised of a polymer containing an acid group fully-neutralized by an organic acid or a salt, a cation source, or a suitable base thereof, the core having a first Shore D hardness, a compression of no greater than about 90, and a diameter of between about 1.00 inches and about 1.64 inches; and a cover layer comprising ionomeric copolymers and terpolymers, ionomer precursors, thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, polybutadiene rubber, balata, grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers, non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers, single-site polymers, high-crystalline acid polymers and their ionomers, or cationic ionomers.

      What is claimed is:

      1. A golf ball comprising: a core comprising a center and an outer core layer, the center comprising a thermoset polybutadiene rubber composition having a first hardness; and the outer core layer comprising a polymer comprised of an acid group fully-neutralized by an organic acid or a salt of the organic acid, and a cation source or a suitable base of the cation source; and having a second hardness; and an inner cover layer and an outer cover layer comprising ionomeric copolymers and terpolymers, ionomer precursors, thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, polybutadiene rubber, balata, grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers, non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers, single-site polymers, high-crystalline acid polymers and their ionomers, polyurethnnes, polyureas, polyurethane-ureas; polyurea-urethanes; or cationic ionomers; wherein the first hardness is from about 50 Shore A to about 55 Shore D and first hardness is less than the second Shore D hardness by at least about 10 points.

      Here's Costco's rebuttal:

      11. Costco is not infringing any valid claims of U.S. Patent No. 6,994,638 (“the ’638patent”). Acushnet has accused Costco of infringing claim 1 of the 638 patent. Costco’s sales of the KS golf ball do not constitute infringement of claim 1 of the 638 patent, however, because, among other things, the Shore D hardness of the center core of the KS ball is not “at least about 10 points” less than the Shore D hardness of the outer core.
      12. The 638 patent is invalid under 35 U.S.C. 102, 103 and/or 112. The claims are invalid under 35 U.S.C. 102 and/or 103, for example, in light of U.S. Patent No. 6,468,169 and other prior art publications and activities

      Clearly, a lot of chemistry work went into this patent to make the balls have a certain elasticity. Costco says that their balls do not have the same properties, therefore they did not infringe upon this claim.

      Here's another:

      Patent# 8,123,632 - Multi-layer golf ball
      Abstract
      Golf balls consisting of a dual core and a dual cover are disclosed. The dual core consists of an inner core layer formed from a rubber composition and an outer core layer formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition.

      Here's the claim in question:

      "17. A golf ball consisting essentially of: an inner core layer formed from a rubber composition and having a diameter of from 1.100 inches to 1.400 inches, a center hardness (H.sub.center) of 50 Shore C or greater, and an outer surface hardness of 65 Shore C or greater; an outer core layer formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition and having an outer surface hardness (H.sub.outer core) of 75 Shore C or greater; an inner cover layer formed from a thermoplastic composition and having a material hardness (H.

      --
      John
    9. Re:Where's the news? by ctmurray · · Score: 4, Informative

      Yes, golf balls have changed quite a bit in 20 yrs. Then the best ball was balata cover (natural rubber) over a core with a rubber band wound around it. This ball was "soft" and had lots of spin (which is good for stopping on the green) but not much distance for the average player, and the cover got easily damaged if you topped the ball, leaving a cut all the way through the cover. The cheaper balls were solid rubber centers with an Surlyn cover (ionic containing synthetic polymer) that resisted being damaged by bad hits. They went further for the average player, they had less spin, so did not stop on the green. But they felt like they were very hard when you hit them. TopFlight was a brand, nicknamed Top-Rock because they were so hard. Today no balls are covered in balata, none have rubber band windings (I think). You can get a ball with a soft feel and good spin that still goes far. They are usually many layers from the cover down to the center, each possibly being patented, plus the manufacturing processes to make them. And the dimple design has changed over time, leading to the better aerodynamics, so go further and less off center, again a patentable concept.

  2. Re:Costco can hold their own by Tokolosh · · Score: 5, Insightful

    When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers.

    --
    Prove anything by multiplying Huge Number times Tiny Number
  3. Re:"Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap" by swb · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Given the utter crap that's been given patents combined with the mechanical complexity of a golf ball, from club strike to landing, how likely are existing golf ball patents to be really bogus claims and drawings of dimples?

    In any given 2-3 year time span, there's like what, maybe a dozen professional golfers so skilled that they are able to hit the ball on a predictable basis? The remaining pros vary wildly and the amateurs are all over the map, so assessing the claims and technology of golf balls is pretty difficult.

    And the amateurs will do/buy anything to improve their game. I do some work at a country club and the schlock on sale to golfers makes global warming skeptics look like Einstein.

    And it also wouldn't surprise me if the markup on golf balls was stratospheric, representing the general affluence of many golfers, so there's lots of profit being protected here.

  4. Re:"Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap" by MagicM · · Score: 5, Informative

    If you read TFA you will see that "why we can't have nice things for cheap" refers to the tactic employed by large companies of threatening legal action against small competitors that those competitors can't afford to defend against, even if they are likely to win. It's a tactic that Acushnet has used before.

  5. Re:"Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Did you read the article? It will never be known if Acushnet's patents are being violated, because they can use their legal might to force everyone else out of the golf ball business under threat of being forced out of business entirely.

    Acushnet doesn't own 11 golf ball patents, it owns the high-end golf ball business. The free market can't solve this, because patents have eliminated the free market for golf balls. And that's why we can't have nice things for cheap.

  6. Costco put some cards on the table by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    They published why they don't infringe.

    http://golf-patents.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/20170317-Complaint-Costco-v-Acushnet.pdf

    That should give the other side pretty good visability as to what their options are.
    Will be interesting to see what they do next.
    If Costco did their homework, then maybe the dreaded golf ball triopoly is dad.
    Oh, it's sooo exciting just can't wait to see what happens next.

    1. Re:Costco put some cards on the table by Solandri · · Score: 4, Informative

      For those who don't want to read through that rather boring document, Costco claims they are not infringing because the hardness of the cores, coefficient of restitution of the cores, and density and shape of dimples on the Kirkland ball do not fall within the range of those specified in the patents. And that the patents are invalid due to prior art.

    2. Re:Costco put some cards on the table by gnasher719 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Very nice find. So Acushnet made some threatening accusations, and now Costco is taking them to court, asking for a declaratory judgement.

      They want to stop Acushnet to make any accusations of patent infringement, because (a) in all 11 cases the Costco balls are not made in the way that the patent claims, and (b) in all 11 cases the Acushnet patent is invalid because of prior art. For example, one patent claim is for balls "where dimples cover more than 80% of the surface", and Costco says with their balls, dimples _don't_ cover that much surface.

      Acushnet also accuses Costco of "false advertising" because they are saying "their products are as good or better than top brands". And there Costco's argument is that (a) they never directly compared to Acushnet, and (b) reviewers and players have repeatedly said that their golf balls are at least as good as Acushnet.

      I think someone at Acushnet is in trouble now for sending threatening letters.

    3. Re:Costco put some cards on the table by careysub · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This being /. lots of people are speculating about what the patents might be, rather than simply following the link and then looking them up and actually knowing.

      Here are links to four of the patents mentioned (there are eleven of them I don't have time to create markup links for all of them): US6994638, US8123632, US8444507, US9320944. The other patents are: US8025593, US 8257201, US 7331878, US6358161, US7887439, US 7641572, and US7163472. You can Google them like I did.

      Looking over Costco's response, and looking at the patents themselves, I have a strong feeling of deja vu. Acushnet is not a patent troll, since they actually sell a product and are using the patent system to crush competition with litigation threats, but to my eye the patents are written in the finest patent troll tradition. They are all highly complex grab bags of a whole lot of claims written very broadly, a rich shopping list for lawyers to turn into legal accusations. Literally hundreds of separate claims are made in these patents, in a densely cross referenced fashion. They aren't patents of any identifiable invention, they are simply a wall of claims on every possible aspect of a golf ball so that something can be carved out to attack any competitor.

      Note that Acushnet has never had to defend any of these claims in court! With the deeply broken patent system we have today, in which its stated purpose (to encourage innovation for the public good) has been turned on its head as a way of suppressing actual innovation and protecting established corporations, a patent cannot be assumed to have any validity until it has actually been litigated. The courts are called on to do the job of the patent examiners.

      I doubt Costco is going to lose this case.

      --
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  7. Re:"Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap" by cayenne8 · · Score: 4, Funny

    And the amateurs will do/buy anything to improve their game. I do some work at a country club and the schlock on sale to golfers makes global warming skeptics look like Einstein.

    So, Titleist are the Monster Cables of the golfing/country club set....?

    ;)

    --
    Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
  8. Costco is the one suing by BarbaraHudson · · Score: 4, Interesting

    This won't be like before, when the manufacturer sent threatening letters and forced smaller manufacturers to either go to court of get out of the business entirely. Costco is suing, and now Acushnet Holdings has to either prove their claims or fold. Same as IBM and Novell when SCO made similar bad noises about patent infringement, the big boys can't afford to let someone slander them.

    Any bets that another patent troll is going to get a kick in the balls?

    --
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  9. Re: The Real Question by Lumpy · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Except when there is industry collusion to keep prices inflated. The golf industry is ABSOLUTELY big on that. Golf balls are incredibly cheap to make and Titleist knows their balls are not worth what they sell them for.

    --
    Do not look at laser with remaining good eye.
  10. Re:Costco can hold their own by Nidi62 · · Score: 4, Funny

    it is the grass that suffers.

    Well, to be fair, every golfer should know to repair their divots.

    --
    The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for it to be pitted against a slightly greater evil
  11. Re:"Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap" by Guspaz · · Score: 4, Informative

    By both revenue and market cap, Costco is roughly 70-80x the size of the golf company. Costco's net income alone is higher than both Acushnet's revenue and their market cap. Costco has essentially unlimited resources available to fight any litigation, meaning this case will be decided on the merits if Costco wants it to be.

  12. Re:"Shows Why We Can't Have Nice Things For Cheap" by The+Grim+Reefer · · Score: 5, Funny

    By both revenue and market cap, Costco is roughly 70-80x the size of the golf company. Costco's net income alone is higher than both Acushnet's revenue and their market cap. Costco has essentially unlimited resources available to fight any litigation, meaning this case will be decided on the merits if Costco wants it to be.

    I saw a documentary about 10 years ago. Apparently Costco has it's own law-school too.

  13. Re:Dimpled by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 4, Funny

    Yes, but I suspect you are not willing to let the Anonymous Cowards swing a 9-iron at them.

    --
    "That's the way to do it" - Punch
  14. Farm Equipment and how patents once worked... by number6x · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I look out the window of my building from my cubicle and see a little sliver of Grant Park on Chicago's lake front to the south. On the other side of Grant Park lies Soldier's Field and McCormick Place.

    McCormick Place is named after "Colonel" Robert McCormick, staunch anti FDR Republican and owner of the Chicago Tribune. Colonel McCormick was one of the heirs of the fortune made by Cyrus McCormick selling the McCormick reaper.

    The reaper was patented. Obed Hussey had patented a reaper as well. They fought in court over the patents, but both were sold for many years under the separate patents. Obed ended up with the "most" ownership of the design, but they were not exactly alike.

    Think about the old saying: "Build a better mouse trap, and the world will beat a path to your door."

    As a matter of fact, Massey Ferguson, John Deere, Alice Chalmers and many others made reapers, harvesters, tillers, bailers and many more patented farm equipment. Each performed the same functions, but each did it in a slightly different way. They each were building better mouse traps, not the same one. The US constitution supports patents in section 8:

    "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."

    The purpose must be to promote, not hinder, the "Progress of Science" and "useful Arts". Temporary, and exclusive, rights "to their respective" creations are granted. Not all creations that perform the same function are protected against, but the ones that do it the way you made it work. If someone else makes a golf ball that is different than your golf ball, they get their patent and you get yours. In this way the 'useful Arts' are promoted. "Build a better golf ball and the golfers will beat a path to your door" has become "and the lawyers will beat a path to the Court."

    We have come almost 180 (degrees) in patent law from the simple language of the Constitution. Patents should protect an individual, specific design, and those very close to that specific design. However, they should not hinder novel designs. That would be against what the constitution authorizes. Also they must be time limited, or innovation will be destroyed. Manufacturers often tweak products and file for a new patents, then use the current broad, not specific, reach of patent law to hinder innovative competition.

    The current interpretation of patent, and copyright, law clearly is in opposition to the clear language of the constitution. We arrived at where we are through multiple small steps, small interpretations of the law that have us now applying laws that grant broad reaching and almost never ending rights. The current state of the law, as interpreted through the lens of many years of collective case law, hinders innovation, competition and free enterprise.

  15. Re: The Real Question by Tobenisstinky · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I believe this is a case of "Waaah, Costco pushed us off the gravy train!"

    --
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  16. Nassau Golf Company of South Korea by slew · · Score: 4, Informative

    The reason Costco sells them cheap is because they deal in volume - instead of making balls in hundreds of thousands, they can make balls by the millions, extracting mass production cost benefits.

    And because they were partnered up with another company who designed the balls, they got a good quality ball, made quite cheaply in volumes that out-do the other manufacturers since Costco does stuff in bulk.

    Apparently the golf balls in question are a OEM ball manufactured by Nassau Golf Company (located in South Korea). Nassau has also sold OEM golf balls to TaylorMade (a golf equipment subsidiary of Adidas). Although I suspect nobody knows for sure, the word on the street was it manufacturing over-run which is unlikely to be repeated.

    The interesting thing that most folks are missing is that Costco is pre-emptively suing Acushnet (the seller of Titleist balls) seeking declartory judgement (yes, Costco is doing the suing) in response to a lawyer letter sent by Acushnet. This is mostly because they need to defend the tag line "meet or exceed the quality standards of leading national brands" of their Kirkland branded products, not because they want to sell more golf balls (although they probably do, it's not the main reason for their lawsuit). They want to establish a legal precedent that they can use this tag line in the rest of their business to deter future lawsuits on this basis.